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Background: Randomized trials of antenatal steroid administration (ANS) for extreme or moderate preterm pregnancies excluded women with diabetes mellitus (DM) and included few with preeclampsia., Methods: Cohort study (n = 1,813) including moderate preterm births [29 0/7 -33 6/7 wks' gestational age GA)] before (Epoch-1) and after (Epoch-2) expansion of ANS administration to women with hypertensive disorders (HTN) and/or DM. We compared surfactant administration in Group-1 (neither HTN nor DM), Group-2a (HTN not DM), Group-2b (DM not HTN) and Group-2c (DM and HTN)., Results: Surfactant administration was less frequent after ANS in Group-1 [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.31, 0.93, P = 0.03], Group-2a (aOR 0.36, CI 0.22, 0.58, P < 0.001) and Group-2c (aOR 0.29, CI 0.12, 0.71, P = 0.007) but not Group-2b (P = 0.64)., Conclusions: ANS administration was independently associated with less surfactant administration in moderately preterm neonates whose mothers had neither HTN nor DM, and those with HTN, but not those with DM without HTN., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)

Background: Although electrocardiogram (ECG) can detect heart rate (HR) faster compared to pulse oximetry, it remains unknown if routine use of ECG for delivery room (DR) resuscitation reduces the time to stabilization in preterm infants., Methods: Neonates <31 weeks' gestation were randomized to either an ECG-displayed or an ECG-blinded HR assessment in the DR. HR, oxygen saturation, resuscitation interventions, and clinical outcomes were compared., Results: During the study period, 51 neonates were enrolled. The mean gestational age in both groups was 28 ± 2 weeks. The time to stabilization, defined as the time from birth to achieve HR ≥100 b.p.m., as well as oxygen saturation within goal range, was not different between the ECG-displayed and the ECG-blinded groups [360 (269, 435) vs 345 (240, 475) s, p = 1.00]. There was also no difference in the time to HR ≥100 b.p.m. [100 (75, 228) vs 138 (88, 220) s, p = 0.40] or duration of positive pressure ventilation (PPV) [345 (120, 558) vs 196 (150, 273) s, p = 0.36]. Clinical outcomes were also similar between groups., Conclusions: Although feasible and safe, the use of ECG in the DR during preterm resuscitation did not reduce time to stabilization., Impact: Although feasible and apparently safe, routine use of the ECG in the DR did not decrease time to HR >100 b.p.m., time to stabilization, or use of resuscitation interventions such as PPV for preterm infants <31 weeks' gestational age. This article adds to the limited randomized controlled trial evidence regarding the impact of routine use of ECG during preterm resuscitation on DR clinical outcomes. Such evidence is important when considering recommendations for routine use of the ECG in the DR worldwide as such a recommendation comes with a significant cost burden., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to the International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc.)

Background and Objectives: Many preterm infants stabilized on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at birth require mechanical ventilation (MV) during the first 72 hours of life, which is defined as CPAP failure. Our objective was to decrease CPAP failure in infants ≤29 weeks' gestational age (GA)., Methods: A quality improvement bundle named OPTISURF was implemented for infants ≤29 weeks' GA admitted on CPAP, consisting of stepwise escalation of CPAP and less invasive surfactant administration guided by fractional inspired oxygen concentration ≥0.3. The CPAP failure rate was tracked by using control charts. We compared practice and outcomes of a pre-OPTISURF cohort (January 2017 to September 2018) to a post-OPTISURF cohort (October 2018 to December 2019)., Results: Of the 216 infants ≤29 weeks' GA admitted to NICU on CPAP, 125 infants belonged to the pre-OPTISURF cohort (OSC) and 91 to the post-OSC. Compared with the pre-OSC, a higher proportion of infants in the post-OSC received CPAP 7 cm H 2 O within 4 hours of life (7% vs 32%; P < .01). The post-OSC also had lower rates of CPAP failure (54% vs 11%; P < .01), pneumothoraces (8% vs 1%; P < .03), need for MV (58% vs 31%; P < .01), and patent ductus arteriosus treatment (21% vs 9%; P = .02). Additionally, in a subgroup analysis, CPAP failure was lower in the post-OSC among infants 23 to 26 weeks (79% vs 27%; P < .01) and 27 to 29 weeks' GA (46% vs 3%; P < .01)., Conclusions: Implementation of a quality improvement bundle including CPAP optimization and less invasive surfactant administration decreased CPAP failure and need for MV in preterm infants., Competing Interests: POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: The authors have indicated they have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 by the American Academy of Pediatrics.)

Background: Randomized trials of antenatal steroids (ANS) included women at 24-33 weeks gestational age (GA); however, few women had preeclampsia and women with diabetes mellitus (DM) were excluded., Methods: Cohort study including preterm births at 23 0/7 -28 6/7 weeks GA before (Epoch-1) and after (Epoch-2) expansion of ANS administration to women with DM and hypertensive disorders (HTN). We compared Group-A (neither DM nor HTN) and Group-B (DM and/or HTN)., Results: Among 747 neonates the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for surfactant administration, in-hospital mortality, severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and death or severe IVH were lower in ANS-exposed neonates than unexposed neonates. In Group-B, ANS administration was independently associated with less severe IVH and less death or severe IVH, but not less surfactant use or mortality., Conclusions: Increased ANS administration in women with DM and/or HTN was independently associated with less severe IVH and less death or severe IVH but without decrease in surfactant administration., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.)