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Adulteration, substitution or contamination of illicit substances can have clinically significant implications when other illicit substances are included. Such circumstances can present as clusters of poisonings, including severe toxicity and death following exposure to unexpected illicit substances. We report a cluster of laboratory-confirmed lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in a powder that was sold as cocaine and used recreationally.The Prescription, Recreational and Illicit Substance Evaluation (PRISE) program established by the New South Wales Ministry of Health includes State-based hospital toxicology services, Poisons Information Centre, ForensicAnalytical Science Service and emergency services to identify clusters of severe and unusual toxicity associated with substance use. PRISE criteria include a known cluster (geographically or situationally related) of people with acute severe toxicity, especially when accompanied by a toxidrome that is inconsistent with the history of exposure. A timely comprehensive drug screen and quantification is performed in eligible cases and the results are related to the clinical features. The need for a public health response is then considered. Four individuals inhaled a white powder that was sold as cocaine and developed severe toxicity that was not consistent with cocaine which prompted transfer to hospital for further management.LSD was confirmed in four subjects, and the concentrations in 3 of the individuals were 0.04-0.06 mg/L which are among the highest reported in the literature. Common clinical features were hallucinations, agitation, vomiting, sedation, hypertension, and mydriasis. One subject required intubation and admission to the intensive care unit, two required overnight admission, and the fourth was discharged following oral diazepam after observation. No subject suffered persistent injury.A close working relationship between pre-hospital emergency services, hospital-based clinical services, public health authorities, and analytical laboratories appears to be advantageous. Favourable clinical outcomes are observed from LSD poisoning despite high exposures with good supportive care.

Magnesium silikat adalah material komposit yang terdiri dari dua bahan baku utama yaitu magnesium oksida (MgO) dan silika (SiO2) yang berbentuk bubuk (powder) putih, amorph, tidak berbau dan tidak larut dalam air. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan bittern dan pengaruh waktu terhadap kualitas Magnesium Silikat. Dari hasil analisa XRF didapat Produk MgSiO3 yang memiliki kandungan MgO sebesar 16% dan SiO2 sebesar 59,1% ,pH 9 Pembuatan magnesium silikat dapat di buat dengan beberapa metode seperti metode ekstraksi dan presipitasi. Pembentukan natrium silikat (Na2SiO3) di peroleh dari proses ekstraksi geothermal sludge yang mengandung (SiO2) sebanyak 100 gram dengan larutan NaOH 1N pada suhu 100 ºC selama 90 menit. Pembentukan magnesium silikat (MgSiO3) di perolah dari penambahan bittern yang mengandung magnesium (Mg) ke dalam larutan natrium silikat (Na2SiO3).Produk MgSiO3 dengan waktu presipitasi terbaik pada 90 menit dengan perbandingan Na2SiO3 : bittern 1 : 1½ . Sehingga penambahan bittern dan waktu prsesipitasi mempengaruhi kualitas Magnesium silikat.

Two new species of Fargesia , one from Xizang (Tibet) and one from Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated. Fargesia viridis D.Z. Li & X.Y. Ye is characterized by its densely white powder, nearly solid internodes, yellow setose sheath scar and culm sheaths, and 4–6 leaves of large size. Fargesia purpurea D.Z. Li & X.Y. Ye has thinner culms (0.5–1.4 cm in diameter), a ring of 4–5 mm tall brown setae below nodes, fewer branches, glabrous sheath scar and culm sheaths, differentiated from the related species.

A method for p-methylbenzyl (MBn) protection of alcohols by using MBn 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate is described. The trichloroacetimidate can easily be prepared and isolated as a stable white powder ...

Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruh penyalahgunaan narkoba adalah kebiasaan merokok. Risiko terhadap penyalahgunaan narkoba cenderung meningkat pada seseorang yang memiliki kebiasaan merokok dan minum alkohol. NAPZA merupakan singkatan dari Narkotika, Psikotropika dan Bahan Adiktif berbahaya lainnya. Salah satu jenis NAPZA yaitu amphetamine. Amphetamine dapat berupa bubuk putih, kuning, maupun coklat, atau bubuk putih kristal kecil dan dapat juga berbentuk sediaan farmasi (tablet). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin dari urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019. Perilaku merokok dianalisa dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner dan kandungan amphetamine dari urin di uji dengan menggunakan metode rapid diagnostic test. Jumlah sampel yang urin yang dianalisa sebanyak 27 mahasiswa perhotelan Perguruan Tinggi di Kota Denpasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, uji statistic Chi-Square diperoleh p-value tidak ada data statistik yang dihasilkan karena penggunanan NAPZA jenis amphetamine konstan. Hal tersebut berarti tidak ada hubungan antara perilaku merokok dengan penggunaan NAPZA jenis amphetamin pada urin mahasiswa perhotelan di Perguruan Tinggi Kota Denpasar Tahun 2019.

Lithiation of an imidazole-based monothiolate, 2, by excess n-butyllithium gives a white powder containing both a lithiated product and an nBuLi contaminant (in a ca. 1:1 molar ratio). This white p...

We conducted a comprehensive, multi-phase laboratory evaluation of the Tularemia BioThreat Alert® (BTA) test, a lateral flow assay (LFA) for the rapid detection of Francisella tularensis. The study, conducted at 2 sites, evaluated the limit of detection (LOD) of this assay using the virulent SchuS4 strain and the avirulent LVS strain of F. tularensis. In 6-phase evaluation (linear dynamic range and reproducibility, inclusivity, near-neighbor, environmental background, white powder, and environmental filter extract), 13 diverse strains of F. tularensis, 8 Francisella near neighbors, 61 environmental background organisms, 26 white powders, and a pooled aerosol extract were tested. In the 937 tests performed, the Tularemia BTA demonstrated an LOD of 107 to 108 cfu/mL, with a sensitivity of 100.00%, specificity of 98.08%, and accuracy of 98.84%. These performance data are important for accurate interpretation of qualitative results arising from screening suspicious white powders in the field.

A novel method for detection and visualization of latent DNA using Diamond™ Nucleic Acid Dye (DD) staining has been developed. Applying DD to an object has the real potential to visualize DNA on a substrate from which a DNA profile can be generated, but it is important to determine whether this staining will adversely affect other forensic investigational techniques and vice versa. The aim of this study was to examine the interactions between staining a fingermark to detect DNA and then generate a DNA profile in combination with several standard latent fingermark enhancement methods. Six common fingerprint enhancements processes were chosen; (1) black powder, (2) black magnetic powder, (3) red magnetic powder, (4) white powder, (5) aluminum powder and (6) cyanoacrylate fuming. For all six methods, mark enhancement was carried out before DD staining and vice versa. DD is effective in detection of DNA in the presence of both aluminum and white finger mark powders and DD does not compromise the subsequent detection of ridge patterns if DD is applied first. Whilst magnetic powders could be used to successfully enhance latent fingermarks even after DD had been applied to them, latent DNA could not be observed in the marks irrespective of whether magnetic powder was applied before or after DD treatment. Magnetic powders did not adversely affect the profiling of DNA present in the marks. The application of DD to fingermarks did not adversely affect the enhancement of fingermarks using cyanoacrylate fuming. Whilst fluorescent particles resembling cells stained with DD were observed in marks either post-treated or pre-treated with cyanoacrylate vapor, DNA amplification and profiling was not successful. While it may be important in particular investigations to collect DNA profiles from latent fingermarks with continuous ridges and clear minutiae, the main utility of the technique described here would be in relation to investigations where enhancement has resulted in only partial or smudged marks. The results presented here indicate that if it is desirable to visualize latent DNA on an object but it is also planned to treat the object with cyanoacrylate vapor or magnetic powders then it is important to apply DD first, record the location of DNA and then apply the mark enhancement technique. For aluminum and white powder mark treatments such precautions are not important.

The objective of the present study was to understand quality of brand and generic products of phenytoin sodium by in vitro methods. Three commercial products were selected for the study, 1 brand and 2 generics (product-A, product-B, and product-C). Products were repacked in pharmacy vials and stored for 12 weeks at 30°C/75% RH to simulate in-use conditions. The products were examined visually and microscopically for morphologic changes, spectroscopic and diffractometric methods for chemical changes, and dissolution, assay, and impurities for performance evaluation. Capsules content of the product-A turned yellowish to dark orange color from initial white powder, which indicated a possible chemical interaction between lactose and the drug in addition to disproportionation. This was supported by pH, microscopic, spectroscopic, and X-ray diffraction data. Product-A failed to meet United States Pharmacopoeia dissolution specification of 75% in 120 min after 2-weeks whereas product-B and product-C failed at 6-weeks of in-use stability conditions exposure. Furthermore, product-A also failed to meet United States pharmacopoeia assay and impurities specifications in 12 weeks in-use period. In summary, this study indicated salt disproportionation, chemical interactions, and phase transformations of drug and excipients in the commercial products of phenytoin sodium, which may affect the clinical performance of the product.

The article examines the white powdery mildew of fruit trees in the conditions of the Turkestan region. Fungicides were used against the disease, and data on their biological effectiveness were provided. The research was conducted in the gardens of the main fruit zones of the Turkestan region-Temirlan and Kazygurt districts. Treatment with 3-4% Bordeaux liquid in early spring, during budding or earlier, against white powdery and other spotted diseases of Apple trees, pear trees, moniliosis; klasterosporiosis, moniliosis, plum, peach, cherry, cherry; the second one should be sprayed with 1% Bordeaux liquid or 90% solution of copper chloride, the Second One should be sprayed with 0.4% solution after flowering, and the third one should be repeated in 15-20 days. In the study against white powdery Apple disease during the growing season, 3 – fold spraying with fungicides cuproxate 34.5% in a pasty form - 5 kg/ha (Etalon), baileton, 25% VD -0.2 kg/ha ; flualet S. K. 0.15 l/ha: the first - when the flower node begins to turn red; the second-after flowering; the third ~ 10-15 days after the second treatment. As can be seen from the results of the studies, the most effective fungicide against the white powder was fluent, C. 250g/L. The biologicalefficiency was 97.8%, and the Bellefleur variety-65.3% compared to the standard. Therefore, in the struggle with white powder apples Fualt, K. 250g/l, showed a very high rate.

Cocaine trafficking and consumption continues to prosper despite the public policies that are in force in Brazil, despite its use for thousands of years, it is currently a public health problem. This study aimed to report the sociodemographic variables of individuals apprehended with cocaine and who were framed in Law n°. 11,343 of August 2006, in the municipality of Campina Grande, in 2017. It was a hybrid study, with a transversal, retrospective cut and ecological, with a quantitative approach. The neighborhood area variable was distributed in thematic maps and the spatial autocorrelation was measured by the Moran Global and Local indexes, which quantify the degree of autocorrelation. 210 cocaine seizures were recorded, of which 146 occurred in the municipality of Campina Grande, of these, only 94 presented all the data and were considered in this study. The months of September (n = 14) and October (n = 13) had the highest records of seizures. As for the pattern of use, crack in the yellowish stone form was predominant (n = 46), followed by cocaine hydrochloride in the form of white powder (n = 40). The profile of the individual apprehended with cocaine in the municipality was that of a young, single, unemployed and with low level of education. The predominant framework was drug trafficking (n = 75) according to Article nº. 33 of Law nº. 11,343 / 2006. The neighborhoods that registered the highest number of seizures were José Pinheiro (n = 15) and Pedregal (n = 8). The Moran General and Local indexis (p> 0.05), did not show spatial dependence between neighboring neighborhoods, that is, there is no autocorrelation for the analyzed variable. El tráfico y el consumo de cocaína siguen prosperando a pesar de las políticas públicas que se aplican en Brasil, aunque su uso es milenario, actualmente es un problema de salud pública. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo reportar las variables sociodemográficas de los individuos incautados portando cocaína y que fueron encuadrados en la Ley Nº 11.343 de agosto de 2006, en el municipio de Campina Grande, en 2017. Se trata de un estudio híbrido, de corte transversal, retrospectivo y ecológico, con un enfoque cuantitativo. La variable área de vecindad se distribuyó en mapas temáticos y la autocorrelación espacial se midió mediante los índices de Moran Global y Local, que cuantifican el grado de autocorrelación. Fueron 210 incautaciones de cocaína, de las cuales 146 ocurrieron en el municipio de Campina Grande, de éstas, sólo 94 presentaron la totalidad de los datos y fueron consideradas en este estudio. Los meses de septiembre (n=14) y octubre (n=13) presentaron los mayores registros de incautaciones. En cuanto al patrón de consumo, predominó el crack en forma de piedra amarillenta (n=46), seguido del clorhidrato de cocaína en forma de polvo blanco (n=40). El perfil del individuo incautado con cocaína en el municipio era un joven, soltero, desempleado y con bajo nivel educativo. El marco predominante fue el tráfico de drogas (n=75) según el artículo 33 de la Ley 11.343/2006. Los barrios que registraron el mayor número de incautaciones fueron José Pinheiro (n=15) y Pedregal (n=8). Los índices de Moran General y Local (p>0,05), no mostraron dependencia espacial entre los barrios vecinos, es decir, no existe autocorrelación para la variable analizada. Por lo tanto, las incautaciones de cocaína ocurridas al azar en el municipio de Campina Grande, en 2017, es decir, estadísticamente un barrio en particular, no influye en el entorno en relación con la variable estudiada. O tráfico e consumo de cocaína continua prosperando a despeito das políticas públicas que estão em vigor no Brasil, apesar de seu uso ser milenar, atualmente é um problema de Saúde Pública. Este trabalho teve como objetivo relatar as variáveis sociodemográficas dos indivíduos apreendidos portando cocaína e que foram enquadrados na Lei n° 11.343 de agosto de 2006, no município de Campina Grande, em 2017. Tratou-se de um estudo hibrido, com recorte transversal, retrospectivo e ecológico, com abordagem quantitativa. A variável área bairro foi distribuída em mapas temáticos e a autocorrelação espacial foi mensurada pelos índices de Moran Global e Local, que quantifica o grau de autocorrelação. Foram registrados 210 apreensões de cocaína, das quais 146 aconteceram no município de Campina Grande, destas, apenas 94 apresentaram totalidade dos dados e foram consideradas nesse estudo. Os meses de setembro (n=14) e outubro (n=13) apresentaram os maiores registros de apreensões. Quanto ao padrão de uso, o “crack” na forma de pedra amarelada foi predominante (n=46), seguido pelo cloridrato de cocaína na forma de pó branco (n=40). O perfil do individuo apreendido com cocaína no município foi de um jovem, solteiro, desempregado e com baixo nível de escolaridade. O enquadramento predominante foi o de tráfico de drogas (n=75) de acordo com o Artigo nº 33 da Lei nº 11.343/2006. Os bairros que registraram o maior número de apreensão foram José Pinheiro (n=15) e Pedregal (n=8). Os índices de Moran Geral e Local (p>0,05), não apresentaram dependência espacial entre os bairros vizinhos, ou seja, não existe uma autocorrelação para a variável analisada. Portanto, as apreensões de cocaína aconteceram de forma aleatória no município de Campina Grande, em 2017, ou seja, estatisticamente um determinado bairro, não influencia os circunvizinhos em relação à variável estudada.

One of the most-used man-made materials is concrete, a mixture of cement, sand, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It can be seen everywhere: in tunnels, bridges, and high-rise buildings. Ever since concrete was rediscovered two centuries ago, it has been studied in detail in order to optimize the material and to solve its inherent problems. Most people know that concrete is gray, hard, and strong, and expect it to last decades and even centuries. Unfortunately, this is not always the case. Concrete is a material which can cope with high compressive forces but when it is subjected to tensile forces, it may crack. This cracking is based on several environmental and loading conditions, but the fact that concrete is prone to crack is a big issue. When cracking occurs and potentially harmful substances enter the interior of concrete, the concrete matrix may be damaged and even be destroyed. That is the reason why a lot of maintenance and repair works are due in order to increase the durability and lifetime of structures in civil engineering. One way of dealing with these issues is the modification of the material itself, making it less prone to cracking and the durability-related consequences. An example is the use of reinforcements, coping with the tensile forces when concrete cracks. Cracks are not harmful but intruding substances may trigger the corrosion of the iron rebars leading to structural failure, which is again unwanted. In consequence, along the history, different materials were investigated and added to concrete to solve the previous adverted problems. So, why not try adding the white powder superabsorbent polymers in the cementitious material in order to solve these issues?

N-Ethylhexedrone [2-(ethyloamino)-1-phenylhexan-1-one; α-ethylaminohexanophenone (NEH)] is one of the most recent synthetic cathinones that appeared on the illegal market in late 2015. The majority of information concerning the model of consumption of NEH and its impact on the body originates only from self-reports from gray literature websites and drug forums. There are only limited data associated with the concentrations of NEH in blood samples available in the literature. This article presents a case of fatal NEH intoxication and a method for the determination of this substance in whole blood. A 21-year-old man without any diagnosed diseases was admitted to the hospital due to disorientation, aggression and finally loss of consciousness. Hyperthermia (>41°C), tachycardia (>160 beats per minute), tachypnea (20 breaths per minute), blood pressure (110/60 mmHg) and acute kidney failure were diagnosed. After a few hours of hospitalization, the patient died. A plastic bag with a white powder was found in his underwear. Analysis of the powder by another laboratory revealed cocaine hydrochloride; however, no cocaine or its metabolites were found in the biological material upon testing in our laboratory. Therefore, re-analysis of the powder was performed, and NEH was identified. Liquid–liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were used for the determination of NEH in blood. The validation parameters were as follows: calibration range 1–250 ng/mL, accuracy 106.5–109.9%, precision 3.5–6.3%, recovery 90.1–96.9%, limit of detection 0.07 ng/mL and limit of quantification 1 ng/mL. NEH was quantified in the blood at a concentration of 145 ng/mL. Additionally, amphetamine at low concentrations and 11-nor-9-karboksy-Δ9-tetrahydrokannabinol (THC-COOH) were detected. Our study provided information on the possible lethal concentration and toxidrome that clinicians can observe for NEH-intoxicated patients and can be helpful during the preparation of toxicology analysis reports for a court of law for proper data interpretation.

Due to the rapid increasing of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in industries, there are large of wastes quantities inter the stream per year which make a serious problem to water environment. In this work, the chemical treatment involve plastic bottles pieces mixed with MgO nano-catalyst, the result was white powder of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) which was used in this study. This work aims to isolate and screen bacterial isolates that able to degrade PET powder. Thirty eight bacterial isolates have been isolated from different waste disposal sites in Baghdad city. These isolates were screened on minimal salt media (MSM) plates according to clear zone method and the change in indicator color by using PET powder as the sole source of carbon and energy. According to morphological, biochemical characteristic, and analysis by Vitek 2 the most active isolates were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii.

In this work both solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and unilateral NMR have been applied to investigate the paint composition and to inform the treatment decision for a white sculptural environment by Louise Nevelson completed in 1977. Within ten years of installation, the sculpture required restoration and was repainted by a restorer. The restoration paint is currently stained, dirty and flaking. The original paint and the restoration paint composition were determined using solid state NMR. The original and the restoration paint were identified as an alkyd and a polyvinyl acetate paint, respectively. Pentaerythritol, a compound from the alkyd paint, was identified in the restoration layer and in some areas as a white powder on the surface of the sculpture. The original alkyd paint seemed to be in better condition than the restoration paint, suggesting that the migrated pentaerythritol had contributed to the degradation of the restoration layer. The free pentaerythritol may be a result of excess in the alkyd paint formulation rather than degradation of the original paint. The analytical study guided the decision to remove the highly degraded restoration paint. Cleaning systems using viscous carriers for the solvents were investigated and potential mechanical changes in the alkyd paint were evaluated using unilateral NMR.

Background Blast related deaths are often shrouded by diagnostic and medicolegal complexities requiring multidisciplinary expertise in order to gauge accurate identification of the victims and document scientific investigations comprehensively. In the advent of more sophisticated technology, anthropologic methods can now be applied into post mortem imaging interpretation. The traditional imaging roles of characterizing osseous fragmentation, detecting and localizing foreign bodies can be expanded to simulate and support physical anthropologic examination to assist in documentation for court proceedings. Case presentation An assemblage of unidentified, incomplete, highly fragmented skeletal remains were found scattered on a bare area of land in a forest. There was evidence of an explosion given the pattern of scattered evidentiary material of explosive and ballistic nature. Laboratory analysis of white powder found within the explosive material confirmed the presence of high impact C4-explosive trace containing cyclotrimethylene trinitramin [Royal Demolition Explosive (RDX)] & pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN). It took meticulous multidisciplinary efforts to confirm the identity of the victim that was marred by the severe fragmentation and skeletalization of the remains. The initial radiologic interpretation focused more on identification of foreign bodies and supporting documentation of fragmentation. With the current availability of post computed tomography (PMCT) in our center, we reexamined the value and potential of PMXR and PMCT as an adjunctive tool for biological profiling. Conclusion This was the first case of C4-blast related death reported in Malaysia. The multidisciplinary approach in efforts to identify the victim may serve as a guide in managing, coordinating and maximizing the expertise of different forensic specialists, with emphasis on anthropologic and radiologic collaboration.

To circumvent the law by evading regulation and obscuring their identities in routine analyses, numerous substituted cathinones have entered the illicit drug market. These compounds have been coined “bath salts” by users. In the described case, the laboratory received an unknown white powder for controlled substances identification. The sample could not be immediately identified using standard methods and procedures. Ultimately, the structure was elucidated using GC-MS, NMR, FTIR, GC-SPIR, UV, and color tests to be 1-(2,3-dihy-dro-1H-inden-5-yl)-2-(ethylamino)pentan-1-one (bk-IVP), a cathinone analog with a rarely observed nonoxygenated bicyclic ring system. Features of spectra and chemical tests are reported that distinguish this class of cathinones from heterocyclic analogs.

In this study, two fatalities associated with the synthetic opioids AH-7921 and MT-45 are reported. Within the last few years, both compounds have emerged on the recreational drug market and are sold as "research chemicals" on the internet. In the first case, a 22-year-old woman was found dead in the bedroom of her apartment by two of her friends. A plastic bag labeled "AH-7921" was found in the apartment and the two friends stated that the deceased had consumed AH-7921 prior to her death. The woman was a known drug addict. In the second case, a 24-year-old man was found dead in his room by his mother. The deceased was sitting on a chair in front of his desk slumped over. Several bags of white powder labeled "MT-45", "Methoxmetamine" and "Methoxphenidine" were found in his room. Toxicological analyses of femoral blood, heart blood, liver, pericardial fluid, urine, vitreous humor and stomach content of the deceased were performed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Time-of-flight mass spectrometry was carried out on an LC-Triple TOF 5600 system (AB Sciex) with electrospray ionization operated in positive mode. In the first case, additional hair analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC-QTOF-MS. In both cases, the relevant synthetic opioid could be detected in all analyzed samples. The concentration of AH-7921 was determined to be 450μg/L in femoral blood. MT-45 was present at a concentration of 2900μg/L in femoral blood. Besides methoxmetamine which could qualitatively be detected in femoral blood, urine and stomach content no methoxphenidine was found. In summary, deaths of the young individuals could be, by exclusion of other causes of death, attributed to the consumption of an overdose of AH-7921 and MT-45, respectively.

Zinc oxide (ZnO), an inorganic compound that appears as a white powder, is used frequently as an ingredient in sunscreens. The aim of this review was to examine the toxicology and risk assessment of ZnO based upon available published data. Recent studies on acute, sub-acute, and chronic toxicities of ZnO indicated that this compound is virtually non-toxic in animal models. However, it was reported that ZnO nanoparticles (NP) (particle size, 40 nm) induced significant changes in anemia-related hematologic parameters and mild to moderate pancreatitis in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats at 536.8 mg/kg/day in a 13-week oral toxicity study. ZnO displayed no carcinogenic potential, and skin penetration is low. No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) ZnO was determined to be 268.4 mg/kg/day in a 13-week oral toxicity study, and a maximum systemic exposure dose (SED) of ZnO was estimated to be 0.6 mg/kg/day based on topical application of sunscreen containing ZnO. Subsequently, the lowest margin of safety (MOS) was estimated to be 448.2, which indicates that the use of ZnO in sunscreen is safe. A risk assessment was undertaken considering other routes of exposure (inhalation or oral) and major product types (cream, lotion, spray, and propellant). Human data revealed that MOS values (7.37 for skin exposure from cream and lotion type; 8.64 for skin exposure of spray type; 12.87 for inhalation exposure of propellant type; 3.32 for oral exposure of sunscreen) are all within the safe range (MOS1). Risk assessment of ZnO indicates that this compound may be used safely in cosmetic products within the current regulatory limits of 25% in Korea.

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. The effectiveness and suitability of a portable cyanoacrylate fuming system (LumiFume™) with Lumicyano™ at detecting latent fingermarks was assessed. The first phase of the study compared the LumiFume™ system with traditional cabinet fuming and black/white powder suspension for the development of latent fingermarks on a variety of surfaces (glass, plastic bin bag, laminated wood and tile) by means of depletion series’ from 10 donors and four ageing periods (1, 7, 14 and 28 days). The portable fuming system provided superior quality of developed marks on glass and laminated wood whereas powder suspension was better on bin bags and all three techniques were comparable on tile. A decrease in mark quality was recorded from 1-14 days for the fuming techniques before an increase at 28 days. Lumicyano™ fluorescence stability studies over a 28 day period by means of depletion series’ on glass slides and plastic bin bags revealed better quality marks for the portable system LumiFume™; however, storing marks under light conditions expedited deterioration for both systems. All marks developed with Lumicyano™ were subsequently treated with BY40 resulting in further improvement in mark quality for all substrates and ageing periods, with the exception of laminated wood which absorbed the fluorescent stain reducing the contrast in the process. The second phase of the study consisted of a pseudo-operational trial on 300 various substrates (e.g. glass bottles, aluminium cans, plastic bags) recovered from recycling bins. LumiFume™ and Lumicyano™ yielded 1,469 marks whereas Lumicyano™ cabinet fuming and powder suspension yielded 1,026 and 641 marks respectively. Similar to the first phase of the study, further treatment of the Lumicyano™ treated marks with BY40 resulted in further quality improvement as well as additional new marks. The LumiFume™ system produced results at least equivalent to the traditional cabinet fuming with Lumicyano™ highlighting its potential for implementation into casework to process crime scenes.

Recently, high-voltage XLPE cables often suffer from buffer layer failures. The typical characteristics are white powder and ablation appear on the insulation screens, buffer layers, and corrugated aluminum (Al) sheaths. However, little is known about the causes of failure. In this paper, two test platforms of material samples and a cable sample were set up. Partial discharge tests were carried out with material samples, a cable sample, and buffer layer simulation samples to study the resistance and discharge characteristics under different connection conditions between the insulation screen and corrugated Al sheath (IS-Al). The buffer layer’s ablation was reproduced in the material samples test. The material samples test revealed that partial discharge was easy to occur when IS-Al’s air gaps were tiny, or the IS-Al was “point connection” without air gaps. The buffer layer simulation samples test indicated that the better the IS-Al’s connection conditions are, the smaller the resistance, potential difference, and discharge quantity are, and the more stable the discharge pulse is. Judging from these results, the IS-Al’s connection conditions seem to impact the buffer layer failures of high-voltage XLPE cables.

Lignans are bioactive substances which belong to polyphenols. This compounds can be found in plants including coniferous trees. Lignans are secondary plant metabolites with wide range of biological effects, such as antimicrobial, antivirus or anticancer. They also serve as antioxidants and are naturally occurring compounds which are found in food rich in fibre. There are more than 200 lignans that originate from more than 70 plant families. They can be found in all parts of the plant, mainly in seeds. Almost 37% of total lignan intake in human diet comes from drinking tea and coffee. Fruit and vegetable contain only about 1% of lignans, but they are also significant source of lignans because they are consumed in higher amounts than seeds. 7-hydroxymatairesinol is the main representative of lignans. It is white powder with great health benefits and it is present in the knots of coniferous trees, especially in knots of spruce. Lignans were extracted from the knots and used for fortifying fruit and vegetable spreads. Subsequently, the fortified products became subject to sensory analysis, their antioxidant capacity was measured by the FRAP method, total polyphenols content was found and lignan content determined using the HPLC method. The aim was enriching commonly consumed foods by healthy lignans to avoid negative effects on the sensory quality of these products by the bitter taste of the lignan extract. Of the tested foods, plum jam and red pepper paste are the best options as they best block the bitter taste of lignans. There was a positive increase in antioxidant capacity in food products fortified by the lignan extract. For plum jam, strawberry jam, strawberry spread and red pepper paste, the more lignans were added to the products, the greater was the level of antioxidant capacity. The highest antioxidant capacity was reached in samples with the added amount of 340 mg of lignan per kg of product. As with the antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols content is dependent on the quantity of added lignans. Plum jam is the only exception, for which there was no statistically evident difference between the doses of 170 mg and 340 mg of lignans per kg. The values of lignans measured for samples with added 340 mg of lignans per kg range from 313 mg to 339 mg. For samples with addition of 170 mg of lignans per kg the measured values range from 129 to 164 mg per kg. Although lignans are beneficial for health, they are not acceptable to deteriorate taste of the product. The samples containing the highest dose of lignans, i.e. 340 mg of lignans per kg, were rated as the least acceptable by consumer. Evaluated as the most suitable in this regard was plum jam with a dose of 170 mg of lignans per kg of product where lignans were not found to possess a sensory effect on the acceptability of the product.&nbsp

Fargesia microauriculata M.S. Sun, D.Z. Li & H.Q. Yang (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new species from the southern end of the Gaoligong Mountain Range in northwestern Yunnan Province of China, is described and illustrated. It resembles F. albocerea, F. lushuiensis and F. papyrifera, but is distinguished by internodes' distal parts being densely covered by brown setae, nodes without white powder and wax, brown-red young culm sheaths, auricles of culm sheaths 5 mm long and 1–2 mm wide, as well as by 2–4 florets per spikelet, a 3–5 mm long pistil, and 2 stigmata. It is only known from the alpine region at 2900–3200 m a.s.l. at Pianma Town of Lushui County.

The Lv family tombs in Lantian, Shaanxi Province are one of the most important archaeological sites of China in recent years, providing numerous objects and a wealth of information for the study of the history of the Northern Song dynasty. There were a large number of exquisite cultural relics unearthed from the tombs, including one porcelain box containing white powder, which was identified as women's makeup. The phase composition, microstructure, thermal properties and characteristics of the trace elements in the unearthed white cosmetic powder were comprehensively analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry – thermogravimetry (DSC–TG), Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) microscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES). The white makeup powder was determined to be a product made from high-quality freshwater pearls. These results, for the first time, showed evidence that freshwater pearl powder was used as a cosmetic in ancient China using archaeological objects, providing scientific evidence and new clues to enrich and expand research into the ancient Chinese cosmetic materials.

The ringing woke him up. It was years ago, but Tom R. Slezak still remembers. The Lawrence Livermore National Lab scientist didn’t normally get phone calls in the middle of the night telling him he was needed at work. And he didn’t normally jet off aboard a military transport after arriving at the lab. When he did fly, he normally knew where he was going, how long he’d be gone, and why he was leaving. But this was October 2001. Nothing was normal in America. The weeks following the Sept. 11 attacks unleashed a new terror on the U. S. Hours before Slezak got his call, a photo editor in Florida died from anthrax caused by white powder containing Bacillus anthracis spores sent in the mail. More anthrax cases would follow, caused by letters tainted with spores from a potent strain of the bacterium and addressed to prominent politicians and

A study of variations in the concentration of NaOH and H2SO4 to purify silica from rice husk ash and its application as adsorbent of Pb2+ and Cu2+ Metal Ions. The NaOH concentrations used were 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12% and 13% and H2SO4 concentrations were 5.4%, 8.16%, 10.88%, and 13.61%. The process of adsorption of Pb2+ and Cu2+ metal ions was carried out at pH (3, 4, 5, 6) and silica masses. The results showed the silica yield obtained in the form of white powder. The highest silica content at 12% NaOH concentration of 41.81% with a purity of 89.09% and H2SO4 concentration is 10.88% at 65.39% with a purity of 94.94% initial content 86.02%. The results of surface structure characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) average size of particle diameter was 0.030 µm. Optimal adsorption process of Pb2+ and Cu2+ metal ions using silica from rice husk occurred at pH 6 and the adsorbent mass was 0.3 gram, the adsorption efficiency was 98% and 86.25% respectively with adsorption capacity of 0.96 mg/g for metal Pb2+ and 0.83 mg/g for Cu2+ metals.

Starch is an important food ingredient because of its applicability, abundance, and low cost. It is added to food mainly to provide texture, viscosity, consistency, and greasiness, little interfering with the proper characteristics of the food. In its commercial form, from any botanical source, it is a water-insoluble, odorless, and tasteless white powder. When cooked in water, it presents characteristics that can vary with the botanical source. In turn, the preparation of food products is quite varied, and can be sweet or salty, bitter or not, more or less cooked; that is why starch, as a food ingredient, must meet the needs of the preparation, its conservation and use, taking into account the requirements of the local legislation. Despite nature presenting several sources of starch, only four starches are commercially available to meet the demands of the market. This chapter discusses the potential of alternative sources of starch and some strategies to find them.

Being one of the useful and robust forensic evidence, fingerprints have been widely recognized as the primary human identification tool in forensic investigations. Latent or invisible fingerprints are commonly found at the scenes of crime and thus require the use of visualization methods. Among the established routine operational visualization method is the use of commercially available fingerprint black/white powder dusting. However, although the method is relatively fast, simple and cheap, such a method may poses harmful threats and health hazards towards the users due to the use of fine particles like titanium dioxide, lead- and mercury-based powders. This study proposes a cheap and relatively greener fingerprint powder from gambir plants. The findings revealed that gambir powder is capable of visualizing latent fingerprints on dry, non-porous surfaces. Further study revealed that the quality of gambir-visualised fingerprints were influenced by the particle size of finely ground gambir powder, as well as the types of non-porous surface used. While relatively coarse gambir powder (0.250mm) was more suitable for fingerprints on glass slides and transparent plastics, finer particles of 0.125mm was considerably better for plastic cups, compact discs and aluminium foils. Hence, the findings reported here may serve as stepping stones for future study exploration into greener fingerprint visualization technology.

The article presents new possibilities of revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces by using Wet Powder White, known and used in Polish dactyloscopy. Powder suspension based on titanium dioxide has been successfully used to reveal fingerprints on the adhesive sides of non-porous tapes, as well as on the inner surfaces of rubber gloves. So far, however, the broader application of Wet Powder White has not been known in Polish dactyloscopic practice. Foreign publications quoted in the article, research conducted and the use of white suspension powder in dactyloscopic opinions dedicated to the visualization of traces unequivocally confirm the high effectiveness of Wet Powder White in revealing fingerprints on non-absorbent surfaces, especially on plastic packaging and areas that have been or could have been previously wetted or subjected to high humidity.

Among other products made at its plant in Rheinfelden, Evonik manufactures AEROSIL®, which is used in many everyday products such as toothpaste, paints and coatings, and LED lamps. AEROSIL® improves the properties of these products and in many cases makes them more energy-efficient, e.g. as a component of heat-insulating refrigerator doors. AEROSIL® is a white powder and chemically speaking a kind of sand that is produced in a combustion process. This fumed silica is produced from hydrogen, the chemical compound chlorosilane and dehumidified air. Previously, Evonik produced the hydrogen needed for this process using natural gas in the so-called steam reforming process. However, this gives rise to specific CO2 emissions.

My name is Leicester;* my father, Major-General Wyn Leicester, a distinguished officer of artillery, succumbed five years ago to a complicated liver complaint acquired in the deadly climate of India. A year later my only brother, Francis, came home after an exceptionally...

High strength self-compacting concrete (HSSCC) is one of the concrete innovations that have a high quality standard. This type of concrete has a high compressive strength and can compact without tools. Meta-kaolin (MK) is used in this research as an addition (admixture) to increase the quality of HSSCC and to meet criteria of SCC. Meta-kaolin (MK) is made from kaolin which a white powder is measuring 0.5 to 5 micron that then heated at 500– 900oC. Parameters that are studied in this research are setting time, workability, and the compressive strength of HSSCC. Final results of the research shows that the addition of MK decrease workability of HSSCC. Only MK addition at 5%, 7.5%, and 10% fulfils filling ability and passing ability parameter of SCC, otherwise the compressive strength increases linearly.

This research aims to synthesize Mg/Al hydrotalcite with mole ratio variations of Mg/Al precursor through low supersaturated precipitation method. Mg/Al hydrotalcite was synthesized with Mg/Al mole ratio variation of 1:1, 2:1, 3:1, and 4:1. Mg/Al hydrotalcite was synthesized using NaOH and Na2CO3 base solutions. The mixture of precursor was stirred for 2 hours then treated by hydrothermal at 100 °C for 4 hours. Results of the synthesis Mg/Al hydrotalcite with mole ratio variations is a white powder. The formation of the structure of Mg/Al hydrotalcite showed by certain peaks in the FTIR spectra and XRD diffractogram.The results of data analysisshowed that variation of mole ratio Mg/Alcauses a shift of peak in the XRD diffractogram shifted towards the left along with a comparative increase in mole ratio Mg/Al, but the main functional groups on the compound Mg/Al hydrotalcite increasingly formed with better.