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Production of effector CD8+ T cells during persistent infection requires a stable pool of stem-like cells that can give rise to effector cells via a proliferative intermediate population. In infection models marked by T cell exhaustion, this process can be transiently induced by checkpoint blockade but occurs spontaneously in mice chronically infected with the protozoan intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We observe distinct locations for parasite-specific T cell subsets, implying a link between differentiation and anatomical niches in the spleen. Loss of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on T cells does not prevent white pulp-to-red pulp migration but reduces interactions with CXCR3 ligand-producing dendritic cells (DCs) and impairs memory-to-intermediate transition, leading to a buildup of memory T cells in the red pulp. Thus, CXCR3 increases T cell exposure to differentiation-inducing signals during red pulp migration, providing a dynamic mechanism for modulating effector differentiation in response to environmental signals.

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic syndrome that involves dysfunction of spleen and other lymphoid organs. Medicinal plants, including okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench), were used widely for diabetes treatment. Scarce data are available about the potential anti-diabetic effects of okra, the histopathological alterations in splenic tissues and the mechanistic pathways underlying this association. The current research investigated the effects of okra pod extract on the biochemical parameters and expression of CD8+ T cells and nuclear factor kappa (NF-k) B and releasing proinflammatory cytokines in spleen in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat models. A total of 50 mature male Wister albino rats were divided into five isolated groups; the first served as control (untreated) animals, the second (DM group) diabetes induced by STZ (at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight, administered intraperitoneally), the third group (DM + Insulin): diabetic rats administered insulin subcutaneously (10 units/kg bw/day) daily for 4 weeks, the fourth group was administrated 400 mg/kg okra extract daily for 4 weeks, and diabetic induced rats in the fifth group were administrated 400 mg/kg okra extract daily for 4 weeks. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity in Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench was studied, and the content of phenolic compounds in okra pods was estimated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Diabetes induction led to decreased body weight, increased blood glucose levels. Capsular thickness was significantly increased, white pulp was widely dispersed, and mature lymphocytes in the periphery were also drastically decreased, with thick follicular arteries, necrosis, and depletion of lymphocytes in the germinal center. Red pulp revealed severe congestion and degenerative changes, deposition of hemosiderin granules and lymphocytic depletion. In addition, collagen fiber deposition was increased also in this group. The induction of diabetes exaggerated NF-kβ expression and mediated downregulation of the expression of CD8+ T cells in spleen tissue. Interestingly, oral administration of okra extracts post diabetes induction could mitigate and reverse such adverse effects. Altogether, our study points out the potential benefits of okra in improving blood glucose levels and restoring histopathological alterations in splenic tissues through CD8+ T cells and NF-kβ expression in a diabetic rat model.

The current study aimed to identify the morphological and histological structure of spleen in H. javanicus and S. carolinensis. The results of the present study showed that the spleen in H. javanicus is a longitudinal, compressed from both sides. On the other side, the spleen of S. carolinensis was with a tongue-like shape that contains a lateral curvature in one side, the color of the spleen in both studies animals is reddish brown and is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity behind the stomach. The spleen is surrounded by a thick capsule of fibrous connective tissue that consists of collagen fibers, elastic fibers, smooth muscle fibers, blood vessels, nerve vessels and fibroblast. Furthermore, the capsule is surrounded by an external layer of mesothelial cells and Trabeculae are extending from capsule which penetrate the spleen tissue and divide it into lobules. The spleen tissue is divided into two distinct regions, the white pulp and the red pulp, in addition to a borderline area between the white and red pulp that called marginal zone. The white pulp is lymph nodules that appear widespread in the spleen tissue and take different spherical or vesicle forms in H. javanicus ; while in S. carolinensis, the lymph nodules appear as vesicles or irregularly shaped that spread in spleen. The lymph nodules are consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages and plasma cells. Additionally, the white pulp is made up of the germinal center; each lymph node contains of (1-2) of central arteriol. The red pulp consists of reticular lymphoid tissue containing numerous vessels, sinuses and the spleen cords be can observed which consist of reticular fibers and lymphocytes that are arranged in the form of cords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic nanoparticles play a key role in the development of new technologies in recent years. Metallic nanostructures are now being manufactured using a wide range of elements including copper, zinc, titanium, magnesium, gold and silver. These are increasingly used in commercial and biomedical applications and this has led to an increase in the likelihood of nanoparticles interactions with both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, as well as the possibility of exposure and damages that happen to animal's health. This review article focuses on toxicity of silver, copper and gold nanoparticles that affect the spleen in rat model. The nanoparticles produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in oxidative stress, altering cell membrane integrity, vacuolation of cells with ill-defined white pulp, altered architecture and congestion of red pulp and multinucleation of spleen cells. Silver nanoparticles cause more severe effects on rat's spleen as compared to copper and gold nanoparticles. Further research is required to study the impact of other nanoparticles (lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles etc.) on the spleen of rat model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Twenty-five spleens of adult, healthy dromedary of the local breed from the region of El Oued, Algeria, were collected at the slaughterhouse in order to carry out research to determine the macroscopic and microscopic structure of spleen in this species, macroscopic study revealed that the spleen has a rectangular shape with a triangular section, rounded edges, a little bit striated, its surface is smooth in which the aspect of the capsule and the parietal surface is shiny and smooth, the morphometric study was carried out after classifying the sampled spleen in five groups according to the animal's body weight which increases with age. Materials and methods: Our study revealed that the groups show a different value of mass which declines towards a drop of the index, also the indexes of length and width are following a decreasing order. Results: The histological study revealed that the zone occupied by stroma did not exceed 26.81% of the total components of the capsule which is composed essentially of connective tissue and an inner layer of smooth muscle cells. Vascular and avascular trabeculae extend from the capsule. The immunohistochemistry study made it possible to visualise T lymphocytes of the splenic parenchyma using monoclonal antibodies where a statistical study was carried out to determine the composition of the various compartments of this organ. The localisation of immunocompetent cells in the splenic parenchyma has been elucidated with antibodies specific for T lymphocytes. Conclusions: The red pulp occupied a maximum area of the spleen with an average of 68.1% composed of sinusoids venous, the cords extend between the sinuses and the interlobular zone contain many cells: macrophages, plasma cells, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the current state of research in the field of requirements for the quality of potatoes for processing them into potato products. It is noted that the quality of potatoes with white pulp is determined by the mass fraction of: dry matter over 20 %; reducing sugars 0.2-0.5 %, glycoalkaloids no more than 200 mg/kg; starch not less than 16 %. For potatoes with pigmented pulp in addition to these indicators it is necessary to take into account the mass fraction of anthocyanins (over 0.5 %), which are effective antioxidants. The review presents the information on changes in the content of glycoalkaloids in potato tubers with pigmented pulp depending on the type of processing. The objective of experimental research is to analyze the qualitative indicators of native potato varieties with white and pigmented pulp to determine the practicability of their processing into potato products and further using as a starting material for selection. As research objects were selected 21 potato varieties with white pulp and 8 potato varieties with pigmented (colored) pulp. As a result of evaluation of the feasibility of using potatoes with white pulp 7 varieties out of 21 varieties of potatoes can be recommended for the production of potato products (Kamelot, Fritella, Rubin, Triumf, Ariya, Izyuminka, Mirazh). It is shown that the program «Statistica 12» can be used to assess the quality of potatoes on indicators of their suitability for processing into potato products. It was determined that the mass fraction of glycoalkaloids in the potato tuber is an important characteristic of the variety for its using in the production of potato products and as a table potato. Correlations between the mass fraction of potato dry matter and the mass fraction of glycoalkaloids (r = 0.47) and between the mass fraction of reducing sugars and the mass fraction of glycoalkaloids (r = 0.37) were established. The increasing in the mass fraction of these compounds is unwanted, and therefore, it is necessary to control their concentrations for choosing varieties for processing and as a starting material for the selection. Based on the analysis of the results of the evaluation of 8 experimental samples of potatoes with pigmented pulp, one sample was selected to be recommended for processing into potato products (VNIIKX-1), and two samples can be recommended as a starting material for the selection of table varieties with a high anthocyanin mass fraction (VNIIKX-4 and Indigo).

The purpose of this study was to identify gross morphology, biometric measurement, histological, mineral structural content, and the correlation between them in the spleen of Karadi male lambs. This study was conducted in the Animal Science field, department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani. A total of fifteen 15 spleen of Karadi male lambs used in this study. Spleen samples used to histological study and determined some macro mineral concentration. Results indicated the mean value of weight was 46.50 gm and its mean values length, width, and thickness in spleen lamb were 11.07, 6.81, and 1.38 cm, respectively. Results showed a positive correlation between most of the parameters in this study, but; the negative correlation between lamb initial wt. and Ca was r=-0.552, p= 0.098, spleen wt. and Ca was r= 0.104, p= 0.775, spleen length and spleen thickness was r=-0.427, P=0.218, spleen length and P was r= -0.117, p= 0.748, spleen thickness and Na was r = - 0.081, P=0.825, spleen thickness and Ca was r= -0.618, P=0.057, Ca and P was r = -0.496, P=0.145. Also, our result showed spleen gross anatomy (parietal and visceral) surfaces and spleen components (red pulp, white pulp, central artery, trabecular) in spleen karadi male lamb.

Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani infection is fatal if left untreated. The intrinsic complexity of visceral leishmaniasis complicated further by the increasing emergence of drug resistant L. donovani strains warrants fresh investigations into host defense schemes that counter infections. Accordingly, in a mouse model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis we explored the utility of host Wnt5A in restraining L. donovani infection, using both antimony sensitive and antimony resistant L. donovani strains. We found that Wnt5A heterozygous (Wnt5A +/-) mice are more susceptible to L. donovani infection than their wild type (Wnt5A +/+) counterparts as depicted by the respective Leishman Donovan Units (LDU) enumerated from the liver and spleen harvested from infected mice. Higher LDU in Wnt5A +/- mice correlated with increased plasma gammaglobulin level, incidence of liver granuloma, and disorganization of splenic white pulp. Progression of infection in mice by both antimony sensitive and antimony resistant strains of L. donovani could be prevented by activation of Wnt5A signaling through intravenous administration of rWnt5A prior to L. donovani infection. Wnt5A mediated blockade of L. donovani infection correlated with the preservation of splenic macrophages and activated T cells, and a proinflammatory cytokine bias. Taken together our results indicate that while depletion of Wnt5A promotes susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis, revamping Wnt5A signaling in the host is able to curb L. donovani infection irrespective of antimony sensitivity or resistance and mitigate the progression of disease.

Visceral leishmaniasis, caused by L. donovani infection is fatal if left untreated. The intrinsic complexity of visceral leishmaniasis complicated further by the increasing emergence of drug resistant L. donovani strains warrants fresh investigations into host defense schemes that counter infections. Accordingly, in a mouse model of experimental visceral leishmaniasis we explored the utility of host Wnt5A in restraining L. donovani infection, using both antimony sensitive and antimony resistant L. donovani strains. We found that Wnt5A heterozygous (Wnt5A +/-) mice are more susceptible to L. donovani infection than their wild type (Wnt5A +/+) counterparts as depicted by the respective Leishman Donovan Units (LDU) enumerated from the liver and spleen harvested from infected mice. Higher LDU in Wnt5A +/- mice correlated with increased plasma gammaglobulin level, incidence of liver granuloma, and disorganization of splenic white pulp. Progression of infection in mice by both antimony sensitive and antimony resistant strains of L. donovani could be prevented by activation of Wnt5A signaling through intravenous administration of rWnt5A prior to L. donovani infection. Wnt5A mediated blockade of L. donovani infection correlated with the preservation of splenic macrophages and activated T cells, and a proinflammatory cytokine bias. Taken together our results indicate that while depletion of Wnt5A promotes susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis, revamping Wnt5A signaling in the host is able to curb L. donovani infection irrespective of antimony sensitivity or resistance and mitigate the progression of disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Veteriner is the property of Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Universitas Udayana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The spleen is the largest secondary lymphoid organ with major roles in the removal of blood‐borne antigens. The Eurasian moorhen is a wild aquatic bird that revealed the adaptation to harsh environmental conditions. Information regarding the structural features of moorhen's spleen is lacking. The present study aimed to describe the composition of moorhen's spleen using anatomical dissection, histology, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy. The spleen appeared as a brownish red sickle‐shaped organ close to the proventriculus and gizzard. The splenic capsule was very thin, and the trabeculae were poorly developed. The white pulp formed of the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath, lymphoid follicles, and periellipsoidal lymphatic sheath. The red pulp composed of sinusoids and cords and contained various types of blood cells. Blood vessels were observed within the splenic capsule and inside the parenchyma. Notably, penicillar capillaries (PCs) appeared branched and surrounded by well‐developed ellipsoids. Direct connections were observed between PCs and splenic sinusoids suggesting a closed type of circulation. Ultrastructurally, intercellular spaces and vascular channels were evident in the wall of PCs. Ellipsoid‐associated cells, lymphocytes, monocytes, and heterophils were observed within splenic ellipsoids. Ellipsoids were thus suggested as a crucial component of moorhen's spleen. Numerous MafB‐immunoreactive (IR) macrophages were seen within the red pulp. Splenic cords contained the highest number of PHH3‐IR cells, while CCASP3‐IR cells were exclusive to follicles of the white pulp. In conclusion, the structure of moorhen's spleen revealed species‐specific features. The findings of the present study could help to improve the immunity of domestic birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicanthes elasticus (Desv.) Danser is a common type of mistletoes of Indian origin. In Indian traditional and folklore medicines the plant is claimed to possess a range of medicinal values such as immunomodulator, anti-diabetic and anti-microbial properties. However, there is no experimental proof for its therapeutic claim. The aqueous and alcoholic extracts of H. elastica were evaluated for its immuno-modulatory effect on antibody formation against sheep red blood cells and on cell mediated immunity of immunological paw edema model. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts have shown dose dependent elevation in the antibody titer value in comparison to control group at 14th and 21st day of sensitization (**p < 0.01). There is a mild to moderate elevation were observed in the immunological paw edema at highest dose (400 mg/kg) during 21st day after sensitization. The histopathological observation shows that there is an increase in the white pulp of spleen and increased cellularity and formation of distinct germinal cells in lymph node. H. elasticus extracts possess marked antibody formation propensity without significant modification on cell mediated immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide useful information based on the macropathology, histopathology and immunohistochemical investigation in the spleens of dogs with Babesia rossi infection. Control spleens were collected from four healthy dogs euthanized for welfare reasons. Nine dogs that died naturally because of a mono‐infection with Babesia rossi were selected for the diseased group. One haematoxylin‐and‐eosin–stained section of splenic tissue from each of the infected and control dogs was examined under the light microscope. Immunohistochemical markers were applied to characterize different immunocyte populations. The application of analytic software enabled semi‐quantitative comparison of leucocyte subpopulations. Routine splenic histopathology revealed diffuse intermingling of white and red pulp from infected dogs with a clear loss of distinction between these zones. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in the proportion of tissue resident and bone marrow origin macrophages in the infected spleens. Apart from a few remnant lymphocytes within the peri‐arteriolar lymphatic sheaths and follicles, the majority of the immunocytes redistributed to the red pulp, supporting the observation of white and red pulp intermingling. The majority of our findings are in agreement with histomorphological descriptions of the spleen in a variety of noncanid mammalian hosts with lethal malaria or babesiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The aim of the study was to assess the morphological and histological features of accessory spleen in formalin-preserved human fetuses. Methods The study was conducted on spleen of 40 human fetuses of varied gestational ages without any congenital anomalies with due clearance from the ethical committee. The existence of accessory spleen was investigated during dissection. These were then dissected, weighed, and stained by hematoxylin and eosin as well as Masson’s trichrome method and observed under compound light microscope. Results In 5 (12.5%) cases, the accessory spleen was revealed in fetuses aged between 29th and 40th gestational weeks. These were located near the splenic hilum. On histological examination, the tissue of accessory spleen revealed a well-defined capsule. White pulp was less differentiated as compared with red pulp area. Conclusion The accessory spleen is often misdiagnosed by the clinicians for neoplastic growth or lymph node enlargement; therefore, its awareness is important.

By preserving cell viability and three-dimensional localization, organotypic culture stands out among the newest frontiers of cell culture. It has been successfully employed for the study of diseases among which neoplasias, where tumoral cells take advantage of the surrounding stroma to promote their own proliferation and survival. Organotypic culture acquires major importance in the context of the immune system, whose cells cross-talk in a complex and dynamic fashion to elicit productive responses. However, organotypic culture has been as yet poorly developed for and applied to primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Here we describe in detail the development of a protocol suitable for the efficient cutting of mouse spleen, which overcomes technical difficulties related to the peculiar organ texture, and for optimized organotypic culture of spleen slices. Moreover, we used microscopy, immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and qRT-PCR to demonstrate that the majority of cells residing in spleen slices remain alive and maintain their original location in the organ architecture for several days after cutting. The development of this protocol represents a significant technical improvement in the study of the lymphoid microenvironment in both physiological and pathological conditions involving the immune system.

Introduction: Among the lymphoid organs, spleen is the largest one with rich blood supply. It serves to filter the blood, shows immune response to antigens and in fetal life acts as a haematopoietic organ to produce erythrocytes and granulocytes. As of known, the human lymphoid organs shows variations, spleen lacks the definite histogenetic changes. Aim: To find out the histogenesis of spleen in different gestational ages between normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was carried out on 100 human aborted and stillborn foetuses, aged between 12 to 40 gestational weeks. Out of 100 fetuses, 50 belonged to normal pregnancy and 50 belonged to hypertension in pregnancy. The foetuses were obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology. The tissue was processed, slides prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin. The slides were observed under compound microscope using 4x,10x,40x and 100x objectives and interpreted. Results: The following microscopic features were observed in the present study at different gestational ages in normal pregnancy. At 12-18 weeks, spleen was lined by thin capsule, parenchyma with blood vessels, reticular cells and haematopoietic cells seen, at 17 weeks central arteriole started appearing. At 19 weeks trabeculae were seen, venous sinuses, central arteriole surrounded by few lymphocytes, 20-weeks; red and white pulp were seen, Peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath was seen. At 24 weeks capsule was more thick with increased trabeculae. At 24-30 weeks germinal centre was seen along with the ring fibres. At 30-36 weeks, capsule was thick, white pulp was well defined. At 37 weeks, germinal centre was well-defined. At 38-40 weeks, the fetal spleen resembled that of an adult spleen. The present study attempted studying the histogenesis of fetal spleen in hypertension in pregnancy. The microscopic features of spleen did not show differences between normal pregnancy and that in hypertension in pregnancy. The study could not establish any comparable differences in the two situations. Conclusion: The present study served to study the splenic histogenesis to some extent. The findings in individual Author variations are still existing. The study could not conclude difference in the histogenesis of spleen in normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. This study may serve the Anatomists and the Pathologists for studying the individual variations in histogenesis of spleen.

Introduction: Among the lymphoid organs, spleen is the largest one with rich blood supply. It serves to filter the blood, shows immune response to antigens and in fetal life acts as a haematopoietic organ to produce erythrocytes and granulocytes. As of known, the human lymphoid organs shows variations, spleen lacks the definite histogenetic changes. Aim: To find out the histogenesis of spleen in different gestational ages between normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The present observational study was carried out on 100 human aborted and stillborn foetuses, aged between 12 to 40 gestational weeks. Out of 100 fetuses, 50 belonged to normal pregnancy and 50 belonged to hypertension in pregnancy. The foetuses were obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology. The tissue was processed, slides prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin. The slides were observed under compound microscope using 4x,10x,40x and 100x objectives and interpreted. Results: The following microscopic features were observed in the present study at different gestational ages in normal pregnancy. At 12-18 weeks, spleen was lined by thin capsule, parenchyma with blood vessels, reticular cells and haematopoietic cells seen, at 17 weeks central arteriole started appearing. At 19 weeks trabeculae were seen, venous sinuses, central arteriole surrounded by few lymphocytes, 20-weeks; red and white pulp were seen, Peri-arteriolar lymphatic sheath was seen. At 24 weeks capsule was more thick with increased trabeculae. At 24-30 weeks germinal centre was seen along with the ring fibres. At 30-36 weeks, capsule was thick, white pulp was well defined. At 37 weeks, germinal centre was well-defined. At 38-40 weeks, the fetal spleen resembled that of an adult spleen. The present study attempted studying the histogenesis of fetal spleen in hypertension in pregnancy. The microscopic features of spleen did not show differences between normal pregnancy and that in hypertension in pregnancy. The study could not establish any comparable differences in the two situations. Conclusion: The present study served to study the splenic histogenesis to some extent. The findings in individual Author variations are still existing. The study could not conclude difference in the histogenesis of spleen in normal pregnancy and hypertension in pregnancy. This study may serve the Anatomists and the Pathologists for studying the individual variations in histogenesis of spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Spleen is the largest secondary lymphatic organ. It acts as a graveyard for RBCs, is essential for immune responses, performs lymphopoiesis in adults and haemopoiesis in fetuses. The present study was conducted to assess the histogenesis of spleen in human fetuses in view of existing literature. Material and Methods: The study was carried out on 34 formalin preserved human fetuses procured from Dr Sushila Tiwari Government Hospital, Haldwani with due clearance from ethical committee. The 6 |jm sections of the spleen were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and observed under light microscope. Results: At 14 tol5 weeks, spleen had extensive sinusoids filled with RBCs and few lymphocytes. At 16-18 weeks, trabecular arteries were noticed more towards centre along with extensive haemopoietic cells in the venous sinusoids. By 20th week lymphocytic aggregation had started around arterioles. By 24 weeks periarteriolar lymphatic sheath was clearly observed. At term (37-40 weeks), classical primary lymphoid follicle was present but germinal centers were not observed. Conclusion: During earlier differentiation, spleen symbolizes the function of haemopoietic activities and gradually during subsequent gestation; it establishes its identity as a principle lymphoid tissue.

Purpose. Study of the microscopic structure and morphometric parameters of European catfish spleen. Methodology. For the study, we used the spleen of clinically healthy age-2 European catfish (Silurus glanis L.). We determined the absolute and relative weight of the organ or the index of spleen development. For the histological studies, pieces of the material were preserved in 10-12 % cooled neutral formalin solution, with subsequent filling in paraffin. Paraffin sections were prepared using a sledge microtome, with a thickness of no more than 10 microns. To determine the cell and tissue morphology under light microscopy, we the staining of histological sections with hematoxylin and eosin. Determination of spleen linear dimensions, morphometric measurements were carried out using the "Master of Morphology". Quantitative parameters were analyzed in "Statistica 6.0". Findings. European catfish spleen corresponded to general regularities of fish spleen structure: we identified support-contractile apparatus, white and red pulp and inherent cellular composition. Peculiarities of the microscopic structure of this organ in European catfish is underdevelopment of radial trabeculae, poor development of periarterial lymphoid sheaths, absence of the differentiation to zones in lymphoid nodules. The most developed was red pulp (70.82 ± 10.76%), the least developed — support-contractile apparatus (7.04 ± 0.65%). The base of the white pulp (22.14 ± 6.61%) is lymphoid nodules without propagation center. The support-contractile apparatus of the spleen, which includes capsule and trabecular system, is developed unevenly. E.g., the capsule thickness in different parts of the body is not the same, the biggest thickness is in porta, where it attains 21.85 ± 7.44 micrometers, its relative area is 3.06 ± 0.32%. Relative area of the trabecular system is 3.98 ± 2.57%, the most developed are vascular trabeculae. Originality. We found the peculiarities of spleen structure of European catfish and performed a morphometric analysis of the structural components of this organ: the ratio of white to red pulp is 1: 3.2; support-contractile apparatus to parenchyma — 1: 13.2, the relative weight is 0.086 ± 0.0006%. Practical value. The determination of morphometric parameters of European catfish spleen as a hemopoietic organ and immune protection organ is necessary for the industrial cultivation of healthy fish. Detection of their changes, especially such parameters as relative weight and relative area of white pulp, can be used for the identification of negative factors, monitoring of water systems and creation of favorable conditions for aquatic organisms.

We describe reactive changes in the spleen white pulp in male C57BL/6 mice with experimental sepsis induced by intraperitoneal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1840 (Pa1840) with exotoxin U gene or Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1623 (Pa1623) with exotoxin S gene. Histological analysis and morphometry revealed hypoplasia of the spleen white pulp in mice with sepsis induced by Pa1840, while sepsis caused by Pa1623 was associated with its hyperplasia; with apoptosis of white pulp cells was observed in both cases. The results attest to ambiguous nature of the reactive changes in the white pulp of the spleen in experimental sepsis models initiated by Pa1840 and Pa1623 stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term 'zebra spleen' is used in radiology to describe alternating stripes of enhancement of the spleen. Examples of unenhanced and enhanced CT images are presented, in particular those that show a pattern that resemble the stripes on a zebra. This is a normal finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted on 81 white 3-month-old mongrel rats. Animals were fixed with a device made by hand in the form of a vehicle on wheels, the fixed rats were accelerated on the vehicle and hit the wooden barrier with the frontal part of the head. As a result of this experiment, 16 white rats died on the spot. All the rats that died during the experiment were decapitated on the spot by means of instant decapitation of the animals. After opening the abdominal cavity, the spleen was removed. The removed spleen was examined and examined and its size was measured in accordance with the established procedure. The spleen was fixed in Buena solution and poured into paraffin according to generally accepted rules. Next, histological sections were prepared with a thickness of 6-7 microns, which were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and van gieson. Morphometric studies of spleen tissue were performed under the NLCD-307B microscope. In 3-month-old rats, the total thickness of the spleen wall in its various ranges remained unchanged, but some changes in the tissue structures of the white and red spleen pulp were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Dalak fagositoz ve immün cevap ile ilgili bir organdır. Mikroskobik olarak dalağın kapsül ve parankim yapıları vardır. Dalağın parankimal dokusu beyaz ve kırmızı pulpa kısımlarından oluşur. Bu çalışmada farklı gestasyonel aşamalarda, fetüs dalağının detaylı mikroskobik görüntüsünü ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmaktadır. Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışma, Manipal, Kasturba tıp fakültesi anatomi bölümünde, gestasyonel aşaması (GA) bilinen 15 insan fetüsü ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Dalak kesitleri hematoksilen ve eosin ile boyanmış ve ışık mikroskobunda görüntülenmiştir. Bulgular: Dalağın mikroskobik anatomisi farklı gestasyonel aşamalarda incelenmiştir. İlk trimesterdeki dalak kapsül ile çevrilidir. Lenfoid agregasyonlar herhangi bir kırmızı pulpa farklılaşması olmadan tüm dalak boyunca gözlenmiştir. İkinci trimesterda lenfoid agregasyonlar 20. haftadan itibaren periarteriol lenfoid kılıf oluşturmak üzere merkezi arteriol etrafında farklılaşmaya başlamıştır. Kırmızı pulpada açıkça KKH’leri ve sinüzoidler, beyaz pulpada ise 23. haftadan itibaren lenfoid foliküller görülmektedir. Üçüncü trimestersde kırmızı ve beyaz pulpa açıkça görülmektedir. 30. Haftadan itibaren merkezi arteriol ile iyi gelişmiş lenfoid foliküller görülmektedir. 36. Haftada merkezi arteriol, lenfoid folikülün periferinde görülmektedir. Sonuç: Dalağın normal gelişiminin anlaşılmasında, parenkimal ve vasküler bileşenlerin gelişiminin detaylı tanımlanması önemlidir.

Purpose: Spleen is concerned with phagocytosis and immune response. Microscopically the spleen has a capsule and parenchyma. The parenchymal tissue of the spleen consists of white pulp and red pulp. The present study is an attempt to reveal the detailed microscopic appearance of spleen in fetuses at various gestational ages. Material and Methods: The present study was carried out on 15 human fetuses) of known gestational age (GA) in the department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal. The sections of the spleen were stained using Hematoxylin and Eosin and were observed under light microscope. Results: The microscopic anatomy of the spleen was observed at different gestational age. At first trimester the spleen was covered with a capsule. The lymphoid aggregations were observed throughout the spleen without any well differentiated red pulp. At second trimester the lymphoid aggregations started differentiating around the central arteriole forming the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath by 20 weeks. The red pulp was distinctly observed containing the RBCs and sinusoids and the white pulp containing lymphoid follicles were observed by 23rd week. At third trimester distinct red and white pulp was observed. By 30th week well developed lymphoid follicles with central arteriole were seen. At 36 weeks the central arteriole was seen at the periphery of the lymphoid follicle. Conclusion: A detailed description of the development of parenchymal and vascular components is essential in understanding the normal development of spleen. [Cukurova Med J 2015; 40(1.000): 36-41]