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The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial. HDL-C is one content type of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL consists of diverse proteins and lipids and can be classified into different subclasses based on size, shape, charge, and density, and can change dynamically in disease states. Therefore, HDL-C levels alone cannot represent HDLs' cardioprotective role. In this review, we summarized the methods for separating HDL subclasses, the studies on the association between HDL subclasses and cardiovascular risk (CVR), and the impact of lipid-modifying medications and nonpharmacological approaches (exercise training, dietary omega fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein apheresis) on HDL subclasses. As HDL is a natural nanoplatform, recombinant HDLs (rHDLs) have been used as a delivery system in vivo by loading small interfering RNA, drugs, contrast agents, etc. Therefore, we further reviewed the HDL subclasses used in rHDLs and their advantages and disadvantages. This review would provide recommendations and guidance for future studies on HDL subclasses' cardioprotective roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound–assisted immersion freezing (UIF) at different power rates (0, 200, 400, and 600 W) on the changes in beef quality and flavor after braising. The results demonstrated that UIF treatment at 400 W significantly reduced the juice loss (cooking loss decreased from 49.04% to 39.74%) and fat oxidation (TBARS value decreased from 0.32 mg/kg to 0.20 mg/kg) of braised beef. In addition, the tenderness (hardness value decreased from 5601.50 g to 2849.46 g) and color stability of braised beef were improved after UIF treatment. The flavor characteristics of braised beef were characterized using an electronic nose and an electronic tongue. The PCA analysis data showed that the cumulative contribution rates of the first and second principal components were 85% and 93.2%, respectively, with the first principal component accounting for a higher proportion. The UIF–400 W group had the highest concentration for the first principal component, and the differentiation was not significant compared to the control group. The total amino acid values of different power UIF treatment groups were improved compared to the AF treatment group, indicating that UIF can effectively reduce the losses caused by freezing. The results demonstrate that ultrasound–assisted freezing treatment is beneficial in enhancing the tenderness and flavor attributes of beef after braising, providing new insights into the processing of meat products with desirable quality characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Right heart failure (RHF) is a complication of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and increases the mortality independently of the underlying disease. However, the process of RHF development and progression is not fully understood. We aimed to develop effective approaches for early diagnosis and precise evaluation of RHF. Methods: Right ventricle (RV) pressure overload was performed via pulmonary artery banding (PAB) surgery in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats to induce RHF. Echocardiography, right heart catheterization, histological staining, fibroblast activation protein (FAP) immunofluorescence and 18 F-labelled FAP inhibitor-42 ([18 F] -FAPI-42) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were performed at day 3, week 1, 2, 4 and 8 after PAB. RNA sequencing was performed to explore molecular alterations between PAB and sham group at week 2 and week 4 after PAB respectively. Results: RV hemodynamic disorders were aggravated, and RV function was declined based on right heart catheterization and echocardiography at week 2, 4 and 8 after PAB. Progressive cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis and capillary rarefaction could be observed in RV from 2 to 8 weeks after PAB. RNA sequencing indicated 80 upregulated genes and 43 downregulated genes in the RV at both week 2 and week 4 after PAB; Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that fibrosis as the most significant biological process in the RV under pressure overload. Immunofluorescence indicated that FAP was upregulated in the RV from week 2 to week 8 after PAB; and [18 F] -FAPI-42 PET/CT revealed FAPI uptake was significantly higher in RV at week 2 and further increased at week 4 and 8 after PAB. Conclusion: RV function is progressively declined with fibrosis as the most prominent molecular change after pressure overload, and [18 F] -FAPI-42 PET/CT is as sensitive and accurate as histopathology in RV fibrosis evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effects of flutamide on the reproductive organs development and oxidative stress response of male offspring after exposure to pregnant mice, and to provide further evidence for the application of the model and mechanism research., Methods: Choose 7-week-old ICR mice, female mice were randomly divided into experimental group and control group after pregnancy, thenflutamide was orally administered to pregnant mice with dose 300 mg/( kg·d) during gestation days 12-18, while the control group was treated with equal volume of soybean oil. More than 7 weeks after birth, 40 male mice were randomly chosen to observe the urethral development and test the anogenital distance( AGD), testicular volume and penile length, and then some of these mice's reproductive organs were took for histopathological examination. After grind and centrifuge to obtain the supernatant, twelve penis and testes were randomly selected for examining the level of malondialdehyde( MDA), superoxide dismutase( SOD), and glutathioneperoxidase( GSH-Px) use corresponding kit and microplate reader. The abundance of oxidative stress related genes Noxo1, Sod1 and Gpx1 were detected by qPCR., Results: The incidence of hypospadias in male mice in the treatment group was 100%( 91/91). AGD in the treatment group was( 10. 22 ± 1. 53) mm, which was significantly lower than the control( 17. 46 ± 1. 25) mm( P < 0. 05). The volume of testicles in the treatment group was( 166. 34 ± 26. 59) vs. ( 178. 25 ± 25. 77) mm~3 in the control group( P < 0. 05). The length of the penis in the treatment group was( 7. 46 ± 0. 76) vs. ( 12. 60 ± 0. 80) mm in the control group( P <0. 05). In the testicles, the level of SOD was( 171. 08 ± 57. 24) vs. ( 102. 79 ± 15. 31) U/mg pro, MDA was( 4. 45 ± 1. 67) vs. ( 2. 93 ± 1. 00) nmol/mg pro, GSH-Px was( 41. 55± 12. 15) vs. ( 78. 27 ± 7. 60) U/mg pro( P < 0. 05). The abundance of Noxo1 in the testis from the treatment group was higher than that in the control group, while the expressions of Sod1 and Gpx1 in testis from the treatment group were lower than those in the control group( P < 0. 05). There is no significant difference in SOD, MDA, GSH-Px levels and Sod1, Noxo1, and Gpx1 expressions were found in the penises of both groups., Conclusion: Prenatal exposure of flutamide may cause developmental abnormalities such as hypospadias and shortening of the penis in male offspring, and abnormal testicular function of oxidation and anti-oxidation. However, there is no significant effect on penis oxidative/anti-oxidant function.