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Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane‐enclosed nanovesicles secreted by cells into the extracellular space and contain functional biomolecules, e.g. signaling receptors, bioactive lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins, which can serve as biomarkers. Neurons and glial cells secrete EVs, contributing to various physiological and pathological aspects of brain diseases. EVs confer their role in the bidirectional crosstalk between the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery owing to their distinctive ability to cross the unique blood–brain barrier (BBB). Thus, EVs in the blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and urine can be intriguing biomarkers, enabling the minimally invasive diagnosis of CNS diseases. Although there has been an enormous interest in evaluating EVs as promising biomarkers, the lack of ultra‐sensitive approaches for isolating and detecting brain‐derived EVs (BDEVs) has hindered the development of efficient biomarkers. This review presents the recent salient findings of exosomal biomarkers, focusing on brain disorders. We summarize highly sensitive sensors for EV detection and state‐of‐the‐art methods for single EV detection. Finally, the prospect of developing advanced EV analysis approaches for the non‐invasive diagnosis of brain diseases is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter is a response to an article titled "Risk Factors for Surgical Site Complications After Outpatient Lumbar Spine Surgery." The authors of the letter discuss the study's findings, which suggest that factors such as the number of spinal levels are closely related to wound drainage after outpatient lumbar spine surgery. They argue that the title of the article may be misleading, as it focuses mainly on wound drainage rather than other surgical site complications. The authors also emphasize the need to differentiate between different surgical methods in outpatient lumbar spine surgery to reduce bias. They conclude by suggesting that more studies are needed to further understand and standardize outpatient spine surgery. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a response to an article titled "Efficacy of Antibiotic Cement in Preserving Endoplants After Infection with Plate Exposure." The authors of the response express their disagreement with some aspects of the original article and raise concerns about the stability of plate fixation after exposure, the risk of bone cement implantation syndrome (BCIS), and the limitations of the study's sample size and follow-up time. They also mention other risk factors for infection, such as age, fracture type, severity of soft tissue injury, and internal fixation time. The authors appreciate the original article's contribution and look forward to the authors' responses to their questions. [Extracted from the article]