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The essay looks at how the changes in exchange rates in the United States affects financial markets’ performance in China. First, the paper gives an overview of the dollar as a global exchange rate currency vis-à-vis financial markets’ productivity. Then, the essay analyses the impact of US rate hike on yield gap, capital flow, the RMB, government bonds, and housing & real estate before drawing conclusions: the US rate hike will attract a huge amount of funds back to the United States, assert depreciation strain on the RMB, and effectively limit Beijing's fiscal policy softening, as an essential tool for assisting coronavirus-hit industries and meeting the government's estimated growth target.

Recently in nanophotonics, a rigorous evolution from passive to active metasurfaces has been witnessed. This advancement not only brings forward interesting physical phenomena but also elicits opportunities for practical applications. However, active metasurfaces operating at visible frequencies often exhibit low performance due to design and fabrication restrictions at the nanoscale. In this work, we demonstrate electrochemically controlled metasurfaces with high intensity contrast, fast switching rate, and excellent reversibility at visible frequencies. We use a conducting polymer, polyaniline (PANI), that can be locally conjugated on preselected gold nanorods to actively control the phase profiles of the metasurfaces. The optical responses of the metasurfaces can be in situ monitored and optimized by controlling the PANI growth of subwavelength dimension during the electrochemical process. We showcase electrochemically controlled anomalous transmission and holography with good switching performance. Such electrochemically powered optical metasurfaces lay a solid basis to develop metasurface devices for real-world optical applications.

Plasmonic colors produced by metallic metasurfaces show subwavelength spatial resolution, material simplicity and durability. Compared to the colors created by plasmonic metasurfaces, plasmonic col...

Plasmonic color generation has attracted much research interest because of the unique optical properties of plasmonic nanocrystals that are promising for chromatic applications, such as flat-panel displays, smart windows, and wearable devices. Low-cost, monodisperse plasmonic nanocrystals supporting strong localized surface plasmon resonances are favorable for the generation of plasmonic colors. However, many implementations so far have either a single static state or complexities in the particle alignment and switching mechanism for generating multiple displaying states. Herein, we report on a facile and robust approach for realizing the electrochemical switching of plasmonic colors out of colloidal plasmonic nanocrystals. The metal nanocrystals are coated with a layer of polyaniline, whose refractive index and optical absorption are reversibly switched through the variation of an applied electrochemical potential. The change in refractive index and optical absorption results in the modulation of the plasmonic scattering intensity with a depth of 11 dB. The electrochemical switching process is fast (∼5 ms) and stable (over 1000 switching cycles). A device configuration is further demonstrated for switching plasmonic color patterns in a transparent electrochemical device, which is made from indium tin oxide electrodes and a polyvinyl alcohol solid electrolyte. Our control of plasmonic colors provides a favorable platform for engineering low-cost and high-performance miniaturized optical devices.

Polyaniline (PANI), a conductive polymer, is a promising active material for optical switching. In most studies, active switching has so far been realized only between two states, whereas PANI has a total of six states. The optical properties of nanoscale PANI in all six states have remained unclear. Herein we report on all-state switching of the Mie resonance on PANI nanospheres (NSs) and active plasmon switching on PANI-coated Au nanodisks (NDs). All-state switching of differently sized PANI NSs is achieved by proton doping/dedoping and electrochemical methods. Theoretical studies show that the scattering peaks of the individual PANI NSs originate from Mie resonances. All-state switching is further demonstrated on PANI-coated circular Au NDs, where an unprecedentedly large plasmon peak shift of ∼200 nm is realized. Our study not only provides a fundamental understanding of the optical properties of PANI but also opens the probability for developing high-performance dynamic media for active plasmonics.

2D metal–organic complex nanosheets with the merits of high stability and structure tunability are an emerging topic in recent years. To extend the promising ultrathin architectures, a new Co(II) complex nanosheet (Co-nanosheet) is designed and prepared via a readily operated interface-assisted coordination reaction between the ligand 4,4′′,4′′′-(2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-triyl)tris(2,2′:6′,2′′-terpyridyl) (L) and Co2+ ions. The as-formed Co(II) complex nanosheet exhibits both a uniform layered structure and good thermostability as proposed, which were verified by various chemical and physical analytical methods. Moreover, it is first utilized as an electroresponsive medium to tune the surface plasmon resonance behavior of Au nanoparticles, expanding the applicable fields of this type of 2D materials.

Conductive polymers are attracting much attention for realizing active plasmonics on conventional static plasmonic nanostructures because of their variable dielectric functions. Combining organic conductive polymers with inorganic plasmonic nanostructures allows for the creation of active devices, such as active metasurfaces, reconfigurable metalenses and dynamic plasmonic holography. However, the complexity of such a combination, together with the poor control in polymer thickness and morphology, has limited the advancement of active plasmonics. Herein we report on the electrochemical coating of conductive polymers on pre-grown metal nanocrystals. Robust control of the polymer thickness and morphology is accomplished through the variation of the applied electrochemical potential. Various types of conductive polymers are coated on different metal nanocrystals, including Au, Pd and Pt. Active plasmonic color switching and H2O2 sensing are demonstrated with polyaniline-coated Au nanorods.

(Gold nanorod core)/(poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) shell) nanostructures are prepared by the surfactant-assisted oxidative polymerization of 3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene on the surface of gold nanorods (NRs). The PEDOT shell exhibits distinct dielectric properties at doped and undoped states, which allows the manipulation of plasmonic responses of the Au nanorod core. The shift in plasmon resonance induced by the dedoping of PEDOT is found to be associated with the overlap between the plasmon resonance band of the core/shell nanostructure and the spectral region where the largest refractive index variation of PEDOT occurs, as well as with the type of the dedopant. Macroscopic two-dimensional (2D) monolayer arrays of core/shell nanostructures with controlled particle number densities are fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrates by electrophoretic deposition. A reversible plasmonic shift of about 70 nm is obtained on the core/shell nanostructure monolayer array with a number density of around 18 particles per μm2. Our design of colloidal (Au nanorod core)/(PEDOT shell) nanostructures and their 2D monolayer arrays paves the way for the fabrication of high-performance plasmonic switches in large-scale practical usages as well as for the preparation of advanced, programmable chromic materials for a broad range of applications, such as smart windows, anti-counterfeiting tags, and medical and environmental sensors.

The interference between spectrally overlapping superradiant and subradiant plasmon resonances generates plasmonic Fano resonance, which allows for attractive applications such as electromagnetically induced transparency, light trapping, and refractometric sensing with high figures of merit. The active switching of plasmonic Fano resonance holds great promise in modulating optical signals, dynamically harvesting light energy, and constructing switchable plasmonic sensors. However, structures enabling the active control of plasmonic Fano resonance have rarely been achieved because of the fabrication complexity and cost. Herein we report on the realization of active plasmonic Fano resonance switching on Au nanosphere-nanoplate heterodimers. The active switching is enabled by varying the refractive index of a layer of polyaniline that fills in the gap between the Au nanosphere and the Au nanoplate. A reversible spectral shift of 20 nm is observed on the individual heterodimers during switching. The maximal spectral shift decreases as the interparticle gap distance is enlarged, showing a strong dependence of the spectral shift on the local electric field intensity enhancement in the gap region. This trend agrees with the predicted dependence of the refractive index sensitivity on the local field intensity enhancement. Our results provide insights into the development of plasmonic structures supporting actively switchable Fano resonances, which can lead to new technological applications, such as switchable cloaking and display, dynamic coding of optical signals, color sorting and filtering. The Au heterodimers with polyaniline in the gap can also be applied for the sensing of local environmental parameters such as pH values and heavy metal ions.

Underground space is extremely important for the compact and spatial intensive development of cities in the world. The gap of underground space between developing countries and developed countries comes from the immaturity of the market and institutional environment, which leads to an urgent demand for new urban governance theories to guide practice. Governments often pay attention to safety, while the market is business-oriented and focuses on commercial value which leads to a trade-off between them. This paper explores the safety and commerciality from the viewpoint of urban governance theory, and uses case studies of three underground space projects in Hangzhou, China, finds that the logic behind safety and commerciality choices is actually the logical relationship between the government and the market. It is concluded that a logical conversion from complete government-led to market-oriented and government-assisted is needed to resolve the imbalance between safety and commerciality. This paper criticizes the shortcomings of traditional planning theories on urban governance and subject research, incorporates the system and time dimensions into the framework of urban governance theory, and proposes a multiple governance mechanism which can integrate safety and commerciality as a means of maximizing socio-economic benefits.

The application fields put forward higher requirements for the core technology of inertial measurement unit, namely orientation estimation. Generally, estimation of inertial measurement unit orientation is carried out by the fusion of different sensors including geomagnetic sensor and motion sensor, but in some specific environments, the field of magnetic is chaotic and inertial measurement unit itself has the interference of acceleration, orientation estimation algorithm for inertial measurement unit is required to have higher accuracy and stronger robustness. In this work a new approach is presented for estimation of inertial measurement unit orientation. The approach is based on inertial measurement unit containing gyroscope, accelerometer and magnetometer, and a fusion algorithm using Nesterov’s accelerated gradient improved by fuzzy control rule is conducted to estimate inertial measurement unit orientation. Magnetometer is used for measuring the yaw angle, whereas gyroscope, accelerometer provide information for roll and pitch angles. The experimental platform is constructed using motion sensor MPU6050 and magnetometer IST8310, the accuracy and robustness of this approach using Nesterov’s accelerated gradient improved by fuzzy control rule are vertified by four groups of comparative experiments. Experimental results indicate that compared with complementary filter and gradient descent, this approach shows an improvement in estimation of inertial measurement unit orientation.

Transition metal phosphides have sparked considerable interest as electrocatalysts owing to their excellent catalytic activities towards water splitting. However, the development of a general strategy for the preparation of metal phosphides has remained challenging. In this work, we demonstrate a two-step, aerosol spray-based strategy for the synthesis of various mesoporous monometallic and multimetallic phosphide microspheres. Four monometallic (FeP, CoP, Ni2P, and Cu3P), one bimetallic (Co6Ni4P5) and one trimetallic (Co4Ni3Cu2P10) phosphide samples are successfully prepared, suggesting the generality of our method. In addition, the CoP sample is found to be an excellent material for the hydrogen evolution reaction over a wide pH range through the introduction of corrosion-resistant Cr2O3. On the other hand, its catalytic activity can be switched to the oxygen evolution reaction in combination with Fe2O3. The overpotential for the oxygen evolution reaction to generate a current density of 10 mA cm−2 is as low as 302 mV. This activity can be maintained for at least 50 h. More importantly, a two-electrode electrolyzer constructed from 10% Cr–CoP and 30% Fe–CoP samples delivers a current density of 100 mA cm−2 at a cell voltage of merely 1.67 V, showing the use of these cost-effective materials for bifunctional water splitting.

This Letter presents a four-way hybrid substrate integrated waveguide/microstrip-line power divider circuit based on the double microstrip-slot coupling. By slotting between T branch and loading isolation resistance, the isolation and output voltage standing wave ratio between non-adjacent ports is improved. By putting four output ports on the same side, the practicability of the circuit is improved. The test results show that the input return loss is >17.5 dB and insertion loss is

Gold nanorings are attractive as plasmonic metal nanocrystals because they have a hollow inner cavity. Their enhanced electric field inside the ring cavity is accessible, which is highly desirable for assembling with other optical components and studying their plasmon-coupling behaviors. However, the lack of robust methods for synthesizing size-controllable and uniform Au nanorings severely impedes the study of their attractive plasmonic properties and plasmon-driven applications. Herein, an improved wet-chemistry method is reported for the synthesis of monodisperse colloidal Au nanorings. Using circular Au nanodisks with different thicknesses and diameters as templates, Au nanorings are synthesized with thicknesses varied from ≈30 to ≈50 nm and cavity sizes varied from ≈90 to ≈40 nm. The produced Au nanorings are assembled with colloidal Au nanospheres to yield Au nanoring-nanosphere heterodimers in sphere-in-ring and sphere-on-ring configurations on substrates. The sphere-in-ring heterodimers exhibit the interesting feature of plasmonic Fano resonance upon the excitation of the dark quadrupolar plasmon mode of the Au nanorings. The open cavity in a nanoring holds a great promise for studying plasmon-coupled systems, which will facilitate the construction of advanced metamaterials and high-performance Fano-based devices.

Plasmonic metal nanocrystals, owing to their high sensitivity to the dielectric changes in the surrounding environment, can allow for the direct probing and monitoring of molecular binding on their surfaces. Anisotropic Au nanoplates possess high refractive index sensitivities, with their nanoscale sensing volumes located at their sharp tips and edges. One of the main challenges in molecular detection based on localized plasmon resonance is to increase the detection capability at the single-particle level. Vertically oriented Au nanoplates are more attractive candidates for developing ultrasensitive plasmonic sensors than horizontally oriented ones, as vertical Au nanoplates allow for more analyte molecules to access their sharp tips and edges. However, few reports have studied the sensing performance of vertically oriented, elongated, individual metal nanocrystals. Herein we report on the deposition of vertically oriented, hexagonal Au nanoplates on substrates and the study of their plasmonic and sensing properties. The vertically aligned nanoplates are compared with the horizontally oriented ones both experimentally and through numerical simulations. The vertically oriented nanoplates possess shorter plasmon resonance wavelengths and narrower peak widths than the horizontally oriented ones of similar sizes. The shorter plasmon wavelengths and smaller peak widths are also confirmed by knocking down the vertical Au nanoplates through mild perturbation and performing the scattering measurements beforehand and afterwards. Further scattering measurements of the Au nanoplates upon the adsorption of positively charged polyelectrolyte reveal that the vertical Au nanoplates are more sensitive to the polyelectrolyte molecules than the horizontal ones.

The fixation of atmospheric N2 to NH3 is an essential process for sustaining life. One grand challenge is to develop efficient catalysts to photofix N2 under ambient conditions. Herein we report an...

The photochemical production of fuels using sunlight is an innovative way for meeting the quickly increasing energy demands. One of the largest challenges is to develop high-performance photocatalysts that can meet the requirements of practical applications. Owing to their intriguing localized surface plasmon resonances, noble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures show a great potential for enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency and thereby have attracted rapidly growing interest recently. Here, for the first time, the latest achievements in the utilization of plasmons in driving CO

High-performance electrochemical plasmonic switching is realized on both single-particle and ensemble levels by coating polyaniline on colloidal gold nanocrystals through surfactant-assisted oxidative polymerization. Under small applied potentials, the core@shell nanostructures exhibit reversible plasmon shifts as large as 150 nm, a switching time of less than 10 ms, and a high switching stability.