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5. How we Think About Human Nature: Cognitive Errors and Concrete Remedies

Author

Werth, Alexander J. and Allchin, Douglas

Subjects
Oxford University Press (Oxford, England), MIT Press, Princeton University Press, Cambridge University Press, Book publishing -- Analysis, Scientists -- Analysis, Science and technology
Abstract

Appeals to human nature are ubiquitous, yet historically many have proven ill-founded. Why? How might frequent errors be remedied towards building a more robust and reliable scientific study of human nature? Our aim is neither to advance specific scientific or philosophical claims about human nature, nor to proscribe or eliminate such claims. Rather, we articulate through examples the types of errors that frequently arise in this field, towards improving the rigor of the scientific and social studies. We seek to analyze such claims rhetorically, cognitively, and epistemically. Namely, how do we think about human nature? Claims about human nature, we show, are susceptible to widely exhibited deficits in cognitive tendencies such as framing, confirmation bias, satisficing, and teleological perspectives, as well as motivated reasoning. Such missteps foster methodological, empirical, and psychological mistakes and biases. Specifically, they promote the naturalizing error, whereby cultural ideology and values are projected onto an apparently objective description of nature. Concrete remedies are offered to aid scientists in conducting and reporting their research goals and findings more responsibly and effectively (relevant also to educators and other communicators who convey these findings publicly). Recommendations include acknowledging that human nature claims are often context-dependent, seeking multiple critical perspectives, and explicitly labeling uncertainties., Author(s): Alexander J. Werth [sup.1], Douglas Allchin [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.256771.0, 0000 0001 0426 7392, Department of Biology, Hampden-Sydney College, , 23943, Hampden-Sydney, VA, USA (2) grid.17635.36, 0000000419368657, Minnesota [...]

Published
2021
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6. Perspektiven einer regionalen Sprachgeschichtsforschung.

Author

Werth, Alexander, Höllein, Dagobert, and Koch, Günter

Subjects
GERMAN history, DIALECTS, PRONOUNS (Grammar), PRONUNCIATION, HISTORICAL source material, AUTHORS
Abstract

Copyright of Jahrbuch für Germanistische Sprachgeschicht is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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12. Introduction

Author

Bülow, Lars, primary, Pfenninger, Simone E., additional, Schiegg, Markus, additional, and Werth, Alexander, additional

Published
2021
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15. Clearing the Highest Hurdle: Human-Based Case Studies Broaden Students' Knowledge of Core Evolutionary Concepts

Author

Werth, Alexander J.

Abstract

An anonymous survey instrument was used for a ten year study to gauge college student attitudes toward evolution. Results indicate that students are most likely to accept evolution as a historical process for change in physical features of non-human organisms. They are less likely to accept evolution as an ongoing process that shapes all traits (including biochemical, physiological, and behavioral) in humans. Students who fail to accept the factual nature of human evolution do not gain an accurate view of evolution, let alone modern biology. Fortunately, because of students' natural curiosity about their bodies and related topics (e.g., medicine, vestigial features, human prehistory), a pedagogical focus on human evolution provides a fun and effective way to teach core evolutionary concepts, as quantified by the survey. Results of the study are presented along with useful case studies involving human evolution.

Published
2009

16. Humpback whales inflate throat pleats to rub against the seafloor for skin maintenance.

Author

Stevenson, Andrew and Werth, Alexander J.

Subjects
HUMPBACK whale, BARNACLES, BALEEN whales, WHITE whale, KILLER whale, HUMPBACK whale behavior, SPERM whale
Abstract

Humpback whales in Bermuda have been observed engaging in a unique behavior of expanding their oral pouches and rubbing them against the seafloor. This behavior is believed to be a method of skin maintenance in areas where barnacles and whale lice congregate. The whales were observed swimming together, often in pairs, and descending into sand holes to rub their expanded pouches against the bottom. This behavior is different from feeding and may serve as a way for the whales to exfoliate and clean hard-to-reach areas of their bodies. Further research is needed to fully understand this behavior. [Extracted from the article]

Published
2024
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28. Racial Reverberations: Music, Dance, and Disturbance in Oakland after Black Power

Author

Werth, Alexander Louis

Subjects
Geography, Urban planning, African American studies, dispossession, gentrification, music, policing, race, sound
Abstract

This dissertation explores historical and ongoing contests over the production and policing of the public cultural landscape in Oakland since World War II. Recently, these struggles have surged to the center of local and national concerns about gentrification and displacement through impassioned conflicts over longstanding Black-centered cultural practices like barbecuing, drumming, and dancing in public. Indeed, these attempts to regulate Black collectivity and conviviality resonate with the rapid arrival of privileged residents, companies, and real-estate speculators in the city since the Great Recession, all of which has uprooted working-class communities of color, especially African Americans. As this study reveals, however, this process is at the same time much more complex and entrenched than the notion of gentrification as an emergent mode of urban restructuring suggests.In this text, then, I argue that the current moment in Oakland resounds with what I call racial reverberations—looping patterns of racialized dispossession, cultural (re)production, and resistance that disturb bounded notions of time and space. This consideration of racial reverberations causes me to attune to sound, music, and dance as sites of an emancipatory spatial politics of pleasure, on one side, and a repetitive liberal drive to repress “disturbances” to the raced and classed order of the city, on the other. Further, in contrast to linear narratives of urban change, whether in terms of development or decline, this approach attends to the recursive and looping nature of racial and spatial politics in Oakland and other U.S. cities. I thus trace the politics of racial reverberations in Oakland through a sequence of what I call socio-sonic arrangements—or epochal configurations of race and urban space, cultural production and policing, that remix rather than replace the relations that precede them. This, I argue, reveals the enduring ways that attempts to rid the city of “disturbances” serve to perpetuate norms of liberal reason and liberal racism that, while seemingly “race neutral,” drive anti-Black dispossession and spirited resistance. The text is split into three sections. The first section (Chs. 1 and 2) traces changes in Oakland’s socio-sonic arrangements before and after Black Power. It argues that, after World War II, Black migrant youth found themselves mired in geographies of racial segregation and assimilation that resounded in the Oakland Blues. In response, they remixed the call for Black Power into a new sound—what I call, after Rickey Vincent, the Beat—that disturbed the choreographies of public culture administered by Oakland’s Jim Crow. Then, in the 1970s and 80s, the Black Power revolt accelerated the rise of the city’s Black political and economic elite at the same moment that disinvestment, drug-related violence, and other intersecting crises introduced a deep sense of insecurity. Mayor Lionel Wilson thus implemented new modes of regulation meant to secure the precarious “quality of life” in working-class communities of color. In the process, Oakland underwent a shift in the object of policing from “Negro” to “nuisance,” especially “noise,” in ways that tended to condemn and control the emancipated youth cultures of the Beat. In the next two sections, the orientation of the text switches from time to space as it charts the socio-sonic arrangement associated with this apparently race-neutral mode of what I call governing through nuisance across a series of interrelated cultural sites. The second section (Chs. 3 and 4) reveals that, in the 1990s, Oakland solidified this new regime of policing through a moral panic about the disturbances of “hyphy” rap and illegal car parties called “sideshows.” The anti-sideshow campaign led to a reorganization of the optics/sonics, tactics, and relations of policing in ways that echoed out to surround young people of color—in particular, young Black men—as they circulated across the city’s recreational landscape to spaces like cultural festivals. The third section (Chs. 5 and 6) then demonstrates that, as a regional economic resurgence put local reinvestment within reach, Oakland’s leaders staked their development aims on the revival of the city’s nightlife. At the same time, the rising popularity of rap—linked, in the minds of some club owners and regulators, to the violence of local drug economies and recklessness of sideshows—led to an increased focus on techniques of security. In this context, regulators sought to manage the tension between the drive to attract crowds and the increased securitization of the night through what I call frequencies of government, which made Downtown Oakland’s “renaissance” a site of racialized dispossession, as well.

Published
2019

31. Notes from the Field: Baskeet Phonological Sketch and Digital Wordlist

Author

Treis, Yvonne and Werth, Alexander

Abstract

In literature, "Baskeet," also known by the Amharic term, "Basketo," is an Omotic language spoken by about 80,000 speakers in the Basketo Special Woreda and in the Melokoza Woreda of the Gamo-Gofa Zone in the Southern Region of Ethiopia. Baskeet (ISO 639-3 code: bst) belongs to the Ometo branch of North Omotic and is hitherto little studied. After an introduction to the sound system of the language in section 2, this work presents a list of about 200 Baskeet words in a phonemic and a broad phonetic transcription with tone marking. The lexical items of the list in section 3 were drawn from the first author's lexical and textual database, which had been established during fieldwork in different villages of the Basketo Special Woreda. The aim of this publication is to make verifiable lexical data available to a wider public for the comparison of Ometo languages (and dialects). To date, phonological descriptions of Baskeet and historical/comparative works on Ometo languages are based on sets of largely unreliable and inconsistent data, which were collected many decades ago and from speakers living outside the speaker area.

Published
2014

32. Contributors

Author

Acevedo-Gutiérrez, Alejandro, primary, Adam, Peter J., additional, Aguilar, Alex, additional, Amano, Masao, additional, Anderson, Paul K., additional, Archer, Frederick I., additional, Arnould, John P.Y., additional, Atkinson, Shannon, additional, Au, Whitlow W.L., additional, Aurioles-Gamboa, David, additional, Javier Aznar, F., additional, Baird, Robin W., additional, Baker, C. Scott, additional, Ballance, Lisa T., additional, Balbuena, Juan A., additional, Bannister, John L., additional, Barlow, Jay, additional, Barton, Sheri L., additional, Bearzi, Giovanni, additional, Beasley, Isabel, additional, Bekoff, Marc, additional, Ben-David, M., additional, Bengtson, John L., additional, Berta, Annalisa, additional, Bérubé, Martine, additional, Bester, Marthán N., additional, Bianucci, Giovanni, additional, Bjørge, Arne, additional, Black, Nancy A., additional, Bodkin, J.L., additional, Bonde, Robert K., additional, Borger, Jill, additional, Borrell, Asuncion, additional, Boveng, Peter, additional, Bowen, W.D., additional, Boyd, Ian L., additional, Braulik, Gillian T., additional, Brown, Alexander M., additional, Brownell, Robert L., additional, Buckland, Stephen T., additional, Burns, John J., additional, Cabrera, Andrea A., additional, Campagna, Claudio, additional, Cantor, Mauricio, additional, Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana, additional, Cárdenas-Hinojosa, Gustavo, additional, Castellini, Michael, additional, Cerchio, Salvatore, additional, Champagne, Cory D., additional, Chilvers, B. Louise, additional, Chivers, Susan J., additional, Cipriano, Frank, additional, Clapham, Phillip J., additional, Constantine, Rochelle, additional, Cooper, Lisa N., additional, Corkeron, Peter, additional, Costa, Daniel P., additional, Costidis, Alexander M., additional, Cowan, Daniel F., additional, Cranford, Ted, additional, Crespo, Enrique A., additional, Crocker, Daniel E., additional, Croll, Donald A., additional, da Silva, Vera M.F., additional, Danil, Kerri, additional, Darling, Jim, additional, Dawson, Stephen M., additional, de Muizon, Christian, additional, de Vos, Asha, additional, Dehnhardt, Guido, additional, DeMaster, Douglas P., additional, Deméré, Thomas A., additional, Dendrinos, Panagiotis, additional, Dill, Lawrence M., additional, Dizon, Andrew E., additional, L. Dolar, M. Louella, additional, Domning, Daryl P., additional, Donovan, G.P., additional, Dudzinski, Kathleen M., additional, Duffield, Deborah A., additional, Dyer, Michael P., additional, Ellis, Richard, additional, Eskelinen, Holli, additional, Estes, James A., additional, Evans, Peter G.H., additional, Fernández, Mercedes, additional, Fertl, Dagmar, additional, Fettuccia, Daniela de Castro, additional, Fiedler, Paul C., additional, Fish, Frank E., additional, Flores, Paulo A.C., additional, Forcada, Jaume, additional, Ford, John K.B., additional, Fordyce, R. Ewan, additional, Forestell, Paul H., additional, Forney, Karin A., additional, Fowler, Charles W., additional, Frankel, Adam S., additional, Friedlaender, Ari S., additional, Frohoff, Toni, additional, Frost, Kathryn J., additional, Galatius, Anders, additional, García-Vernet, Raquel, additional, Geisler, Jonathan H., additional, Gelatt, Thomas S., additional, Gentry, Roger, additional, George, J. Craig, additional, Gerrodette, Tim, additional, Goldbogen, Jeremy A., additional, Goldsworthy, Simon D., additional, P. Goodall, R. Natalie, additional, Goodman, Simon J., additional, Gregg, Justin D., additional, Hall, Ailsa J., additional, Hammill, Mike O., additional, Hammond, Philip S., additional, Hanke, Frederike D., additional, Hartman, Karin L., additional, Hazen, Elliott, additional, Heide-Jørgensen, M.P., additional, Heithaus, Michael R., additional, Herman, Louis M., additional, Herzing, Denise L., additional, Hewitt, Roger P., additional, Hindell, Mark A., additional, Hoelzel, A. Rus, additional, Hofmeyr, G. J. Greg, additional, Hohn, Aleta A., additional, Hooker, Sascha K., additional, Horstmann, Lara, additional, Horwood, Joseph, additional, Hoyt, Erich, additional, Hückstädt, Luis A., additional, Ivashchenko, Yulia V., additional, Iverson, Sara J., additional, Janik, Vincent M., additional, Jaramillo-Legorreta, Armando M., additional, Jefferson, Thomas A., additional, Jensen, Anne M., additional, Karamanlidis, Alexandros A., additional, Kasuya, Toshio, additional, Kato, Hidehiro, additional, Keith Diagne, Lucy W., additional, Kemp, Christopher, additional, Kemper, Catherine M., additional, Kenney, Robert D., additional, Kinze, Carl C., additional, Kirkman, Stephen P., additional, Kiszka, Jeremy J., additional, Koopman, Heather N., additional, Kooyman, Gerald L., additional, Kovacs, Kit M., additional, Kraus, Scott D., additional, Krysl, Petr, additional, Laidre, Kristin L., additional, Laitman, Jeffrey T., additional, Lambert, Olivier, additional, Landry, André M., additional, Lavigne, David M., additional, LeDuc, Rick, additional, Lipsky, Jessica D., additional, Littnan, Charles, additional, Loughlin, Thomas R., additional, Lowry, Lloyd, additional, Lowther, Andrew D., additional, Lydersen, Christian, additional, Maas, Mary C., additional, MacLean, Stephen A., additional, MacLeod, Colin D., additional, Mallette, Sarah D., additional, Mann, Janet, additional, Maresh, Jennifer L., additional, Marsh, Helene, additional, Marshall, Christopher D., additional, Martin, Anthony R., additional, Mass, Alla M., additional, McAlpine, Donald F., additional, Chris McKnight, J., additional, McLellan, William A., additional, Mead, James G., additional, Melin, Sharon R., additional, Merrick, Richard, additional, Mesnick, Sarah L., additional, Miller, Edward H., additional, Miller, Lance J., additional, Miller, Patrick J.O., additional, Miyazaki, Nobuyuki, additional, Moore, Jeffrey E., additional, Moore, Kathleen M., additional, Moore, Michael, additional, Moore, Sue E., additional, Moors-Murphy, Hilary B., additional, Morin, Phillip A., additional, Newman, William A., additional, Newton, Kelly M., additional, Nieto-García, Edwyna, additional, Northridge, Simon, additional, Nummela, Sirpa, additional, O'Brien, Justine K., additional, O'Corry-Crowe, Gregory M., additional, Olsen, Morten T., additional, Olson, Paula A., additional, Oppenheimer, Jonas, additional, Orbach, Dara N., additional, Ortiz, Rudy M., additional, Pabst, D. Ann, additional, Palsbøll, Per J., additional, Parra, Guido J., additional, Patterson, Eric, additional, Paves-Hernández, Héctor, additional, Perrin, William F., additional, Perryman, Wayne L., additional, Pitman, Robert, additional, Pomeroy, Patrick P., additional, Ponganis, Paul J., additional, Powell, James A., additional, Pyenson, Nicholas D., additional, Racicot, Rachel, additional, Raga, J. Antonio, additional, Ralls, Katherine, additional, Raverty, Stephen, additional, Read, Andrew J., additional, Reeves, Randall R., additional, Regehr, Eric V., additional, Reggente, Melissa A.L., additional, Reidenberg, Joy S., additional, Reijnders, Peter J.H., additional, Reyes, Julio C., additional, Reynolds, John E., additional, Robeck, Todd R., additional, Robinson, Kelly J., additional, Rode, Karyn, additional, Rogers, Tracey, additional, Rojas-Bracho, Lorenzo, additional, Roman, Joe, additional, Rommel, Sentiel A., additional, Roos, Marjoleine M.H., additional, Rosel, Patricia E., additional, Rowntree, Victoria J., additional, Rugh, David, additional, Russell, Debbie J.F., additional, Sayigh, Laela S., additional, Scolardi, Kerri M., additional, Scott, Michael D., additional, Sears, Richard, additional, Seger, Jon, additional, Sharp, Sarah, additional, Sheehan, Glenn W., additional, Silber, Gregory K., additional, Simeone, Claire A., additional, Smith, Brian D., additional, Southall, Brandon L., additional, Spitz, Jérôme, additional, Spoor, Fred, additional, Stacey, Rita, additional, Staniland, Iain J., additional, Steel, Debbie, additional, Stern, S. Jonathan, additional, Stewart, Brent S., additional, Supin, Alexander Y., additional, Suydam, R., additional, Swartz, Steven L., additional, Teilmann, Jonas, additional, Tershy, Bernie R., additional, Thewissen, J.G.M., additional, Tinker, M.T., additional, Tolley, Krystal A., additional, Trillmich, Fritz, additional, Trites, Andrew W., additional, Turner, Ted, additional, Twiss, Sean D., additional, Tyack, Peter L., additional, Uhen, Mark D., additional, Van Franeker, Jan A., additional, Van Waerebeek, Koen, additional, Wade, Paul R., additional, Wang, John Y., additional, Weller, David W., additional, Wells, Randall S., additional, Werth, Alexander J., additional, Whitehead, Hal, additional, Williams, Terrie M., additional, Würsig, Bernd, additional, Yablokov, Alexey V., additional, Yamada, Tadasu K., additional, Yamato, Maya, additional, Yochem, Pamela K., additional, York, Anne E., additional, and Zhou, Kaiya, additional

Published
2018
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43. Morphologie und Semantik der n-Erweiterung bei Muttern und Vatern im Deutschen

Author

Werth, Alexander and Werth, Alexander

Abstract

This paper deals with German kinship terms ending with the form "n" (Muttern, Vatern). Firstly, data from newspapers are presented that show that especially Muttern denotes very special meanings that can only be derived to a limited extent from the lexical base: a) Muttern referring to a home where mother cares for you, b) Muttern standing for overprotection, and c) Muttern representing a special food style (often embedded in prepositional phrases and/or comparative constructions like wie bei or wie von Muttern). Secondly, it is argued that the addition of n to kinship terms is not a word-formation pattern, but that these word forms are instead lexicalized and idiomatized in contemporary German. Hence, a diachronic scenario is applied to account for the data. It is argued in the present paper that the n-forms have been borrowed from Low German dialects, especially from constructional idioms of the type ‘X-wie bei Muttern’ and that forms were enriched by semantic concepts associated with the dialect.

Published
2022

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