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Ocean Sciences Meeting 2020 Nonlinear internal ocean waves (NIWs) are regular features of the coastal ocean, where the hydrodynamic flow over changing bathymetry perturbs the isopycnal surfaces generating these high frequency waves. At the air-sea interface, these transient features may be characterized by quasilinear bands of smooth or rough ocean surface that propagate in the direction of the underlying NIWs. Theoretically, this roughness heterogeneity is driven by the phase-locked divergence and convergence of the NIW orbital motions. This NIW action modulates surface wavelengths within the capillary and gravity-capillary band, which also hold the majority of the tangential wind stress. Understanding the spatial-temporal distribution of these small-scale surface waves is critical to constraining air-sea coupling, which is significantly complicated in the case of a heterogeneous surface. The impact NIW-driven surface roughness has on the variability and structure of the atmospheric surface layer is unknown. During a Coupled Air Sea Processes and EM ducting Research (CASPER) field campaign, the Research Platform FLIP was deployed for five weeks in a coastal area with a suite of near-surface oceanographic and meteorological measurements, as well as near-field remote sensing of the surface using both radar, infrared, and optical visualization. This confluence of measurement capability from an ideal platform, enabled us to simultaneously identify and track NIWs while characterizing the variance and structure of the kinematic and thermodynamic state on either side of the interface. NIWs were regularly observed from FLIP, with their characteristic surface banding observed nearly every day of the campaign. Our analysis into one case revealed that NIWs exert a distinct and significant impact on the mean wind gradient, as well as the air-sea momentum flux (i.e. wind stress) on both the scale of individual wave fronts and an entire NIW packet. In particular, the MASL flow adjusts instantaneously to the smooth-rough transitions of individual bands, thereby enhancing the wind stress over the surface. Our presentation will focus on summarizing these findings, as well as highlighting additional NIW events observed during the CASPER campaign from FLIP to discern any underlying or general pattern in the nature of NIW-atmosphere interactions.

2019 IEEE/OES Twelfth Current, Waves and Turbulence Measurement (CWTM) The article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1109/CWTM43797.2019.8955282 In the coastal environment, the oceanic flow over varying bathymetry can displace the isopycnal surfaces and, thus, generate nonlinear internal waves. These high frequency waves can propagate across large distances and over their lifetime significantly influence local currents and turbulence within a coastal region. These waves also create a common phenomenon that is recognized by even a casual observer: smooth, quasilinear bands of water that disrupt the typically rippled sea surface. While NIWs are an important oceanic process and their surface expression has been characterized and discussed for decades, investigators have not linked the presence of internal wave-driven surface roughness to an atmospheric response. Here we use a combination of oceanic and atmospheric measurements, as well as ocean surface visualization, to show that NIWs can alter the flow within the MASL and the subsequent momentum flux across the air-sea interface, at the dominant temporal-spatial scales of the NIWs. Our measurements were collected from the FLIP, which was deployed as part of the Coupled Air Sea Processes and Electromagnetic ducting Research (CASPER) West Coast field campaign. Using a thermistor chain, X band marine radar, upward- and downward-looking ADCP, as well as a visual field camera imaging the ocean surface near FLIP, we were able to identify several NIW events and track individual waves incident to the platform. This information was used to isolate the atmospheric response, as captured by a profile of meteorological flux sensors installed on a mast that was deployed from FLIP's boom. The observed NIW-interactions were found in multiple cases with different MASL conditions and internal wave properties. In the context of CASPER, the surface roughness associated with NIWs represents a persistent, quasi-Lagrangian heterogeneity that may impact the atmospheric gradients, which in turn modulates the index of refraction and the propagation of electromagnetic radiation. Office of Naval Research Funding provided by Office of Naval Research N0001418WX01087.

First Nations, Inuit, and Métis populations in Canada have poorer overall health than the general Canadians, and the higher rates of chronic and infectious disease and accidents are well-known. Aboriginal disability rates are also higher, although relatively little research has been carried out in this area. Aboriginal populations are demographically younger than the Canadian population, but they are also ageing. This suggests that disability will become an even more important issue in the future. This paper addresses the needs of disabled off-reserve Aboriginal Canadians. Although approximately 80% of Aboriginal Canadians live off-reserve, most studies have been focused towards on-reserve populations with a comparable proportion of funding thus directed. A disabled person’s well-being is directly influenced by the degree to which his/her specialized needs are met. Previous investigation of the use of services by disabled Aboriginal people suggests that there is a large degree of unmet need for services, especially at older ages. However, there has been no examination of unmet needs for aids or assistive devices, including hearing and vision aids, mobility devices, as well as modifications to dwellings such as wheelchair ramps or lifts. Like access to and use of services, access to assistive devices may be influenced by education about services and programs, the availability of programs and benefits, the cultural appropriateness of service delivery as well as income characteristics. In Aboriginal populations, access to services is further complicated by differences in the benefit programmes that serve Registered Indians and Inuit, and Métis and Non-Status First Nations. Using the 2006 Participation and Activity Limitation Survey (PALS) and the 2006 Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), this paper examines the age-related patterns of unmet needs for aids and assistive devices and modifications to dwellings among off-reserve Aboriginal people with disabilities, and compares them to the non-Aboriginal population. We find that older Aboriginal women were at somewhat higher risk to disability than older Aboriginal men or non-Aboriginal people, and also that their relative risk of having unmet needs was higher. A majority of these needs were related to mobility, with income the main reason they had not been met. Multivariate logistic regression models of the probability of unmet needs are used to isolate the contribution of education and income, as well as the differences between Status and non-Status First Nations, Inuit, and Métis. Martin Cooke is an assistant professor jointly appointed in the departments of Sociology and Health Studies and Gerontology at the University of Waterloo, where he teaches in the Master of Public Health programme. Born in Winnipeg, he studied sociology at the University of Winnipeg and sociology and demography the University of Western Ontario. His research areas have been in the social demography and health of Aboriginal peoples and social policy from a life course perspective. Past research topics have included First Nations mobility and migration, women’s experiences with social assistance, and indicators of well-being for Aboriginal populations. He is currently the principal investigator of a SSHRC-funded project examining the life course trajectories of First Nations and Métis people, and an editorial board member of the International Indigenous Policy Journal.