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Objective: To study the association between usual dietary factors (dietary energy density, nutrient intake, food group consumption, and dietary pattern) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume/F-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18-FDG) uptake after personalized cold exposure in young healthy adults.Methods: A total of 122 young adults (n = 82 women; 22.0 +/- 2.1 years old; 24.8 +/- 4.8 kg/m(2)) took part in this cross-sectional study. Dietary factors were measured via a food frequency questionnaire and three non-consecutive 24 h recalls. Dietary energy density (foods and caloric beverages included) and macronutrient intakes were subsequently estimated using EvaIFINUT (R) software, food group consumption was estimated from the food frequency questionnaire, and different dietary patterns and quality indices were determined according to the reference methods. BAT volume, BAT F-18-FDG uptake, and skeletal muscle F-18-FDG uptake were assessed by static F-18-FDG positron-emission tomography and computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after a 2 h personalized exposure to cold.Results: A direct association was detected between dietary energy density and BAT Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)mean (beta = 0.215; R-2 = 0.044; P = 0.022), and between ethanol consumption and BAT volume (beta = 0.215; R-2 = 0.044; P = 0.022). The a priori Mediterranean dietary pattern was inversely associated with BAT SUVmean and SUVpeak (beta = -0.273; R-2 = 0.075; P = 0.003 and beta = -0.255; R-2 = 0.066; P = 0.005 respectively). In addition, the diet quality index for a Mediterranean diet and a pro-inflammatory dietary pattern (as determined via the dietary inflammatory index) were directly associated with BAT SUVmean and SUVpeak (SUVmean: beta = 0.238; R-2 = 0.053; P = 0.013 and beta = 0.256; R-2 = 0.052; P = 0.012 respectively; SUVpeak: beta = 0.278; R-2 = 0.073; P = 0.003 and beta = 0.248; R-2 = 0.049; P = 0.016 respectively). After controlling for multiplicity and possible confounders (sex, the evaluation wave and BMI), all the detected associations persisted.Conclusion: Dietary factors are slightly associated with BAT volume and/or F-18-FDG uptake after a personalized cold exposure in young adults. Our results provide an overall picture of the potential relationships between dietary factors and BAT-related variables in humans. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

The study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393 and CB16/10/00239) and PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R), and European Regional Development Funds (ERDF). Other funders included the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 16/05159, 15/04059 and 19/02326), the Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT), the Redes Tematicas De Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022), the AstraZeneca Health Care Foundation, the University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise, Nutrition and Health [UCEENS]), and by the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF, SOMM17/6107/UGR). AMT was supported by Seneca Foundation through grant 19899/GERM/15 and the Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities RTI2018-093528-B-I0, as well as DJP (MINECO; RYC-2014-16938). BMT was supported by an individual postdoctoral grant from the Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero. We thank Dr. Matt Smith of Embr Labs Inc. for configuring the Embr Wave (R) devices used in this experiment., Where people live and work together it is not always possible to modify the ambient temperature; ways must therefore be found that allow individuals to feel thermally comfortable in such settings. The Embr Wave (R) is a wrist-worn device marketed as a 'personal thermostat' that can apply a local cooling stimulus to the skin. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of an intermittent mild cold stimulus of 25 degrees C for 15-20 s every 5 min over 3.5 days under free-living conditions on 1) skin temperature, 2) perception of skin temperature, 3) sleep quality and 4) resting energy expenditure (REE) in young, healthy adults. Ten subjects wore the device for 3.5 consecutive days. This intervention reduced distal skin temperature after correcting for personal ambient temperature (P < 0.05), but did not affect the subjects' the perception of skin temperature, sleep quality or REE (all P >= 0.051). Thus, this intermittent mild cold regime can reduce distal skin temperature, and wearing it under free-living conditions for 3.5 days does not seem to impair the perception of skin temperature and sleep quality or modify REE., Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via the Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01393 CB16/10/00239, PTA 12264-I, Retos de la Sociedad DEP2016-79512-R, European Commission, Spanish Government 16/05159 15/04059 19/02326, Fundacion Iberoamericana de Nutricion (FINUT), Redes Tematicas De Investigacion Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID) RD16/0022, AstraZeneca, University of Granada Plan Propio de Investigacion, Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades (ERDF) SOMM17/6107/UGR, Fundacion Seneca 19899/GERM/15, Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities RTI2018-093528-B-I0, MINECO RYC-2014-16938, Fundacion Alfonso Martin Escudero

To study the association between usual dietary factors (dietary energy density, nutrient intake, food group consumption, and dietary pattern) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume/A total of 122 young adults (n = 82 women; 22.0 ± 2.1 years old; 24.8 ± 4.8 kg/mA direct association was detected between dietary energy density and BAT Standardized Uptake Value (SUV)mean (β = 0.215; RDietary factors are slightly associated with BAT volume and/or

Regular physical activity (PA) is an important part of the treatment of several medical conditions, including overweight and obesity, in which there may be a weakened appetite control. Eating behaviour traits influence weight control and may be different in active and sedentary subjects. This paper reports the relationships between the time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) of different intensity, and eating behaviour traits in young, healthy adults. Additionally, it reports the results of a six-month-long, randomized, controlled trial to examine the effect of an exercise intervention on eating behaviour traits. A total of 139 young (22.06 &plusmn, 2.26 years) healthy adults (68.35% women) with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.95 &plusmn, 4.57 kg/m2 were enrolled. Baseline assessments of habitual PA were made using wrist-worn triaxial accelerometers, eating behaviour traits were examined via the self-reported questionnaires: Binge Eating, Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and Control of Eating Questionnaire. The subjects were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: control (usual lifestyle), moderate-intensity exercise (aerobic and resistance training 3&uml, C4 days/week at a heart rate equivalent to 60% of the heart rate reserve (HRres) for the aerobic component, and at 50% of the 1 repetition maximum (RM) for the resistance component), or vigorous-intensity exercise (the same training but at 80% HRres for half of the aerobic training, and 70% RM for the resistance training). At baseline, sedentary behaviour was inversely associated with binge eating (r = &minus, 0.181, p &lt, 0.05) and with uncontrolled eating (r = &minus, 0.286, p = 0.001). Moderate PA (MPA) was inversely associated with craving control (r = &minus, 0.188, p &lt, 0.05). Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.302, p &lt, 0.001) and uncontrolled eating (r = 0.346, p &lt, 0.001), and inversely associated with craving control (r = &minus, 0.170, p &lt, 0.015). Overall, PA was directly associated with binge eating (r = 0.275, p = 0.001), uncontrolled eating (r = 0.321, p &lt, 0.001) and emotional eating (r = 0.204, p &lt, 0.05). Additionally, only emotional eating was modified by the intervention, increasing in the vigorous-intensity exercise group (p &lt, 0.05). In summary, we observed that time spent in sedentary behaviour/PA of different intensity is associated with eating behaviour traits, especially binge eating in young adults. In contrast, the six-month exercise intervention did not lead to appreciable changes in eating behaviour traits.

Purpose: Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) has gained considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and type 2 diabetes; however, whether physical activity (PA) might be an efficient stimulus to activate and recruit BAT remains to be ascertained. We aimed to examine whether objectively measured PA levels were associated with BAT volume and activity in young sedentary adults. We additionally examined the association of PA levels with the skeletal muscles activity.Methods: A total of 130 young healthy and sedentary adults (67% women; age, 21.9 +/- 2.1 years old; body mass index, 25 +/- 4.8 kg/m(2)) participated in this cross-sectional study. PA was objectively measured with a wrist-worn accelerometer for 7 consecutive days. Age-specific cut points were applied to classify wrist accelerations into sedentary time and different PA intensities (i.e., light, moderate, vigorous, moderate-vigorous). The participants underwent 2 hours of a personalized cold exposure to determine the cold-induced BAT volume and activity and the skeletal muscles activity by means of an F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with a CT scan.Results: Objectively measured PA intensity levels were neither associated with BAT volume and activity nor with the skeletal muscles activity (all P> 0.05). The results remained after adjusting for sex, waking time, and environmental temperature.Conclusions: Although PA plays an important role in the prevention of obesity and related comorbidities, it seems that other physiological mechanisms rather than brown adipocyte activation or recruitment might moderate its beneficial metabolic effects in young sedentary adults.

This study examined (1) the association of dietary energy density from solid (EDS) and solid plus liquids (EDSL) with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors (CRF) in children with overweight and obesity, (2) the effect of under-reporting on the mentioned associations and (3) whether the association between ED and body composition and CRF is influenced by levels of physical activity. In a cross-sectional design, 208 overweight and obese children (8-12-year-old; 111 boys) completed two non-consecutive 24 h recalls. ED was calculated using two different approaches: EDS and EDSL. Under-reporters were determined with the Goldberg method. Body composition, anthropometry and fasting blood sample measurements were performed. Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was registered with accelerometers (7-d-register). Linear regressions were performed to evaluate the association of ED with the previously mentioned variables. Neither EDS nor EDSL were associated with body composition or CRF. However, when under-reporters were excluded, EDS was positively associated with BMI (P=0 019), body fat percentage (P=0 005), abdominal fat (P=0 008) and fat mass index (P=0 018), while EDSL was positively associated with body fat percentage (P=0 008) and fat mass index (P=0 026). When stratifying the group according to physical activity recommendations, the aforementioned associations were only maintained for non-compliers. Cluster analysis showed that the low-ED and high-MVPA group presented the healthiest profile for all adiposity and CRF. These findings could partly explain inconsistencies in literature, as we found that different ED calculations entail distinct results. Physical activity levels and excluding under-reporters greatly influence the associations between ED and adiposity in children with overweight and obesity. The research leading to these results has received funding from la Caixa Foundation and Triptolemos Foundation, the Ministry of Health (FIS PI081297), the Research Network on Preventative Activities and Health Promotion (RD06/0018/ 0038), the Henning and Johan Throne-Holst Foundation (F. B. O.), the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/03329 to M. M.), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (DEP2013-47540 and DEP2016-78377-R; BES-2014-068829 to C. C.-S.), Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01335), Fondos Estructurales de la Union Europea (FEDER), Una manera de hacer Europa, the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC-2011-09011 to F. B. O.), the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence Actions: Units of Excellence, Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Programa de Captacion de Talento - UGR Fellows (L. G.-M.), the SAMID III network, RETICS (PN I +D+ I 2017-2021). This study has been partially funded by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigacion 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), and by the Junta de Andalucia, Consejeria de Conocimiento, Investigacion y Universidades and European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), reference SOMM17/6107/UGR. ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, the European Regional Development Fund (RD16/ 0022), the EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI), and the University of the Basque Country (GIU14/21). J. M.-G. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU14/06837). J. H. M. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/02645).

Background: Due to a clinical and public health interest of neck circumference (NC), a better understanding of this simple anthropometric measurement, as a valid marker of body composition is necessary. Methods: A total of 119 young healthy adults participated in this study. NC was measured over the thyroid cartilage and perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the neck. Body weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference were measured. A Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was used to determine fat mass, lean mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Additionally, body mass index (BMI) and triponderal mass index (TMI), the waist to hip and waist to height ratios, and the fat mass and lean mass indexes (FMI and LMI, respectively) were calculated. Results: NC was positively associated in women (W) and men (M), with BMI (rW = 0.70 and rM = 0.84, respectively), TMI (rW = 0.63 and rM = 0.80, respectively), WC (rW = 0.75 and rM = 0.86, respectively), VAT (rW = 0.74 and rM = 0.82, respectively), Waist/hip (rW = 0.51 and rM = 0.67, respectively), Waist/height (rW = 0.68 and rM = 0.83, respectively) and FMI (rW = 0.61 and rM = 0.81, respectively). The association between NC and indicators of body composition was however weaker than that observed by BMI, TMI, WC and Waist/height in both women and men. It is of note that in women, NC was associated with FMI, VAT and LMI independently of BMI. In men, adding NC to anthropometric variables did not improve the prediction of body composition, while slight improvements were observed in women. Conclusions: Taken together, the present study provides no indication for NC as a useful proxy of body composition parameters in young adults, yet future studies should explore its usefulness as a measure to use in combination with BMI, especially in women., This study was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness Grants (DEP2016-79512-R and PTA 12264-I), Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393), and Retos de la Sociedad (DEP2016-79512-R), Fondos Estructurales de la Unión Europea (FEDER), by the Spanish Ministry of Education (FPU 13/04365), by the Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (FINUT), by the Redes temáticas de investigación cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022), by AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation and by the University of Granada, Plan Propio de Investigación 2016, Excellence actions: Units of Excellence; Scientific Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES), Plan Propio de Investigación 2018: Programa Contratos-Puente and Programa Perfeccionamiento de Doctores, by the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades, the European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR), by the Fundación Alfonso Martín Escudero, and by the Fundación Carolina (C.2016-574961). This study is part of a Ph.D. Thesis conducted in the Biomedicine Doctoral Studies of the University of Granada, Spain.

Background & aim: The thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the increase of the metabolic rate and body temperature in response to a single meal. To date, most of the studies have focused to determine the TEF in terms of energy expenditure, but little is known about which is the response in terms of skin temperature. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the thermic effect of food (TEF) on the skin temperature with a standardized and individualized liquid meal test is different in young adult men than in young adult women.Methods: A total of 104 young adults (36 men and 68 women, age: 18-25 years old) consumed a standardized and individualized liquid meal (energy intake: 50% of measured basal metabolic rate, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat, 15% protein). The skin temperature was measured by means of 17 iButtons during 3 h and 20 min. The mean, proximal, distal, and supraclavicular skin temperature, as well as the peripheral gradient, were determined as a proxy of a peripheral vasoconstriction. The participants reported the thermal sensation of the whole body, clavicular, feet, and hands zones. The body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results: The overall, mean, proximal, and supraclavicular skin temperature significantly increased after the meal intake (all P < 0.05 vs. the baseline temperature). There was a postprandial peripheral vasoconstriction right after the meal intake and over the first hour and a peripheral vasodilatation during the second and third hour. Women had a higher increase in all skin temperature parameters in comparison to men (all, P < 0.05), whereas there were no sex differences in the proximal skin temperature (P = 0.279). The pattern of thermal sensation was similar between sexes, but women always felt colder than men. All of the results persisted after adjusting the analyses for body composition or menstrual cycle.Conclusion: A standardized and individualized liquid meal test increases the skin temperature in young adults, being the thermic effect higher in women than in men. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

The new and recent advances in neuroelectric and neuroimaging technologies provide a new era for further exploring and understanding how brain and cognition function can be stimulated by environmental factors, such as exercise, and particularly to study whether physical exercise influences brain development in early ages. The present study, namely the ActiveBrains project, aims to examine the effects of a physical exercise programme on brain and cognition, as well as on selected physical and mental health outcomes in overweight/obese children. A total of 100 participants aged 8 to 11 years are randomized into an exercise group (N=50) or a control group (N=50). The intervention lasts 20-weeks, with 3-5 sessions per week of 90 min each, and is mainly focused on high-intensity aerobic exercise yet also includes muscle-strengthening exercises. The extent to what the intervention effect remains 8-months after the exercise programme finishes is also studied in a subsample. Brain structure and function and cognitive performance are assessed using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalographic recordings. Secondary outcomes include physical health outcomes (e.g. physical fitness, body fatness, bone mass and lipid-metabolic factors) and mental health outcomes (e.g. chronic stress indicators and overall behavioural and personality measurements such as anxiety or depression). This project will substantially contribute to the existing knowledge and will have an impact on societies, since early stimulation of brain development might have long lasting consequences on cognitive performance, academic achievement and in the prevention of behavioural problems and the promotion of psychological adjustment and mental health. Clinical trials. Gov identifier: NCT02295072.