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Wheat exhibits complex characteristics during its growth, such as extensive tillering, slender and soft leaves, and severe organ cross-obscuration, posing a considerable challenge in full-cycle phenotypic monitoring. To address this, this study presents a synthesized method based on SFM-MVS (Structure-from- Motion, Multi-View Stereo) processing for handling and segmenting wheat point clouds, covering the entire growth cycle from seedling to grain filling stages. First, a multi-view image acquisition platform was constructed to capture image sequences of wheat plants, and dense point clouds were generated using SFM-MVS technology. High-quality dense point clouds were produced by implementing improved Euclidean clustering combined with centroids, color filtering, and statistical filtering methods. Subsequently, the segmentation of wheat plant stems and leaves was performed using the region growth segmentation algorithm. Although segmentation performance was suboptimal during the tillering, jointing, and booting stages due to the glut leaves and severe overlap, there was a salient improvement in wheat leaf segmentation efficiency over the entire growth cycle. Finally, phenotypic parameters were analyzed across different growth stages, comparing automated measurements of plant height, leaf length, and leaf width with actual measurements. The results demonstrated coefficients of determination (R²) of 0.9979, 0.9977, and 0.995; root mean square errors (RMSE) of 1.0773 cm, 0.2612 cm, and 0.0335 cm; and relative root mean square errors (RRMSE) of 2.1858%, 1.7483%, and 2.8462%, respectively. These results validate the reliability and accuracy of our proposed workflow in processing wheat point clouds and automatically extracting plant height, leaf length, and leaf width, indicating that our 3D reconstructed wheat model achieves high precision and can quickly, accurately, and non-destructively extract phenotypic parameters. Additionally, plant height, convex hull volume, plant surface area, and Crown area were extracted, providing a detailed analysis of dynamic changes in wheat throughout its growth cycle. ANOVA was conducted across different cultivars, accurately revealing significant differences at various growth stages. This study proposes a convenient, rapid, and quantitative analysis method, offering crucial technical support for wheat plant phenotypic analysis and growth dynamics monitoring, applicable for precise fullcycle phenotypic monitoring of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Heavy metal accumulation is one of the major agronomic challenges that has seriously threatened food safety. As a result, metal-induced phytotoxicity concerns require quick and urgent action to retain and maintain the physiological activities of microorganisms, the nitrogen pool of soils, and the continuous yields of wheat in a constantly worsening environment. The current study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth-promoting endophytic Aspergillus flavus AUMC 16,068 and its EPS for improvement of plant growth, phytoremediation capacity, and physiological consequences on wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) under lead stress. After 60 days of planting, the heading stage of wheat plants, data on growth metrics, physiological properties, minerals content, and lead content in wheat root, shoot, and grains were recorded. Results evoked that lead pollution reduced wheat plants’ physiological traits as well as growth at all lead stress concentrations; however, inoculation with lead tolerant endophytic A. flavus AUMC 16,068 and its respective EPS alleviated the detrimental impact of lead on the plants and promoted the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat in lead-contaminated conditions and also lowering oxidative stress through decreasing (CAT, POD, and MDA), in contrast to plants growing in the un-inoculated lead polluted dealings. In conclusion, endophytic A. flavus AUMC 16,068 spores and its EPS are regarded as eco-friendly, safe, and powerful inducers of wheat plants versus contamination with heavy metals, with a view of protecting plant, soil, and human health.

Heavy metal accumulation is one of the major agronomic challenges that has seriously threatened food safety. As a result, metal-induced phytotoxicity concerns require quick and urgent action to retain and maintain the physiological activities of microorganisms, the nitrogen pool of soils, and the continuous yields of wheat in a constantly worsening environment. The current study was conducted to evaluate the plant growth-promoting endophytic Aspergillus flavus AUMC 16,068 and its EPS for improvement of plant growth, phytoremediation capacity, and physiological consequences on wheat plants (Triticum aestivum) under lead stress. After 60 days of planting, the heading stage of wheat plants, data on growth metrics, physiological properties, minerals content, and lead content in wheat root, shoot, and grains were recorded. Results evoked that lead pollution reduced wheat plants' physiological traits as well as growth at all lead stress concentrations; however, inoculation with lead tolerant endophytic A. flavus AUMC 16,068 and its respective EPS alleviated the detrimental impact of lead on the plants and promoted the growth and physiological characteristics of wheat in lead-contaminated conditions and also lowering oxidative stress through decreasing (CAT, POD, and MDA), in contrast to plants growing in the un-inoculated lead polluted dealings. In conclusion, endophytic A. flavus AUMC 16,068 spores and its EPS are regarded as eco-friendly, safe, and powerful inducers of wheat plants versus contamination with heavy metals, with a view of protecting plant, soil, and human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arab Journal of Plant Protection is the property of Arab Society for Plant Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To clarify the residue formation of prothioconazole and its main metabolite in wheat plants, the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of prothioconazole in wheat roots and leaves were investigated by nutrient solution culture and the spraying method. The results showed that prothioconazole and its metabolites showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing in wheat plants under two treatment methods, and the concentration of prothioconazole and its metabolites was higher in the high-concentration group (5000 μg/mL) than in the low-concentration group (1000 μg/mL). The transferability from stem to leaf was stronger than that from root to stem. In the nutrient solution culture, prothioconazole and its metabolites were mainly enriched in wheat roots. The concentration of prothioconazole in wheat roots increases with the increase in prothioconazole concentration and was significantly higher than the prothioconazole concentration on stems and leaves. In wheat leaves in the spraying method, prothioconazole and its metabolites were conducted from leaves to stems and roots up to the nutrient solution. Prothioconazole-desthio was detectable in wheat nutrient solution, while prothioconazole was not detected. Analysis of actual samples of 9 wheat grains and 28 flours showed that the residues of prothioconazole and its metabolites met the maximum residue limit (0.1 mg/mL) set in China and by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of prothioconazole and food security assurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of synthesized nano-sized ZnO particles (ZnO NPs) on wheat germination and growth parameters (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied compared to bulk Zn. Results showed that adding bulk Zn resulted in no significant differences in germination parameters compared to the control samples. On the other hand, the addition of ZnO NPs showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all germination parameters in comparison to the blank (control) samples. Moreover, the general average Zn concentrations in the plant were 141 and 253 mg kg−1 (dry weight) for bulk Zn and ZnO NPs treated plants, respectively, indicating preferential uptake of ZnO NPs. The addition of c. 10 mg L−1 of ZnO NPs to the wheat shoot system promoted chlorophyll formation equal to 100 mg L−1 addition of bulk Zn. Adding bulk Zn and ZnO NPs reduced root growth substantially compared to the control samples. The effective toxic dose (so-called EC50) for ZnO NPs and bulk Zn was 20.7 and 522 mg Zn L−1, respectively, indicating much higher toxicity of ZnO NPs and highlighting the nano-specific toxicity of nano-sized Zn. The wheat uptake of ZnO NPs was well fitted to a nonlinear Freundlich-like expression, suggesting that our model could effectively predict mass production fertilization procedures. The present study may thus help to increase Zn biofortification in cereals by using ZnO NPs, which may in turn be very helpful for populations suffer from Zn malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant biotechnology helps to develop different types of new products with increased resistance to disease, greater tolerance to drought and salt stress, and better nutritional value. The interaction of plants and microorganisms will play a significant role to achieve this purpose. The aims of this study were to isolate endophyte Actinobacteria strains of some medicinal plants and the investigation of their bioactive potential. 15 Actinobacteria strains were selectively isolated from Persian iris and Echium amoenum plants, and then their belonging to Actinobacteria phylum was confirmed using an Actinobacteria‐specific primer pair. The antioxidant activity of the crude extract obtained from the isolated strains was investigated based on DPPH method. Investigating the antioxidant activity of the crude extract showed that at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the two strains EG1 and EG2 had 71% and 78% antioxidant activity, respectively. According to the phylogeny studies, it was determined that two strains belonged to the Streptomyces genus. The effect of supernatant achieved from selected endophytic strain on 35‐day wheat plants showed that the supernatant considerably promotes root and shoot growth and chlorophyll content under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl). In general, it can be concluded strains that live symbiotically with medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds. Therefore, identification of the bioactive compounds in the extract of isolated Actinobacteria from medicinal plants and further studies on their metabolism are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To clarify the residue formation of prothioconazole and its main metabolite in wheat plants, the uptake, translocation, and metabolism of prothioconazole in wheat roots and leaves were investigated by nutrient solution culture and the spraying method. The results showed that prothioconazole and its metabolites showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing in wheat plants under two treatment methods, and the concentration of prothioconazole and its metabolites was higher in the high-concentration group (5000 μg/mL) than in the low-concentration group (1000 μg/mL). The transferability from stem to leaf was stronger than that from root to stem. In the nutrient solution culture, prothioconazole and its metabolites were mainly enriched in wheat roots. The concentration of prothioconazole in wheat roots increases with the increase in prothioconazole concentration and was significantly higher than the prothioconazole concentration on stems and leaves. In wheat leaves in the spraying method, prothioconazole and its metabolites were conducted from leaves to stems and roots up to the nutrient solution. Prothioconazole-desthio was detectable in wheat nutrient solution, while prothioconazole was not detected. Analysis of actual samples of 9 wheat grains and 28 flours showed that the residues of prothioconazole and its metabolites met the maximum residue limit (0.1 mg/mL) set in China and by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. The results will provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of prothioconazole and food security assurance.

Keywords: water deficit; wheat plant; abiotic stress; algal extract; phytohormone EN water deficit wheat plant abiotic stress algal extract phytohormone 1757 15 11/17/22 20221101 NES 221101 1. Water content percentage in the shoots was estimated based on the following equation: (1) HT ht where M SB f sb is the fresh mass and M SB d sb is the dry mass after drying the shoots in an oven. [Extracted from the article]

This paper is an extension of the work published in Journal of Fluorescence (2011) 21: 785–791. In the previous work, we studied the effect of dimethoate (50, 100 and 200 ppm) on growth and photosynthetic activity of wheat seedlings after 10 days of dimethoate treatment. In the present study, new measurement conditions (dimethoate concentration: 25 ppm, treatment period: 20 days and 30 days) were used in addition to those used in the past work. Various plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, laser-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (LICF) spectra and fluorescence induction kinetics (FIK) curves were recorded after 10, 20 and 30 days of dimethoate treatments. LICF spectra were recorded in the region of 650–780 nm using violet diode laser (405 nm). FIK curves were recorded at 685 nm using red diode laser (635 nm). Fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of two fluorescence peaks around 685 and 730 nm, and variable chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (Rfd) were determined from LICF spectra and FIK curves respectively. Curve-fitted parameters of LICF spectra were used for determination of FIR (F685/F730). The effect of treatment of the insecticide dimethoate on growth and photosynthetic activity of wheat seedlings was examined by using these parameters as well as the past work. In 10-days treatment, 25 and 50 ppm dimethoate showed stimulatory effect with better stimulation being observed at 25 ppm. All studied concentrations higher than 50 ppm exhibited inhibitory effect on wheat seedlings. In case of dimethoate treatment studied for longer durations (more than 10 days), all concentrations showed inhibitory effect. Lower doses which showed some positive response for short time duration become toxic with the extension of treatment periods. Thus, this study clearly confirms the toxic effect of dimethoate on wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of prolonged heat and drought stress and cool growing conditions on dough mixing quality traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied in fifty-six genotypes grown in 2017 and 2018 in southern Sweden. The mixing parameters evaluated by mixograph and the gluten protein characteristics studied by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) in dough were compared between the two growing seasons which were very different in length, temperature and precipitation. The genotypes varying in gluten strength between the growing seasons (≤5%, ≤12%, and ≤17%) from three groups (stable (S), moderately stable (MS), and of varying stability (VS)) were studied. The results indicate that most of the mixing parameters were more strongly impacted by the interaction between the group, genotype, and year than by their individual contribution. The excessive prolonged heat and drought did not impact the buildup and mixing time expressed as peak time and time 1–2. The gluten polymeric proteins (unextractable, %UPP; total unextractable, TOTU) and large unextractable monomeric proteins (%LUMP) were closely associated with buildup and water absorption in dough. Major significant differences were found in the dough mixing parameters between the years within each group. In Groups S and MS, the majority of genotypes showed the smallest variation in the dough mixing parameters responsible for the gluten strength and dough development between the years. The mixing parameters such as time 1–2, buildup, and peak time (which were not affected by prolonged heat and drought stress) together with the selected gluten protein parameters (%UPP, TOTU, and %LUMP) are essential components to be used in future screening of dough mixing quality in wheat in severe growing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) on Triticum aestivum L. has been explored in this study. The wheat seedlings were allowed to grow on Hoagland and Knop agar medium supplemented with different concentrations of ZnONPs (2500, 5000, 7500, 10,000, and 15,000 ppm) for three weeks. To determine their effect, the growth parameters, viz., wheat seed germination, seedling growth, and chlorophyll content, were taken into consideration. Moreover, the bioaccumulation of ZnONPs in root cells was determined by means of SEM, and zinc content in ZnO NP treated seedlings was measured by ICP-MS. The abatement in seed germination was observed at all concentrations of ZnONPs used, except at 2500 ppm. The plant growth and chlorophyll content also declined with an increase in ZnONPs concentration, except at 2500 ppm. The maximum reduction in shoot height (23.7%), root length (66.8%), seedling fresh weight (33.8%), and dry weight (54.8%) was noticed at the highest concentration of ZnONPs (15,000 ppm). At 15,000 ppm of ZnONPs, the chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll were reduced by 80.6%, 74.2%, and 78.5%, respectively. An elevation in Zn concentration was noticed with an increase in the concentration as revealed by the ICP-MS analysis. The TEM micrographs exhibit the accumulation of ZnONPs within the root cells of wheat seedlings treated with ZnONPs (15,000 ppm). Thus, nanoparticles may have a destructive effect on the plant, and therefore their considerate use is advisable.

The improvement of plant growth and yield becomes crucial to feed the rising world population, especially in harsh conditions, drought, salt stress, lack of nutrition, and many other challenges. To cope with these stresses, plants developed an adaptation strategy (mycorrhiza), which is an efficient way to reinforce their growth and resistance. For this purpose, we studied the influence of mycorrhizal fungi isolated from a natural rock phosphate mine in the vicinity of some native plants and agricultural soil to assess their capacity in increasing the growth, nutritional profile improvement, and biochemical parameters in the inoculated wheat plants. Results showed a high diversity of isolated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) spores in the agricultural soil, and less diversity in the natural phosphate samples, where three main genera were identified: glomus, gigaspora, and acaulospora. The chlorophyll content increased by 116% in the native inoculum (NM) flowed by Glomus sp2 from agricultural soil (98%) compared to non-mycorrhized plants, which significantly impact the growth and plant biomass (an increase of 90 and 73%, respectively). The same rate of change was shown on total phenolic compounds with an increase of 64% in the plants inoculated with Glomus sp2 in the presence of TSP, compared to the non-mycorrhized plants. In conclusion, the inoculation of wheat plants with AMF spores improved plants' growth via the increase in the density of the root system, which implies better assimilation of nutrients, especially in mycorrhizal plants with phosphorus fertilization regime, triple superphosphate (TSP) or natural rock phosphate (RP). This improvement of the physiological and biochemical parameters (chlorophyll contents and phenolic compound) of the treated plants reflected the positive impact of AMF, especially those originating from RP. AMF in phosphate mine could be an important source of inoculum to improve plant nutrient efficiency with the direct use of RP as fertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suspension of two yeast types one of them isolated from soil and the other from yellow apple, Kodamaea ohmeri –AR1and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa –AR were used to determine their ability to enhance the growth of seelding wheat plant and improve it's growth characters. Results showed that plants inoculated with each type of the yeasts and planted on water agar medium caused significant root elongation with 9.1 and 8.6 cm respectively as compared to non-inoculated plants which was 6.6 cm. Seeds treated with yeast suspension and planted on peatmoss encouraged plant growth and improve growth characters of the plant and gave seedling hight and radical length equall to 22.7, 22.1 cm and 14.0, 12.9 cm as compared to un inoculated control plants with 19.0 and 8.2 cm respectively. Also increased the dry weight of shoot and root system by 0.030, 0.028, 0.035, 0.032 g/ plant-1 comparing with the un inoculated controls by 0.020 and 0.023 g / plant-1 for each of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa -AR and Kodamaea ohmeri –AR1respectively. Moreover increased the number of lateral roots and leaf area signitfcautly by 6.3, 6.1 and 6.3, 6.0 cm2 whereas for control plants it reached 4.6 and 4.8 cm2 respectively. Inoculated wheat seeldings with each of two type yeast suspension enhanced all test growth parameters high seeldings، length root، soft weight of vegetable total، soft weight of root total, dry weight of vegetable total, dry weight of root total, number of lateral root, paper area as well as chlorophyll content of the plants as compared with controls. ).

Wheat exhibits complex characteristics during its growth, such as extensive tillering, slender and soft leaves, and severe organ cross-obscuration, posing a considerable challenge in full-cycle phenotypic monitoring. To address this, this study presents a synthesized method based on SFM-MVS (Structure-from-Motion, Multi-View Stereo) processing for handling and segmenting wheat point clouds, covering the entire growth cycle from seedling to grain filling stages. First, a multi-view image acquisition platform was constructed to capture image sequences of wheat plants, and dense point clouds were generated using SFM-MVS technology. High-quality dense point clouds were produced by implementing improved Euclidean clustering combined with centroids, color filtering, and statistical filtering methods. Subsequently, the segmentation of wheat plant stems and leaves was performed using the region growth segmentation algorithm. Although segmentation performance was suboptimal during the tillering, jointing, and booting stages due to the glut leaves and severe overlap, there was a salient improvement in wheat leaf segmentation efficiency over the entire growth cycle. Finally, phenotypic parameters were analyzed across different growth stages, comparing automated measurements of plant height, leaf length, and leaf width with actual measurements. The results demonstrated coefficients of determination ( R 2 ) of 0.9979, 0.9977, and 0.995; root mean square errors (RMSE) of 1.0773 cm, 0.2612 cm, and 0.0335 cm; and relative root mean square errors (RRMSE) of 2.1858%, 1.7483%, and 2.8462%, respectively. These results validate the reliability and accuracy of our proposed workflow in processing wheat point clouds and automatically extracting plant height, leaf length, and leaf width, indicating that our 3D reconstructed wheat model achieves high precision and can quickly, accurately, and non-destructively extract phenotypic parameters. Additionally, plant height, convex hull volume, plant surface area, and Crown area were extracted, providing a detailed analysis of dynamic changes in wheat throughout its growth cycle. ANOVA was conducted across different cultivars, accurately revealing significant differences at various growth stages. This study proposes a convenient, rapid, and quantitative analysis method, offering crucial technical support for wheat plant phenotypic analysis and growth dynamics monitoring, applicable for precise full-cycle phenotypic monitoring of wheat., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Sun, Zhu, Liu, Chen, Zhang and Li.)

Herein, two seaweed extracts (Sargassum latifolium and Corallina elongate), and two commercial seaweed products (Canada power and Oligo-X) with a concentration of 5% were used to alleviate the drought stress on wheat plants. The extract of C. elongate had the highest capacity to ameliorate the deleterious effects of water scarcity followed by S. latifolium and the commercial products. The drought stress reduced wheat shoots length and the contents of pigments (chlorophyll and carotenoids), carbohydrates, and proteins. While the highest increment in the total carbohydrates and protein contents of the wheat shoot after two stages, 37-and 67-days-old, were noted in drought-stressed plants treated with C. elongate extract with values of (34.6% and 22.8%) and (51.9% and 39.5%), respectively, compared to unstressed plants. Decreasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxidase, superoxidase dismutase, and polyphenol oxidase in drought-stressed plants treated with algal extracts indicated amelioration of the response actions. Analysis of phytohormones in wheat plants exhibited increasing GA3 and IAA contents with percentages of (20.3–13.8%) and (72.7–25%), respectively. Interestingly, all morphological and metabolic characteristics of yield were improved due to the algal treatments compared with untreated drought-stressed plants. Overall, the algal extracts, especially those from seaweed of C. elongate, could represent a sustainable candidate to overcome the damage effects of water deficiency in the wheat plant.

The effects of prolonged heat and drought stress and cool growing conditions on dough mixing quality traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were studied in fifty-six genotypes grown in 2017 and 2018 in southern Sweden. The mixing parameters evaluated by mixograph and the gluten protein characteristics studied by size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) in dough were compared between the two growing seasons which were very different in length, temperature and precipitation. The genotypes varying in gluten strength between the growing seasons (≤5%, ≤12%, and ≤17%) from three groups (stable (S), moderately stable (MS), and of varying stability (VS)) were studied. The results indicate that most of the mixing parameters were more strongly impacted by the interaction between the group, genotype, and year than by their individual contribution. The excessive prolonged heat and drought did not impact the buildup and mixing time expressed as peak time and time 1–2. The gluten polymeric proteins (unextractable, %UPP; total unextractable, TOTU) and large unextractable monomeric proteins (%LUMP) were closely associated with buildup and water absorption in dough. Major significant differences were found in the dough mixing parameters between the years within each group. In Groups S and MS, the majority of genotypes showed the smallest variation in the dough mixing parameters responsible for the gluten strength and dough development between the years. The mixing parameters such as time 1–2, buildup, and peak time (which were not affected by prolonged heat and drought stress) together with the selected gluten protein parameters (%UPP, TOTU, and %LUMP) are essential components to be used in future screening of dough mixing quality in wheat in severe growing environments.

A biological experiment was conducted in the greenhouse of Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, Ibn Al-Haitham, the University of Baghdad on 12 November 2018 and until 22 April 2019 to study the effect of salinity stress through the use of sodium chloride concentrations 0, 50, 75, 100 mmol. L-1 and melatonin with 30, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1 and their interaction in some non-enzymatic antioxidants and the qualitative yield characteristics of wheat. The experiment was carried out using Completely Randomized Design (C.R.D.) as a working experience with two factors: salinity stress and melatonin, with three repeaters involving 60 pots weighing 11 kg. The results were statistically analyzed and the mean was compared using the lowest significant difference at a probability level of 5%. The results showed that there is a significant increase in the concentration of proline acid and alpha-Tocopherol by increasing the concentration of NaCl, while there is a significant decrease in the percentage of carbohydrates and protein by increasing the concentration of NaCl. The results also indicate that there is a significant increase in the concentration of proline acid, alpha-Tocopherol, percentage of carbohydrates, and the percentage of protein by increasing the concentration of melatonin, while the interaction was significant between the two experimental factors in the percentage of carbohydrates and protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: A field experiment was conducted in the Al-Jazeera region northwest of Al-Anbar Governorate in Iraq to know the effect of applying ascorbic acid with a concentration of (0, 10,20,40) mg.L-1 and boron with a concentration of (0,3,5) mg.L-1 on some phenotypic properties, the total chlorophyll content and some of the productive characteristics of wheat plant (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Tamoz 2, the results showed the following, an increase in the height of the plant and the leaf area and the number of branches in the plant by increasing the concentration of ascorbic acid and boron, meaning that there is a direct increase between the phenotypic indicators and the concentration of ascorbic acid and boron activation with ascorbic acid caused an increase in plant height rates by increasing these levels. It reached 97.89 cm when comparing treatment, then the rate increased at a concentration of 10 mg.L-1 to reach 99.33 cm and at the concentration of 20 mg.L-1 reached 100.22 cm and the maximum at a concentration of 40 mg. L-1 as it reached 104.56 cm and with differences that raised the level of significance among the added concentrations. The boron concentrations added by foliar fertilization also resulted in highly significant differences in plant height rates, which reached a maximum at a concentration of 5 mg.L-1 at a rate of 107.00 cm, followed by a concentration of 3 mg.L-1.the highest rate of leaf area at the concentration was 40 mg.L-1 and at a rate of 4.282 cm2 followed by that leaf area at the concentration of 20 mg.L-1 and 10 mg. Liters-1 and both 4.072 and 3.862 cm2 compared to the comparison treatment where the leaf area reached 3,650 cm2 and there were high significant differences in the leaf area due to the effect of increasing the boron concentrations added by foliar fertilization. The results showed, there were significant differences between the concentrations of ascorbic acid which added in the number of branches in the plant, as the highest significant difference at the concentration was 40 mg.L-1 followed by concentration 20 mg.L-1 and then the concentration of 10 mg.L-1 compared to the comparison treatment. At the rates of the number of branches reached 9,889, 9,333, 9,333 and 8,444 branches. Plant-1, respectively. The results also showed the distinction of boron concentration of 5 mg / liter-1 in achieving the highest significant mean for the number of branches in the plant amounted to 11.083 branches. Plant-1 followed by the concentration of 3 mg / liter-1 and with a rate of 8.917 branches. Plant-1 compared to the comparison treatment that The lowest rate was 7,750 branches. Plant-1. While the results of total chlorophyll showed a significant increase in total chlorophyll rates with an increase in the concentrations of ascorbic acid it reached 3.650, 3.862, 4.072, and 4.288 (mg. gm-1) at concentrations 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg.L-1 respectively. foliar fertilization by boron increased the rates of chlorophyll with a significant when compared to the comparison treatment, the highest total chlorophyll at the concentration was 5 mg.L-1, which is 4.597 (mg.gm-1), followed by the concentration 3 mg.L-1 which amounted to 3.989 (mg.gm-1) compared to the comparison treatment of 3.318 (mg.gm-1). there was a significant increase in the number of spikes in the plant as a result of stimulating the seeds with ascorbic acid, as the highest number of spike at the concentration 40 mg.L-1 and at a rate of 10,000 spike. Plant-1 followed by the two concentrations 20 and 10 mg.L-1 at rates of 9,333 and 9,110 spike. Plant-1 compared to 8,556 spike. Plant-1. The highest number of spike in the plant when the boron.concentration 5 mg.L-1 as it reached 11.083 spike. Plant-1, with a significant difference from that recorded at concentration 3 mg. L-1 of 9,083 spike. Plant-1 compared to the comparison treatment of 7.583 Spike-plant-1. the general average weight of the spike in the plant is 3.940, 4.243, 4.562 and 4,951 gm. Plant-1 at the concentrations 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg.L- 1 Sequentially and with high moral differences. The spike weight rates showed a significant direct response with the effect of boron concentrations added by foliar fertilization, as it reached 5.338 gm. Plant-1 at a concentration of 5 mg.L-1 followed by a concentration of 3 mg.L-1 and of 4,469 gm. Plant-1 compared to the comparison treatment. 3.464 gm. Plant-1 the results showed the number of grains in the spike increase with increasing concentrations of ascorbic acid, as the highest increase was significantly at the concentration of 40 mg.L-1 and amounting to 88.22 (grain. Spike-1) compared with the comparison treatment The average amount is 73.11 grain. Spike-1. The effect of boron concentrations was distinguished by 5 mg.L-1 in achieving the highest average number of grain was 93.83 grain. Spike-1, and a significant difference from the 3 and 0 mg concentrations. The study showed, the weight levels of 1000 grain at concentrations 0, 10, 20 and 40 mg. Liter-1 reached 38.27, 40.29, 42.01 and 43.97 gm respectively. The results also showed a high significant increase in the influence of boron concentrations, as they reached 36.15, 41.04 and 36.15 gm at concentrations 0, 3 and 5 mg.Liters-1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Many of the microbes used as biological fertilizers to supply the plant with various nutrients excrete, during its growth and reproduction, substances called plant growth regulators or plant growth promoters such as gibberellins and similar materials that are excreted by some microbes in the rhizosphere such as Azotobacter, Arthrobacter, Mucor and some algae and exogenous mycorrhizae and there Other substances excreted by microbes called auxins, such as indole acetic acid (IAA), are excreted by the external mycorrhiza (also excreted by cytokinin). Some types of cytokinin rhizobia are excreted, meaning that these microbes, when used as biological fertilizers, play two important roles, one of which is the supply of nutrients to plants. The other is the secretion of plant growth regulators. Methodology: The treatments under study were divided into three: the first was the bacterial suspension mixed with the seeds of the wheat plant, the second was added to the watering water, where it was watered for only one time, and the last was without addition, where the seeds were planted and watered with water that does not contain microorganisms. It was called the treatment of mixing microorganisms with seeds F1 and the treatment of adding microorganisms with irrigation water F2 and the last was control. As for the microorganisms under study, two types were chosen Pseudomonas spp, Acinetobacter spp. Result: effect of fertilizing with Pseudomonas bacteria on the proportion of nitrogen in the wheat plant, where the percentage of nitrogen in the treatment F1 was the treatment in which the bacterial suspension was added to the seeds that were planted. The percentage of nitrogen in the seeds after harvesting was 4.4% and in the vegetative part 3.6% compared with Control, where the proportion of nitrogen in the seeds reached 1.2% and in the vegetative part 2.5%. This indicates that the F1 treatment was better compared to the rest of the treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arsenic (As) can be transferred from soil and accumulated in food plants. So far, we have a knowledge gap about transference of As from agricultural soils to wheat plant in the natural polluted environment. The aim of present study was to investigate As transfer from soil to different tissues of wheat at a highly As polluted area. In this regard, the mobility indices were used to explain As transfer and accumulation from soil to wheat plant. Moreover, the relationships between soil properties including soil As content, pH, cation‐exchange capacity (CEC), electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter (OM), Fe, and Al percentage with As concentrations in wheat root, straw, and grain were investigated. Finally, the potential health risks of As exposure to humans through consumption of the local wheat crops were assessed. According to the results, harmful degree of As was accumulated in different parts of wheat plant. The impact of different soil properties on As accumulation in wheat was found to be as follows: soil As content > Al% > Fe% > OM > pH > CEC > EC. High carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks in all age groups of consumers were found. The minimum and maximum values for target hazard quotient and excess lifetime cancer risk were found to be 1.22, 102.97 and 0.000061, 0.33, respectively. These findings strongly support the notion that As can be entered to food chain through agricultural products cultivated in polluted soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to estimate the level of some heavy metals, mainly Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) in the soil and wheat leaves of some wheat fields in Basra and Maysan province; the sampling areas were Al-Qurna, Al-Madinah, Al-Amara, Kumit, Ali Al-Sharqi, and Ali Al-Gharbi. It was performed the analysis using the Flame Atomic Spectrophotometer. The results indicated an increase in the concentrations of above mentioned these heavy metals in all examined areas; the levels in agricultural soils were found to be exceeding the internationally permissible limits according to EU-2000 standards, the highest levels of pollution were observed at Al-Qurna site with significant differences than other sites for both available and total HMs concentrations in soils. Indicating that the arrangement of the metals according to their available concentrations in the analyzed soil was as follows: lead (21.32)˃ cobalt (14.63) ˃ chromium (11.06) ˃ cadmium (1.15) as mg/Kg of soil. Additionally, results showed that the highest lead content in the wheat leaves was examined in the Qurna fields (0.175 mg/kg), followed by Amara with a concentration of 0.136 mg/kg. The lowest concentration of lead was observed in wheat leaves in the Kumit fields (0.007 mg/kg). In terms of Cd concentration in wheat leaves, the highest level was observed in Al-Qurna, with a significant difference from other fields, reaching 0.009 mg/kg. The lowest concentration of this HM was recorded in Ali Al-Gharbi, which reached 0.002 mg/kg. The results of the correlation between the available concentration of heavy metals elements and soil characteristics revealed a significant correlation between the soil pH and lead, cadmium, and chromium available concentrations, whereas no correlation with cobalt and a significant correlation between soil EC and lead was observed and a highly significant negative correlation with the cobalt. Results proved the high levels of pollution in all examined areas in Basra and Maysan provinces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the soil of a sandy mixture, which included three levels of the addition of the ground is 0, 20 and 40 kg e - (H2, H1, H0) and H2O spray, representing the second factor and symbolized by F2, F1 and F0, with three concentrations of 0, 5 and 10 ml, respectively. Thus, the number of coefficients became three coefficients with three replicates. The experiment was carried out within the design of the full random sectors called GCBD, the plant was grown as a class. 99 January 2018 at maturity, plant height, paper area, chlorophyll index and number of forests were measured. After harvest, nutrient concentrations K, P, N were prepared in post-harvest soil. K, P N in soil after harvest with the highest values of 50.30 mg kg-1 soil and 30.62 mg-1 soil and 231.33 mg-1 soil, respectively. The highest feed nutrient content in soil after harvest was 49.77 mg. Kg-1 soil and 30.97 mg. Kg-1 soil and 232.85 mg. Kg-1 soil. The treatment of overlapping between ground addition and spraying with humic acid (F2H2). The value of 6.51 tonsha-1. For the grain yield, combination of overlapping treatment between terrestrial addition and humic acid spraying gave the highest concentration of nutrient K, P, N in soil and measured by comparison treatment (F0H0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyanobacteria have been recognized for their advantageous impact on plant growth and development. The application of certain techniques has the potential to enhance various aspects of plant development, including growth, yield, proximate content (such as protein and carbohydrate levels), as well as the ability to withstand abiotic stresses such as herbicide exposure. The current investigation focused on examining the influence of bioactive compounds derived from the cyanobacterium Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 on enhancing the antioxidant and anyimicrobial activity of wheat plants in their defense against the plant pathogenic Sunn pest. The findings of the study indicate that the levels of H 2 O 2 and GP x in wheat plants that were infected with aphids were significantly elevated compared to the treatments where aphids and cyanobacteria extract were present. The confirmation of these results was achieved through the utilization of confocal and fluorescent microscope tests, respectively. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the constituents of the cyanobacterial extract augmented the plant's capacity to withstand stress by enhancing its defense mechanisms. In a broader context, the utilization of cyanobacterial extract demonstrated the ability to regulate the generation and impact of oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), while concurrently enhancing the functionality of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GP x) enzymes within wheat plants. This facilitation enabled the plants to effectively manage oxidative stress. Moreover, the findings of the antibacterial activity assessment conducted on the extract derived from cyanobacteria demonstrated notable susceptibility. The bacteria that exhibited the highest sensitivity to the extract of cyanobacterium Neowestiellopsis persica strain A1387 were staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conversely, salmonella typhi demonstrated the greatest resistance to the aforementioned extract. The potential impact of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of wheat plants to sunn pest infestation represents a novel contribution to the existing body of knowledge on the interaction between wheat plants and aphids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kirkuk University Journal for Scientific Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pots experiment was conducted at the greenhouse of botanical garden belong to Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Science, Ibn-AL-Haithum, University of Baghdad, for growth season 2018-2019. The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of foliar application of α-tocopherol concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 mg.L-1) on growth parameters and the activity of some antioxidant enzymes of wheat plant irrigated with sodium chloride concentrations (0, 75, 150, 225) mM.L-1. Salinity reduced plant growth parameter, plant height, flag leaf area, flag leaf chlorophyll content and increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. Plant growth parameters were enhanced by foliar application ofα-tocopherol for the interaction between the two factors, the best values for plant height and flag leaf area under the effect of concentration 150mg.L-1 α-tocopherol and concentration 225 mM.L-1 sodium chloride. There was different founds for flag leaf chlorophyll content, whichα-tocopherol at concentration 200 mg.L-1 and the concentration 225mM.L-1 sodium chloride gave the best values for the parameter, there was no significant difference between the values of flag leaf chlorophyll content at the concentrations 150, 200 mg.L-1 α-tocopherol under the same concentration of sodium chloride. Antioxidant enzymes were increased by α -tocopherol foliar spraying, the best value for superoxide dismutase activity at height concentration 225 mM.L1 sodium chloride and 150 mg.L-1 α -tocopherol, the best value for peroxidase activity atconcentration 225 mM.L-1 sodium chloride and 100 mg.L-1 α-tocopherol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pots experiment was carried out under plastic house conditions to study the effects of two levels of phosphorus (160 kgP2O5 ha-1, 320 kgP2O5 ha-1) in the form of RP, TSP, DAP, and NP on vegetative growth, yield and N, P, K content in seed of two varieties of wheat (Sham-4, Um rabie) grown in calcareous soil in the north part of Iraq. The results showed that the addition of phosphorus caused a significant increase on most vegetative growth parameters (dry matter, plant height, number of tiller), yield components (number of spikes, Weight of 1000 grain and grain yield) in the two wheat varieties. and also increased the contents of N, P and K in the seeds of the two varieties. Treatment of 320 kg P2O5ha-1 as TSP showed better results as compared to RP, DAP and NP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in one of the wheat fields in Al-Hira / Najaf governorate with the aim of using environment-friendly technology using UV-C with short wavelength 253nm in seed sterilization, as well as Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria to protect wheat plant form incidence of black scar. The results of field survey in the some fields of Najaf province showed that the rate of infection with a black scar on wheat caused by fungus Alternaria alternata ranged between 13-70% , The results of the test of the effect of isolates of the fungus Alternaria alternata on the proportion of germination of wheat seeds that the isolation of the fungus negatively affected the seed germination where the proportion of germination in seeds isolated treatment 3AS-Kufa was decreased to 71% and Al- Najaf isolate to 66% and ASAAQEE isolate to 76% compared to control treatment which the percentage of germination was 80%. The results of the study showed that UV radiation has an inhibitory effect on the number of live units in one ml of Alternata alternaria and Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense where it reached 8.6x106, 8.5x106, 8.3x106, 315x106, 487x106 and 752x106 respectively. Compared with control treatment where it reached 9.4x 106, 9.8x 106, 9.1x 106, 464x 106, 424x 106 and 768x106 respectively. Laboratory conditions, this study demonstrated the ability of Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum brasilense to inhibit the growth of Alternaria alternata where the percentage of inhibition for the isolate 3AS-Kufa was 80.35%, 80.58%, 80.35%, respectively, and Al-Najaf isolate 79.64%, 80.70%, 80.23% respectively, and for the ASAAQEE isolate was 80.56%,% 80.00 and 80.47% respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two types of superabsorbent polymers, Super-AB-A-200 (A-200) and Super-AB-A-300 (A-300), at 180 kg ha-1 were applied by scattering and mass treatments in an experimental farm to assess their influences on spring wheat growth (Chamran variety) and on the physical characteristics and microbial plenty of soil in Shush region, Iran. The following treatments were used in this study: the control treatment (CT, without SAPs), A-200 with mass application (A-200-M), A-300 with mass application (A-300-M), A-200 with scattered application (A-200-S), and A-300 with scattered application (A-300-S). Approximately 0.3 m³ of irrigation water was supplied for every subplot. The results indicated that superabsorbent polymers significantly enhanced the soil water content in the three growth stages compared with the control. The use of superabsorbent polymers did not have obvious opposite influences on the soil microbial colony and might even increase soil microbial movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Egyptian Journal of Soil Science is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Research on ionic liquids (ILs) and biochars (BCs) is a novel site of scientific interest. An experiment was designed to assess the effect of 1-propanenitrile imidazolium trifluoro methane sulfonate ([C 2 NIM][CF 3 SO 3 ]) ionic liquid (IL) and IL-BC combination on the wheat plant. Three working standards of the IL; 50, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L, prepared in deionized water, were tested in the absence and presence of BC on wheat seedling. Results indicated significant decrease ‏in seed germination (%), length, fresh weight, chlorophyll a , b and carotenoid contents of wheat ‏seedlings at 250, 500 and ‏1000 mg/L of the ‏IL. An admirable increase in phenolic and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) contents of wheat seedlings was noted at 250, 500 and ‏1000 mg/L of the IL. The application of BC significantly ‏ameliorated the negative effects of IL on the selected parameters of ‏wheat. It is inferred that the undesirable effects of the IL on wheat growth can be positively restored by addition of BC. [Display omitted] • Green chemistry and biochar formulation is a novel site of scientific interest. • The article assesses the effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) on Wheat plant. • Alleviation of ionic liquid (IL)-induced stress with biochar is a novel approach. • The alleviation of IL-induced stress with Poplar and Acacia wood biochar is astonishing. • Research on biochar's formulations can open new routes to alleviate abiotic stress in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]