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Background: Obesity is one of the public health issues that seriously threatens human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wheat bran oil (WBO) on body weight and fat/lipid accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats and further explore the possible mechanisms by microbiome and metabolome analyses. Methods: Fifty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed either a normal chow diet (B group, n = 10) or HFD (n = 40) for 14 weeks to establish an obesity model. The HFD-induced obese rats were further divided into four groups and given WBO at 0 mL/kg (M group), 1.25 mL/kg (WBO-L group), 2.5 mL/kg (WBO-M group), and 5 mL/kg (WBO-H group) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. The body weight of rats was weighed weekly. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed using 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The liver metabolite profile was determined using UHPLC-QE-MS non-target metabolomics technology. Results: In this study, WBO treatment reduced body weight gain, fat and lipid accumulation, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. WBO treatment increased the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Allobaculum and decreased that of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Alloprevotella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, UCG-005, Helicobacter, Colidextribacter, and Parasutterella compared with the M group. A total of 22 liver metabolites were significantly altered by WBO treatment, which were mainly involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotunamide metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism. Conclusions: WBO alleviated body weight gain and fat/lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese rats, which may be related to altered gut microbiota and liver metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Obesity is one of the public health issues that seriously threatens human health. This study aimed to investigate the effects of wheat bran oil (WBO) on body weight and fat/lipid accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats and further explore the possible mechanisms by microbiome and metabolome analyses. Methods Fifty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were fed either a normal chow diet (B group, n = 10) or HFD (n = 40) for 14 weeks to establish an obesity model. The HFD-induced obese rats were further divided into four groups and given WBO at 0 mL/kg (M group), 1.25 mL/kg (WBO-L group), 2.5 mL/kg (WBO-M group), and 5 mL/kg (WBO-H group) by oral gavage for 9 weeks. The body weight of rats was weighed weekly. The gut microbiota structure was analyzed using 16 S rDNA high-throughput sequencing. The liver metabolite profile was determined using UHPLC-QE-MS non-target metabolomics technology. Results In this study, WBO treatment reduced body weight gain, fat and lipid accumulation, and ameliorated hepatic steatosis and inflammation. WBO treatment increased the relative abundance of Romboutsia and Allobaculum and decreased that of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Alloprevotella, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, UCG-005, Helicobacter, Colidextribacter, and Parasutterella compared with the M group. A total of 22 liver metabolites were significantly altered by WBO treatment, which were mainly involved in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, nicotinate and nicotunamide metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and ether lipid metabolism. Conclusions WBO alleviated body weight gain and fat/lipid accumulation in HFD-induced obese rats, which may be related to altered gut microbiota and liver metabolites.

The mechanism of fat soluble bioactives on activation of AMPK, normalization of insulin and serum proteome on obesity is not yet clear. This study investigated the effect of wheat bran oil concentrate on adipokines, pro-inflammatory markers and transcription factors in relation to differentially expressed serum proteins using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) approach-in high fat diet (HFC) fed C57BL6 mice.The HFC group exhibited a significant increase in body weight, insulin level and lipid profile. The ELISA and Western blot analysis of serum proteins of HFC group also exhibited increased level of inflammatory markers (TNF-α, TGF-β and interleukin-1β), tissue transcription factors (SREBP-2 & PPARγ) and were validated by gene expression and immunohistochemistry. However, the treatment with WBA 1 and 2% significantly lessened lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 cells. Reduced insulin level, down-regulated transcription factors and associated inflammatory cytokines by activating AMPK in HFC-fed mice. Furthermore, WBA treatment directly reversed differentially expressed recombinant proteins of KCTD family and Zinc finger protein 236 isoform.Bioactive fraction of WBA had beneficial effect on ameliorating obesity related complications mainly through phosphorylation of AMPK and inflammatory cytokines which was authenticated by proteomic analysis.

Fat-soluble nutraceuticals of cereals are known for number of disease preventive activities. Hence wheat bran oil (WBO) and wheat germ oil (WGO) were extracted from wheat bran and germ which yielded 3.35 % and 7.35 % of oil, containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (64 %, 61.2 %) respectively. Both oils contained tocopherols and carotenoids, which were higher in wheat germ oil (273 mg/100 g, 12.23 mg/100 g) than wheat bran oil (190 mg/100 g, 2.21 mg/100 g). Steryl ferulates were also present in both the oils, but their content was eight-fold higher in WBO than in WGO. Three major steryl ferulates identified by HPLC were campesteryl ferulate and sitostenyl ferulate, campestanyl ferulate and β-sitosteryl ferulate as in γ-oryzanol and another ferulate, viz., sitostanyl ferulate. A strong IC value of 7.5 mg/mL and 21.6 mg/mL DPPH free radicals scavenging for wheat germ oil for wheat bran oil was observed. NMR (C and H) profile explored the evidence of distribution of antioxidant molecules in the unsaponifiable matter of wheat derived oil. Since oils rich in PUFA and minor components are required for the normal physiological activities, blending such oils with other edible oils of the diet in wheat growing countries like India may be useful to provide health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat bran oil (WBO) has been reported to have an important content of bioactive compounds, such as tocopherols, alkylresorcinols, steryl ferulates and other phenolic compounds; however, its poor solubility in water systems restricts its applications in the food industry. This study is focussed on the formulation of oil-in-water (O/W) nanoemulsions of WBO in order to improve the bioaccessibility of its active compounds. The influences of oil concentration, surfactant type and concentration, and emulsification method, on the droplet size and stability of the nanoemulsions were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimise the conditions for preparing stable nanoemulsions with the minimum droplet size. The optimal nanoemulsion was obtained when 1% of WBO and 7.3% of a surfactant mixture of Span 80 (37.4%) and Tween 80 (62.6%) were emulsified in water by high intensity ultrasonication for 50 s after pre-emulsification with a high speed blender during 5 min. The optimal nanoemulsion showed good stability over time and antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activities, which make it suitable for use in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of wheat bran oil with pure supercritical carbon dioxide at different extraction pressures (25, 40, and 55 MPa) and temperatures (40, 70, and 95°C) has been studied. Since wheat bran contains important bioactive compounds such as alkylresorcinols (AR) and other phenolic compounds, the content of these compounds in the extracted oil was evaluated in order to establish oil quality. The influence of extraction pressure and temperature and wheat bran moisture on the extraction yield and oil quality was studied. Oil quality was evaluated through parameters such as AR content and profile, total polyphenols index (TPI), antioxidant activity, and fatty acids profile. SFE performed over fresh wheat bran at 55 MPa and 95°C was found to provide wheat bran oil with the highest AR and phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of all the runs performed in this work. Some SFE experiments focused on oil fractionation showed that this technique can provide oil fractions enriched with AR and phenolic compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chocolates are high in calories due to high fat and sugar content; these are known to have negative effects on health. In order to overcome these adverse effects, a dark chocolate was prepared by incorporating bioactives (sterols, tocopherols and carotenoids) of wheat bran oil (WBO). In this study, the physicochemical, quality characteristics and sensory properties of the dark compound chocolate with added WBO concentrate along with quantification of the fat soluble bioactives and fatty acid profile of WBO concentrate incorporated at various levels (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) were evaluated. Addition of WBO concentrate softened the chocolate, but no changes in colour were observed. WBO dark compound chocolate showed higher degree of unsaturation (2.42, 3.10, 3.41 and 3.8) and marginal increase in Free fatty acids (FFA) (3.56, 3.61, 3.65 and 3.68) compared to control chocolate (2.1 and 3.46) respectively. The fatty acid profile showed increased poly-unsaturated fatty acids compared to control chocolate. The E-nose and sensory results showed clear flavor discrimination in control and WBO dark compound chocolate. Therefore, chocolates can be prepared with enriched bioactives for nutraceutical supplementation with only marginal differences in textural and sensory characteristics. [Display omitted] • Improvement of the quality of Chocolate by adding bioactive concentrate. • Retention of bioactives in the prepared chocolates. • Physicochemical and sensory parameters of the prepared chocolates were not affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran oil (RBO) possesses a plasma cholesterol-lowering activity, while effect of wheat bran oil (WBO) on plasma cholesterol remains unknown. The present study compared the cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO with that of RBO in hamsters. Fifty-four male hamsters were divided into seven groups fed either a noncholesterol diet (NCD) or one of six high-cholesterol diets, namely HCD diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard), HCD+C diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% lard +0.5% cholestyramine), WL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% WBO), WH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% WBO), RL diet (0.2% cholesterol +4.8% Lard +4.8% RBO), and RH diet (0.2% cholesterol +9.5% RBO). Plasma total cholesterol (TC) in HCD group was 327.4 ± 31.8 mg/dL, while plasma TC in two WBO and two RBO groups was 242.2 ± 20.8, 243.1 ± 31.7, 257.1 ± 16.3, and 243.4 ± 46.0 mg/dL, respectively, leading to a decrease in plasma TC by 22-26% ( P < 0.01). No significant difference in cholesterol-lowering potency was seen between WBO and RBO. Plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of WBO and RBO was accompanied by down-regulation of hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase and fatty acid synthase, while up-regulation of cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase. WL, WH, RL, and RH diets increased the fecal excretion of total neutral sterols by 72.8%, 106.9%, 5.4%, and 36.8% ( P < 0.01) respectively. Results indicated WBO and RBO could inhibit cholesterol absorption via down-regulation of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 protein, acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2, and ATP binding cassette transporter 5. In summary, WBO was equally effective as RBO in decreasing plasma cholesterol in hypercholesterolemia hamsters.