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Two binary cocrystals of 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (1,4-DITFB, C6F4I2) and 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (1,3,5-TITFB, C6F3I3) with the flexible 2-{[(naphthalen-2-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}pyridine 1-oxide (NTPO, C16H13NOS) molecule were successfully prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction and quantum chemistry calculation methods. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the conformation of the flexible NTPO molecule has been changed significantly after introducing the 1,4-DITFB or 1,3,5-TITFB molecule into the NTPO lattice. Also the formation of the binary cocrystals is driven mainly by robust C—I...−O—N+ halogen bonds and π-hole...π-bond interactions, and they possess `sandwich' structural frameworks. Moreover, interaction energy analysis and AIM analysis were used to explore the contribution of different fragments to the structural stability and the corresponding electronic properties, which reveals that the robust halogen bonds with shorter bonding lengths [2.768 (4) and 2.789 (3) Å] are suggested to be covalent to a certain degree.

Luminescence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is quenched easily owing to their dimerization or tightly packed structures in the crystal state. In the current work, a soft-cavity-type host assembly of 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide using halogen bonds was produced, and single isolated PAH guests were encapsulated in the host cavities to form ternary host–guest cocrystals. The thickness of the host cavity was observed to vary significantly, useful for accommodating various PAHs with different sizes, and it increased from 3.3 to about 6.7 A when the guest was changed from pyrene, triphenylene, or fluoranthene to the relatively large perylene or benzo[a]anthracene molecule. The luminescence behaviors of PAHs in the ternary host–guest cocrystals originated from discrete PAH molecules and were also tuned by intermolecular interactions to a certain degree, and the materials displayed purple-pink, light-pink, jewelry-blue, yellow-green and amaranth emissions, respectively, at room temperature.

Rapid capture of 129 I with high volatility and toxicity in the environment has attracted much attention. Herein we reported a firstly synthesized nonporous material: pyridine N-oxides (NTPO and ATPO) as iodine adsorbent. Both of NTPO and ATPO exhibit remarkable performance on the adsorption of iodine in aqueous solution, vapor state and organic solvents. Upon the capture of iodine, pyridine N-oxides were transformed to binary cocrystals combined with the pyridine N-oxides and iodine which is driven by halogen bond between iodine and oxygen atoms. Moreover, pyridine N-oxides shows high chemical, thermal and moisture stability.

Two dithiophene aldehyde/ketone derivatives are designed as luminescence molecular rotors, i.e., 1,1'-([2,2'-bithiophene]-3,3'-diyl)bis(ethan-1-one) (BTBE) and 3'-acetyl-[2,2'-bithiophene]-3-carbaldehyde (BTAC). Their absorption and luminescence properties, as well as the stimulus responsive luminescence characteristics of water spikes are studied in detail. In order to further explore relationship of luminescence and molecular structure, three reference compounds are also synthesized, named 1-(2-methylthiophen-3-yl)ethanone (MTE), 2-methylthiophene-3-carbaldehyde (MTC) and 4H-cyclohepta[1,2-b:7,6-b']dithiophen-4-one (CDTO). BTBE and BTAC have two obvious absorption bands in the short wavelength region with peak wavelengths of about 212 nm and 260 nm, respectively, while there is a weak trailing type absorption band in the range of about 300-400 nm. Their fluorescence spectra show two luminescence bands in the range of 280-350 nm and 400-600 nm, respectively, and the latter is stronger. Compared with the absorption and luminescence spectra of the reference compounds, it is determined that two absorption bands of BTBE and BTAC in shorter wavelength region are derived from the single thiophene ring carbonyl planar unit, while the absorption band in longer region are derived from the integrated structure of dithiophene carbonyl. The fluorescence bands with peaks of about 300 nm and 470 nm originate respectively from the localized F-C vertical excited states (LE), i.e., the excited state from single planar thienyl-carbonyl unit, and integrated excited state (IE), i.e., the excited state from integrated di-thienyl-carbonyl rings linked covalently with less dihedral angle and greater degree of conjugation at excited state. The crystal structure data show that two thiophene rings possess larger dihedral angles in crystal states, 86.9° for BTBE and 60.8° for BTAC, respectively. However, theoretical calculation results prove the conformational stabilization energy changes little, less than 1.5 kcal/mol, as dihedral angle changes from 50° to 100°. Hydrogen bonding is sufficient to overcome the energy required for this conformational change. Therefore, both BTBE and BTAC can produce water stimulation response luminescence behavior. This stimulating response behavior of BTBE and BTAC can be applied to the preparation of water writable film materials.

To evaluate quantitative three-dimensional (3D) dynamic contrast-enhanced ultrasound (DCE-US) in the assessment of tumor angiogenesis using an orthotropic liver tumor model. Nine New Zealand white rabbits with liver orthotropic VX2 tumors were established and imaged by two-dimensional (2D) and 3D DCE-US after SonoVue® bolus injections. The intraclass correlation coefficients of perfusion parameters, including peak intensity (PI), mean transit time, time to peak, and area under the curve, were calculated based on time-intensity curve. The percentage area of microvascular (PAMV) and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were both evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis and weighted by the tumor activity area ratio. Correlations between quantitative and histologic parameters were analyzed. The reproducibility of 3D DCE-US quantitative parameters was excellent (ICC 0.91–0.99); but only PI showed high reproducibility (ICC 0.97) in 2D. None of the parameters of quantitative 2D DCE-US were significantly correlated with weighted PAMV or VEGF. For 3D DCE-US, there was a positive correlation between PI and weighted PAMV (r = 0.74, P = 0.04) as well as VEGF (r = 0.79, P = 0.02). Quantitative parameters of 3D DCE-US show feasibility, higher reproducibility and accuracy for the assessment of tumor angiogenesis using an orthotropic liver tumor model compared with 2D DCE-US.

Rotor molecules can be used to direct supramolecular self-assembly, and the electronic spectroscopic behaviors of these rotors have become widely researched topics in chemistry and materials scienc...

Organic light-emitting materials play an essential role in the field of luminescent materials because they are easily prepared and they have controllable luminescent properties. Here it is shown that intermolecular interactions and luminescent properties of cocrystals can be predicted using the molecular surface electrostatic potential of selected π-hole/σ-hole...π bonding donor haloperfluorobenzenes and acceptor acenaphthene (AC). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data reveal that actual bonding patterns in five cocrystals assembled from haloperfluorobenzenes and AC are in accordance with predictable patterns of intermolecular interactions; that is π-hole...π bond is the major interaction in AC–octafluoronaphthalene, AC–1,4-dibromotetrafluorobenzene and AC–1,3,5-tribromo-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene cocrystals, whereas σ-hole...π bond is the major interaction in AC–1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and AC–1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene cocrystals. The luminescent properties of the cocrystals are affected by the bonding patterns between AC and haloperfluorobenzenes; the π-hole...π bond leads to weak phosphorescence, whereas the σ-hole...π bond results in weak delayed fluorescence and relatively strong phosphorescence.

The pure organic hexagonal–channel host is first assembled by 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and 4-phenylpyridine N-oxide under mediation of linear guest molecules using robust C–I···–O–N+ halogen bond, π–hole···π bond, and weak hydrogen bonds. The guest molecules dwell in the host by parallel–offset π–π stacking and interact with host by weak C–H···π hydrogen bonds to stabilize the host–guest structure. The as-prepared host–guest cocrystals exhibit different photoluminescence colors at room temperature, bright cyan, sapphire blue, and pink, respectively, originating mainly from the guest molecules. It is expected that the synergistic host–guest assembly and its photoluminescence behavior should be significant in fabricating smart photomolecular devices in future.

Pure K0.5Na0.5NbO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics without any dopants/additives were sintered at various temperatures (950–1125 °C) in low pO2 atmosphere (pO2 ~ 10−6 atm). All ceramics exhibit high relative densities (> 94%) and low weight loss (

9-Bromophenanthrene (9BrP) crystals with a grating morphology and different optical properties were assembled in aqueous medium with sodium deoxycholate (NaDC). The morphology of crystals in the presence of 10 and 2 mmol/L NaDC (named 9BrP–G10 and 9BrP–G2, respectively) is significantly different from that in the absence of NaDC (named 9BrP–NG). XRD, FT-IR, Raman, and 13C NMR spectra prove that NaDC just works as a directing agent in the self-assembly of 9BrP crystals, which makes the Br···Br and H···π distances between 9BrP molecules slightly closer. Host–guest interaction between NaDC aggregate and 9BrP modifies sequentially the crystal morphology in the crystallizing process. In addition, the luminescence colors of 9BrP–G10 and 9BrP–G2 crystals are significantly different from each other as well as from that of the 9BrP–NG crystal, suggesting the luminescent properties of organic molecules can also be modified by adjusting the interaction parameters and the physical morphology. This study highlights th...

Introducing heavy atom perturbers such as iodine and bromine with σ-hole⋯π or π-hole⋯π bonds into cocrystals is an effective way to induce phosphorescence in the design of new luminescent materials containing rigid and planar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with large conjugated π-electron systems. The bonding donors usually used such as halo- or multihaloperfluorobenzenes possess both a σ-hole and a π-hole. One question is under what condition do σ-hole or π-hole bonding, or both, occur? It is proposed that in some cases the geometry of the bonding donors should be one of the key factors, besides the difference of molecular surface electrostatic potential (SEP) of the σ-hole and π-hole, and the interaction energy, in influencing bonding patterns in cocrystals. That is, a thicker multi-haloperfluorobenzene ring (caused by a larger halogen atom radius) is not beneficial to π-hole⋯π bonding. However, a multi-haloperfluorobenzene, due to its larger size, can reach the vertically adjacent π-system in a π-hole⋯π bonding pair to produce a typical above-plane σ-hole⋯π bond, or directly produce a σ-hole⋯π bond without a π-hole⋯π bond, as the SEP of a σ-hole is 65 kJ mol−1 higher than a π-hole. Therefore, four cocrystals of Pyr-TIPB (1), Pyr-TBrPB (2), Phe-TIPB (3) and Phe-TBrPB (4) were prepared. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, computation of SEP and interaction energy reveal that the very typical σ-hole⋯π bonding in Pyr-TIPB (1) and Phe-TIPB (3) has priority over π-hole⋯π bonding and other interactions because of the larger size and thicker TIPB, while π-hole⋯π bonding in Pyr-TBrPB (2) and Phe-TBrPB (4) has priority over σ-hole⋯π bonding and other interactions because of the smaller and thinner TBrPB. Moreover, red phosphorescence of pyrene in cocrystalline Pyr-TIPB assembled by halogen bonding was observed for the first time under UV-365 at room temperature because of the typical above-plane C–I⋯π bond.

The application of Magnesium alloys has drawn great attention in recent years. As the lightest structure metal on earth, the usage of Mg is attractive to the automotive, aerospace and electronics industries owing to its high weight-to strength ratio. Unfortunately, the poor corrosion resistance impedes the development of Mg alloys. To date, several methods have been proposed to improve the anti-corrosion ability, such as conventional anodizing, sol-gel coating, and micro arc oxidation (MAO). MAO is an innovative technique for generating surface oxide coatings on valve metals and alloys, which exhibits strong adhesion to the substrate, high thickness, hardness, corrosion and wear resistance, and provides an environmentally-friendly alternative to acid-based anodizing treatment. Despite all these advantages, the intrinsic structural imperfection of MAO coatings, including a loose structure featured by micro-pores and micro-cracks, facilitate quicker penetration of the corrosive ions into the base magnesium, and thus, increase the rate of corrosion. To overcome the problem of porous MAO film, composite coatings with self-healing ability that are capable to repair themselves when damage occurs have been utilized. In this study, the concept of self-healing is carried out by incorporating corrosion inhibitors, 2-aminobenzimidazole (2-ABI), loaded nanocontainers, halloysite nanotubes (HNT), to silicate-based electrolyte to obtain MAO coatings on AZ31 alloy in single step. The coatings are evaluated by SEM, EDX, and XRD. Corrosion performance is studied with EIS, PDP and salt spray test. The effects of various electrical parameters, including current density, frequency and working time, on the coating are also investigated. Experimental results indicate that the corrosion resistance of MAO films with the addition of 2-ABI loaded HNT is significantly improved, and thus confirms the feasibility of 2-ABI as corrosion inhibitor to Mg alloys.

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have become a hot topic in fields of organic light-emitting dioes, biological sensing and imaging. The present work reports firstly that 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-triiodobenzene (TITFB) can act as a simple pure organic NIR phosphor due to its novel function in promoting n-π∗ transition. Also, TITFB crystal has longer phosphorescence lifetime than other ordinary multiiodoluminophors and TITFB powder. Based on the TITFB crystal structure, σ-hole and π-hole capture mechanism of n-electron is proposed, i.e., the excited state energy is decreased and n-electrons are stabilized to cause slower radiative decay rate due to the restriction of σ-hole and π-hole bond. Both computational and experimental studies support the mechanism. The new electron-capture mode is more conducive to understanding pure organic ultralong lifetime RTP.

Filling conductive particles or fibers can improve the conductivity of cement-based composites, and then piezoresistance. Graphene is a newly-discovered nano-platelet material, which has super high conductivity. Using it into cement-based materials can induce piezoresistive characteristics. While, different types of electrical probes can make cement-based smart material possess diverse piezoresistance. In this paper, mesh and wire probes are used to investigate their influence on piezoresistance of smart concrete. The experimental results show that smart concrete responses the external force linearly when mesh probes are used and the electrical resistance variation ratio is 2% under maximum load, which indicates the sensitivity is low. For wire probes, the piezoresistive response is non-linear, while, its sensitivity is high according to the fact that the resistance variation ratio is 25%. In terms of different piezoresistive reactions of varied probes, cement-based smart materials in-filled with graphene can have different applications.

Obstructive jaundice (OJ) is frequently complicated by infections and has been associated with increased bacterial translocation, intestinal epithelial hyperpermeability, and oxidative stress, but the mechanism remains unclear. The potential effect of resveratrol (Res) on modifying intestinal epithelial dysfunction was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Caco-2 cells (in vitro) and male Wistar rats (n = 60; in vivo) were used to evaluate the role of Res on intestinal epithelial dysfunction. Hydrogen peroxide was used to induce oxidative stress in the Caco-2 cells. In bile duct-ligated group, OJ was successfully established on Day 7 after bile duct ligation, whereas sham-operated and vehicle-treated rats served as controls. Western blot and RT-qPCR were performed to analyze TJ proteins expression in epithelium isolated from rat intestine. Intestinal hyperpermeability was associated with decreased expression and phosphorylation of occludin and zonula occluden (ZO-1), but increased oxidation in Caco-2 cells and the intestinal epithelium. Res treatment increased the epithelial expression and phosphorylation of occludin and ZO-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, Res which protected Caco-2 cells from H2O2-induced oxidative damage clearly reduced malondialdehyde level and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, but increased the expression levels of superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Further studies showed that Res also inhibited H2O2-induced protein kinase C activity and p38 phosphorylation. Interestingly, these effects of Res were abolished by the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin or knockdown of HO-1 by siRNA. Res protected gut barrier function possibly by initiating HO-1-dependent signaling which is essential for common expression of key tight junction proteins. It also provides a rationale to develop Res clinical applications of intestinal disorders.

To evaluate the H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in cardiac and distal gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in residents in Cixian county, a high risk area of esophageal cancer in Hebei province, and to explore the putative role of H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection in the carcinogenesis of adenocarcinoma at different subsites of stomach.H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 (EBV-LMP1) immunopositivities were determined by Elivision(TM) plus immunohistochemical staining in 190 gastric adenocarcinoma tissues including 144 cases of cardiac adenocarcinoma and 46 cases of distal gastric adenocarcinoma. The relationship between H. pylori and Epstein-Barr virus infection and the subsite, Laurén type as well as other clinicopathological features of gastric adenocarcinoma were analyzed.No significant difference was found between the H. pylori detection rates in cardiac and distal gastric adenocarcinomas(56.9% vs. 65.2%, P0.05). The detection rate of H. pylori in intestinal type was significantly higher than that in the diffuse type distal gastric adenocarcinomas (71.8% vs. 28.6%, P0.05). No positive expression of EBV-LMP1 was found in the gastric adenocarcinomas in this study.No significant differences in H. pylori and EBV-LMP1 infections were found between cardiac and distal gastric adenocarcinomas in Cixian county. H. pylori infection is related with the intestinal type of distal gastric adenocarcinoma.

To study the possible role of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma.Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin proteins in 65 sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas with dysplasia of varying degrees and 22 colorectal tubular adenoma with cancerous area.In normal colorectal mucosa, colorectal tubular adenoma with dysplasia and colorectal tubular adenoma with cancerous area, the positive rate of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin expression was increased gradually. The positive expression of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin was all significantly higher in the cases of colorectal tubular adenoma with dysplasia or with cancerous area than that in normal colorectal mucosa (P0.05), and the positive expression of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin was significantly higher in colorectal tubular adenoma with cancerous area than that in colorectal tubular adenoma with dysplasia of different degrees (P0.05). In the cases of colorectal tubular adenoma with dysplasia of varying degrees, the positive expression of Raf-1 was increased along with the increasing dysplasia degree of colorectal tubular adenoma (P0.05). Coexpression of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin increased gradually in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma, while positive correlation was found among the expressions of JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin.JNK1, Raf-1 and Livin may be involved in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma.

Experimental and clinical studies have shown that obstructive jaundice results in increased intestinal permeability. The mechanisms implicated in this phenomenon remain obscure. Integrated tight junctions (TJs) are essential for normal gut barrier function. TJ proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO)-1, claudins and occludin, are indispensable to maintain the function of TJs. This study was undertaken to investigate whether TJ protein disruption occurs in the intestinal mucosa of malignant obstructive jaundice (MOJ) patients.Three groups were involved: Group A, MOJ patients whose bilirubin level wasor= 43 microM; Group B, MOJ patients without jaundice; and Group C, patients who underwent gastroscopy with negative findings (controls). Biopsy was done in all participants at the second part of the duodenum, distal to the ampulla of Vater. The morphological and ultrastructural changes of intestinal mucosa were observed. The distributions and expressions of the TJ proteins occludin, ZO-1, claudin-1 and claudin-4 in intestinal mucosa were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Histological examination showed a mild infiltration of the lamina propria by chronic inflammatory cells in Group A compared with Groups B and C. Duodenal architecture showed that the microvillus of Group A patients was loose, the structures of junctional complexes were disrupted and the gaps between cell junctions were wider. As shown by immunohistochemical staining and Western blotting, greatly reduced expressions of occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1 protein were detected in Group A, whereas claudin-4 expression was significantly increased.TJs in MOJ patients with jaundice were disrupted in the intestinal epithelium, which may have resulted from the alterations in TJ-related protein expression. TJ interruption may be a key factor contributing to intestinal mucosal barrier injury and increased intestinal permeability.

To investigate the possible role of STAT3 and p38 in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma.The expression of STAT3 and p38 at protein level was studied in 107 sporadic colorectal tubular adenomas with different dysplasia (SCTA-D) or with cancerous changes (SCTA-Ca) by immunohistochemical staining method, meanwhile the expression of STAT3 at mRNA level was detected by in situ hybridization.Immunohistochemical staining results showed that the positive expression rate of STAT3 and p38 was 12.0%, 59.0%, 91.7% and 8.0%, 47.0%, 91.7% in normal colorectal mucosa (NCM), SCTA-D and SCTA-Ca, respectively, with a statistically significant difference of STAT3 and p38 expression among the SCTA-D, SCTA-Ca and NCM (P0.05). The expression of STAT3 and p38 was positively correlated with the degree of dysplasia from mild to severe SCTA-D (P0.05). In situ hybridization results showed that the positive expression rate of STAT3 at mRNA level in NCM, SCTA-D and SCTA-Ca was 8.00%, 51.8% and 100.0%, respectively, with a statistically significant difference among these either (P0.05). The positive expression of STAT3 at mRNA level was not only positively correlated with the degree of dysplasia (P0.05), but also with the expression of p38 (P0.05).STAT3 and p38 may be involved in the carcinogenesis of sporadic colorectal tubular adenoma.

Objectives. Chemokine CXCL12 and its unique receptor CXCR4 have been recently implicated in cancer metastasis. Our goal was to explore expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 protein in normal ovarian surface epithelium, primary tumors and paired metastases of epithelial ovarian cancer as well as its association with clinicopathological features. We also wanted to test if expression of CXCR4 has prognostic value in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Method. Sections from 6 normal ovarian surface epithelium, 44 primary epithelial ovarian tumors and 30 paired metastatic tumors in omentum were evaluated for CXCL12 and CXCR4 expression using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results. All samples of normal ovarian surface epithelium were negative for CXCL12 and CXCR4 protein. Ovarian cancer cells mainly showed cytoplasmic staining of CXCL12 and CXCR4. CXCL12 and CXCR4 staining were detected in 40/44 (91%) and 26/44 (59%) patients with primary epithelial ovarian tumors respectively. CXCR4 expression in primary tumors had no significant correlation with lymph nodes metastasis. However, if we combined CXCR4 expression in primary tumors with metastatic tumors, a significant correlation with lymph nodes metastasis was found ( P = 0.018). The intensity of CXCL12 staining correlated with ascites ( P = 0.014). The rate of CXCR4 expression in refractory and recurrent group (81% versus 28%, P = 0.0008) was significantly higher than that in no-recurrent group. After a median follow-up of 37 months, CXCR4 expression was found associated with an unfavorable prognosis with significantly reduced median disease progression-free survival and overall survival of 15 and 27 months ( P = 0.0004, P = 0.017) respectively. Median time-to-event was not reached in patients with negative CXCR4 staining. In multivariate analysis, CXCR4 expression and residual tumor size emerged as independent prognostic factors in epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Conclusions. This article provides the first evidence that CXCR4 expression could be an independent prognostic factor for epithelial ovarian cancer patients.

To study the expression of EP-CAM, beta-catenin in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix.The expressions of EP-CAM and beta-catenin were detected with immunohistochemical stain in 14 cases of normal cervical squamous epithelium, 32 cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and 38 cases of cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma.The over-expression rates of EP-CAM were 0, 7.1%, 20.0%, 62.5% and 55.3% for normal cervical epithelium, CINI, CINII, CINIII and carcinoma groups. The EP-CAM over-expression rates in CINIII and cervical carcinoma groups were significantly higher than those in normal epithelium and CINI groups (P0.001). No aberrant expression of beta-catenin was shown in normal cervical epithelium, while the aberrant expression rates of beta-catenin in CINI, CINII, CINIII and cervical carcinoma group were 28.6%, 40.0%, 62.5% and 84.2%. The aberrant expression rate of beta-catenin increased with the increase in degree of CIN and development of cervical carcinoma. The over-expression rate of EP-CAM was reversely related to the differentiation of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (P0.001).EP-CAM and beta-catenin may be involved in the carcinogenesis of squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. The over-expression of EP-CAM and aberrant expression of beta-catenin may serve as markers of squamous carcinogenesis of uterine cervix.