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5. Acute febrile illness in Kenya: Clinical characteristics and pathogens detected among patients hospitalized with fever, 2017–2019.

Author

Verani, Jennifer R., eno, Eric Ng', Hunsperger, Elizabeth A., Munyua, Peninah, Osoro, Eric, Marwanga, Doris, Bigogo, Godfrey, Amon, Derrick, Ochieng, Melvin, Etau, Paul, Bandika, Victor, Zimbulu, Victor, Kiogora, John, Burton, John Wagacha, Okunga, Emmanuel, Samuels, Aaron M., Njenga, Kariuki, Montgomery, Joel M., and Widdowson, Marc-Alain

Abstract

Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a common reason for healthcare seeking and hospitalization in Sub-Saharan Africa and is often presumed to be malaria. However, a broad range of pathogens cause fever, and more comprehensive data on AFI etiology can improve clinical management, prevent unnecessary prescriptions, and guide public health interventions. We conducted surveillance for AFI (temperature ≥38.0°C <14 days duration) among hospitalized patients of all ages at four sites in Kenya (Nairobi, Mombasa, Kakamega, and Kakuma). For cases of undifferentiated fever (UF), defined as AFI without diarrhea (≥3 loose stools in 24 hours) or lower respiratory tract symptoms (cough/difficulty breathing plus oxygen saturation <90% or [in children <5 years] chest indrawing), we tested venous blood with real-time PCR-based TaqMan array cards (TAC) for 17 viral, 8 bacterial, and 3 protozoal fever-causing pathogens. From June 2017 to March 2019, we enrolled 3,232 AFI cases; 2,529 (78.2%) were aged <5 years. Among 3,021 with outcome data, 131 (4.3%) cases died while in hospital, including 106/2,369 (4.5%) among those <5 years. Among 1,735 (53.7%) UF cases, blood was collected from 1,340 (77.2%) of which 1,314 (98.1%) were tested by TAC; 715 (54.4%) had no pathogens detected, including 147/196 (75.0%) of those aged <12 months. The most common pathogen detected was Plasmodium, as a single pathogen in 471 (35.8%) cases and in combination with other pathogens in 38 (2.9%). HIV was detected in 51 (3.8%) UF cases tested by TAC and was most common in adults (25/236 [10.6%] ages 18–49, 4/40 [10.0%] ages ≥50 years). Chikungunya virus was found in 30 (2.3%) UF cases, detected only in the Mombasa site. Malaria prevention and control efforts are critical for reducing the burden of AFI, and improved diagnostic testing is needed to provide better insight into non-malarial causes of fever. The high case fatality of AFI underscores the need to optimize diagnosis and appropriate management of AFI to the local epidemiology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Seroconversion and seroprevalence of TORCH infections in a pregnant women cohort study, Mombasa, Kenya, 2017-2019

Author

Hunsperger, Elizabeth, primary, Osoro, Eric, additional, Munyua, Peninah, additional, Njenga, M. Kariuki, additional, Mirieri, Harriet, additional, Kikwai, Gilbert, additional, Odhiambo, Dennis, additional, Dayan, Moshe, additional, Omballa, Victor, additional, Agogo, George O., additional, Mugo, Cyrus, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, and Inwani, Irene, additional

Published
2024
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7. Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Sars-Cov-2-Confirmed Hospitalization in Six Countries and Areas in the Who European Region: Results from the First Two Years of the European Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Vaccine Effectiveness (Eurosave) Network, 2022–2023

Author

Katz, Mark A., primary, Cohuet, Sandra, additional, Bino, Silvia, additional, Tarkhan-Mouravi, Olgha, additional, Kryeziu, Besfort, additional, Otorbaeva, Dinagul, additional, Stavridis, Kristina, additional, Stosic, Maja, additional, Sulo, Jonilda, additional, Machablishvili, Ani, additional, Kalaveshi, Ariana, additional, Zhusupovna, Abdyldaeva Sayragul, additional, Kolevska, Katerina, additional, Plavsa, Dragana, additional, Hasibra, Iris, additional, Zakhashvili, Khatuna, additional, Kacaniku-Deva, Zana, additional, Zarylbekovna, Uzakbaeva Aynura, additional, Nacheska, Elizabeta, additional, Jovanovic, Verica, additional, Humphreys, James, additional, Howard, Jennifer, additional, Stolyarov, Kirill, additional, Artemchuk, Oksana, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Finci, Iris, additional, Rose, Angela MC, additional, Pebody, Richcard, additional, Presa, Iria, additional, Zardiashvili, Tamila, additional, Humolli, Isme, additional, Kasymbekova, Kaliya, additional, Kochinski, Goran, additional, and Rancic, Miljan, additional

Published
2024
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8. Mild and moderate COVID-19 during Alpha, Delta and Omikron pandemic waves in urban Maputo, Mozambique, December 2020-March 2022: a population-based surveillance study

Author

Ingelbeen, Brecht, primary, Cumbane, Victoria, additional, Mandlate, Ferao, additional, Barbe, Barbara, additional, Nhachungue, Sheila, additional, Cavele, Nilzio, additional, Manhica, Cremildo, additional, Cubai, Catildo, additional, Guenha, Neusa, additional, Lacroix, Audrey, additional, Marien, Joachim, additional, de Weggheleire, Anja, additional, van Kleef, Esther, additional, Selhorst, Philippe, additional, van der Sande, Marianne AB, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Ismael, Nalia, additional, and Macicame, Ivalda, additional

Published
2023
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11. Low-Level Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus among Camel Handlers, Kenya, 2019

Author

Munyua, Peninah M., Ngere, Isaac, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, Kochi, Adano, Amoth, Patrick, Mwasi, Lydia, Tong, Suxiang, Mwatondo, Athman, Thornburg, Natalie, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, and Njenga, M. Kariuki

Subjects
Camels -- Environmental aspects -- Health aspects, Company distribution practices, Health
Abstract

Since the first human case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in 2012, the World Health Organization has reported 2,494 infections and 858 deaths (case-fatality ratio 34.4%) [...]

Published
2021
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15. Global burden of respiratory infections associated with seasonal influenza in children under 5 years in 2018: a systematic review and modelling study

Author

Nair, Harish, Campbell, Harry, Wang, Xin, Li, You, Chung, Alexandria, Rahi, Manveer, Abbas, Qalab, Ali, Asad, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Saeed, Bushra, Soofi, Sajid B, Yousafzai, Mohammad Tahir, Zaidi, Anita K, Amu, Alberta, Awini, Elizabeth, Azziz-Baumgartner, Eduardo, Baggett, Henry C, Chaves, Sandra S, Shang, Nong, Schrag, Stephanie J, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Tempia, Stefano, Bassat, Quique, Lanaspa, Miguel, Acácio, Sozinho, Brooks, W Abdullah, Driscoll, Amanda, Knoll, Maria Deloria, O'Brien, Katherine L, Prosperi, Christine, Baqui, Abdullah H, Mullany, Luke, Byass, Peter, Cohen, Cheryl, von Gottberg, Anne, Hellferscee, Orienka, Treurnicht, Florette K, Walaza, Sibongile, Goswami, Doli, Rahman, Mustafizur, Connor, Nicholas E, El Arifeen, Shams, Echavarria, Marcela, Marcone, Débora N, Reyes, Noelia, Gutierrez, Andrea, Rodriguez, Ivan, Lopez, Olga, Ortiz, David, Gonzalez, Nathaly, Gentile, Angela, del Valle Juarez, Maria, Gordon, Aubree, Cutland, Clare, Groome, Michelle, Madhi, Shabir A, Nunes, Marta C, Nzenze, Susan, Heikkinen, Terho, Hirve, Siddhivinayak, Juvekar, Sanjay, Halasa, Natasha, Jara, Jorge H, Bernart, Chris, Katz, Mark A, Gofer, Ilan, Avni, Yonat Shemer, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Faori, Samir, Shehabi, Asem, Krishnan, Anand, Kumar, Rakesh, Amarchand, Ritvik, Contreras, Carmen L, de Leon, Oscar, Lopez, Maria R, McCracken, John P, Maldonado, Herberth, Samayoa, Antonio P, Gomez, Ana B, Lucero, Marilla G, Nillos, Leilani T, Lupisan, Socorro P, Nohynek, Hanna, Mira-Iglesias, Ainara, Puig-Barberà, Joan, Díez-Domingo, Javier, Gessner, Bradford D, Njanpop-Lafourcade, Berthe-Marie, Moïsi, Jennifer C, Tall, Haoua, Munywoki, Patrick K, Ngama, Mwanjuma, Nokes, D James, Omer, Saad B, Clark, Dayna R, Ourohiré, Millogo, Ali, Sié, Pascal, Zabré, Cheik, Bagagnan H, Caballero, Mauricio T, Libster, Romina, Polack, Fernando P, Rasmussen, Zeba A, Thomas, Elizabeth D, Baker, Julia M, Rath, Barbara A, Obermeier, Patrick E, Hassanuzzaman, MD., Islam, Maksuda, Islam, Mohammad S, Saha, Samir K, Panigrahi, Pinaki, Bose, Anuradha, Isaac, Rita, Murdoch, David, Nanda, Pritish, Qazi, Shamim A, Hessong, Danielle, Simőes, Eric AF, Sotomayor, Viviana, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Chittaganpitch, Malinee, Dawood, Halima, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Wamukoya, Marylene, Ziraba, Abdhalah K, Yoshida, Lay-Myint, Yoshihara, Keisuke, Dand, Duc-Anh, Le, Minh-Nhat, Nicol, Mark P, Zar, Heather J, Broor, Shobha, Chadha, Mandeep, Madrid, Lola, Gresh, Lionel, Balmaseda, Angel, Kuan, Guillermina, Wairagkar, Niteen, Tapia, Milagritos D, Knobler, Stacey L, Barahona, Alfredo, Ferguson, Ericka, Schweiger, Brunhilde, Abdullah Brooks, W, Fasce, Rodrigo A, and Simões, Eric AF

Published
2020
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17. Improving pandemic influenza risk assessment.

Author

Russell, Colin A, Kasson, Peter M, Donis, Ruben O, Riley, Steven, Dunbar, John, Rambaut, Andrew, Asher, Jason, Burke, Stephen, Davis, C Todd, Garten, Rebecca J, Gnanakaran, Sandrasegaram, Hay, Simon I, Herfst, Sander, Lewis, Nicola S, Lloyd-Smith, James O, Macken, Catherine A, Maurer-Stroh, Sebastian, Neuhaus, Elizabeth, Parrish, Colin R, Pepin, Kim M, Shepard, Samuel S, Smith, David L, Suarez, David L, Trock, Susan C, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, George, Dylan B, Lipsitch, Marc, and Bloom, Jesse D

Subjects
Humans, Influenza A virus, Risk Assessment, Public Health, Base Sequence, Geography, Models, Biological, Influenza, Human, Biological Evolution, Pandemics, Epidemiological Monitoring, emergence, evolutionary biology, genomics, human, infectious disease, influenza, microbiology, pandemic, viruses, Models, Biological, Influenza, Human, Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Abstract

Assessing the pandemic risk posed by specific non-human influenza A viruses is an important goal in public health research. As influenza virus genome sequencing becomes cheaper, faster, and more readily available, the ability to predict pandemic potential from sequence data could transform pandemic influenza risk assessment capabilities. However, the complexities of the relationships between virus genotype and phenotype make such predictions extremely difficult. The integration of experimental work, computational tool development, and analysis of evolutionary pathways, together with refinements to influenza surveillance, has the potential to transform our ability to assess the risks posed to humans by non-human influenza viruses and lead to improved pandemic preparedness and response.

Published
2014

18. Giardia Detection and Codetection With Other Enteric Pathogens in Young Children in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Case-Control Study: 2015–2018

Author

Marcenac, Perrine, Traoré, Awa, Kim, Sunkyung, Prentice-Mott, Graeme, Berendes, David M, Powell, Helen, Kasumba, Irene N, Nasrin, Dilruba, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, Zaman, Syed M A, Ochieng, John B, Juma, Jane, Sanogo, Doh, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Verani, Jennifer R, Liu, Jie, Houpt, Eric R, Jahangir Hossain, M, Sow, Samba O, Omore, Richard, Tennant, Sharon M, Mintz, Eric D, and Kotloff, Karen L

Subjects
Microbiology (medical), Infectious Diseases, VIDA Supplement
Abstract

Background Giardia has been associated with reduced risk of diarrhea in children in low-resource settings, but the mechanism underlying this association is unknown. To assess whether Giardia may shape colonization or infection with other enteric pathogens and impact associations with diarrhea, we examined Giardia and enteric pathogen codetection among children Methods We tested for Giardia and other enteric pathogens using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on stool, respectively. We evaluated associations between Giardia and enteric pathogen detection using multivariable logistic regression models separately for children with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD, cases) and free of diarrhea (controls). Results Among 11 039 enrolled children, Giardia detection was more common among controls (35%) than cases (28%, P < .001). Campylobacter coli/jejuni detection was associated with Giardia in controls in The Gambia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [95% confidence interval {CI}]: 1.51 [1.22‒1.86]) and cases across all sites (1.16 [1.00‒1.33]). Among controls, the odds of astrovirus (1.43 [1.05‒1.93]) and Cryptosporidium spp. (1.24 [1.06‒1.46]) detection were higher among children with Giardia. Among cases, the odds of rotavirus detection were lower in children with Giardia in Mali (.45 [.30‒.66]) and Kenya (.31 [.17‒.56]). Conclusions Giardia was prevalent in children

Published
2023

20. Identifying areas with a high risk of human infection with the avian influenza A (H7N9) virus in East Asia

Author

Fuller, Trevon, Havers, Fiona, Xu, Cuiling, Fang, Li-Qun, Cao, Wu-Chun, Shu, Yuelong, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, and Smith, Thomas B

Subjects
Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Influenza, Biodefense, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Pneumonia & Influenza, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Aetiology, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Animals, Antibodies, Viral, China, Communicable Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Disease Outbreaks, Epidemiological Monitoring, Asia, Eastern, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype, Influenza in Birds, Influenza, Human, Logistic Models, Poultry, Risk Factors, Chickens, Influenza in birds, Influenza A virus-H7N9 subtype, International health problems, Surveillance, Influenza A virus – H7N9 subtype, Influenza A virus - H7N9 subtype, Microbiology, Clinical sciences
Abstract

ObjectivesThe rapid emergence, spread, and disease severity of avian influenza A (H7N9) in China has prompted concerns about a possible pandemic and regional spread in the coming months. The objective of this study was to predict the risk of future human infections with H7N9 in China and neighboring countries by assessing the association between H7N9 cases at sentinel hospitals and putative agricultural, climatic, and demographic risk factors.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used the locations of H7N9 cases and negative cases from China's influenza-like illness surveillance network. After identifying H7N9 risk factors with logistic regression, we used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to construct predictive maps of H7N9 risk across Asia.ResultsLive bird market density was associated with human H7N9 infections reported in China from March-May 2013. Based on these cases, our model accurately predicted the virus' spread into Guangxi autonomous region in February 2014. Outside China, we find there is a high risk that the virus will spread to northern Vietnam, due to the import of poultry from China.ConclusionsOur risk map can focus efforts to improve surveillance in poultry and humans, which may facilitate early identification and treatment of human cases.

Published
2014

21. A mixed methods assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to aflatoxin contamination and exposure among caregivers of children under 5 years in western Kenya.

Author

Awuor, Abigael O, Wambura, Gati, Ngere, Isaac, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, Onyango, Clayton, Bigogo, Godfrey, Blum, Lauren S, Munyua, Peninah, Njenga, M Kariuki, and Widdowson, Marc-Alain

Subjects
AFLATOXINS, AGRICULTURE, FARM management, SUBSISTENCE farming, ECONOMIC impact, FARMERS
Abstract

Objective: Identifying factors that may influence aflatoxin exposure in children under 5 years of age living in farming households in western Kenya. Design: We used a mixed methods design. The quantitative component entailed serial cross-sectional interviews in 250 farming households to examine crop processing and conservation practices, household food storage and consumption and local understandings of aflatoxins. Qualitative data collection included focus group discussions (N 7) and key informant interviews (N 13) to explore explanations of harvesting and post-harvesting techniques and perceptions of crop spoilage. Setting: The study was carried out in Asembo, a rural community where high rates of child stunting exist. Participants: A total of 250 female primary caregivers of children under 5 years of age and thirteen experts in farming and food management participated. Results: Study results showed that from a young age, children routinely ate maize-based dishes. Economic constraints and changing environmental patterns guided the application of sub-optimal crop practices involving early harvest, poor drying, mixing spoiled with good cereals and storing cereals in polypropylene bags in confined quarters occupied by humans and livestock and raising risks of aflatoxin contamination. Most (80 %) smallholder farmers were unaware of aflatoxins and their harmful economic and health consequences. Conclusions: Young children living in subsistence farming households may be at risk of exposure to aflatoxins and consequent ill health and stunting. Sustained efforts to increase awareness of the risks of aflatoxins and control measures among subsistence farmers could help to mitigate practices that raise exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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22. Dynamic Incidence of Typhoid Fever over a 10-Year Period (2010–2019) in Kibera, an Urban Informal Settlement in Nairobi, Kenya

Author

Ng’eno, Eric, primary, Lind, Margaret, additional, Audi, Allan, additional, Ouma, Alice, additional, Oduor, Clifford, additional, Munywoki, Patrick K., additional, Agogo, George O., additional, Odongo, George, additional, Kiplangat, Samuel, additional, Wamola, Newton, additional, Osita, Mike Powel, additional, Mugoh, Robert, additional, Ochieng, Caroline, additional, Omballa, Victor, additional, Mogeni, Ondari D., additional, Mikoleit, Matthew, additional, Fields, Barry S., additional, Montgomery, Joel M., additional, Gauld, Jillian, additional, Breiman, Robert F., additional, Juma, Bonventure, additional, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Bigogo, Godfrey, additional, Mintz, Eric D., additional, and Verani, Jennifer R., additional

Published
2023
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23. Cholera Outbreak in Dadaab Refugee Camp, Kenya — November 2015–June 2016

Author

Golicha, Qabale, Shetty, Sharmila, Nasiblov, Orkhan, Hussein, Abubakar, Wainaina, Eliud, Obonyo, Mark, Macharia, Daniel, Musyoka, Raymond N., Abdille, Hussein, Ope, Maurice, Joseph, Rachael, Kabugi, Willy, Kiogora, John, Said, Munawwar, Boru, Waqo, Galgalo, Tura, Lowther, Sara A., Juma, Bonventure, Mugoh, Robert, Wamola, Newton, Onyango, Clayton, Gura, Zeinab, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, DeCock, Kevin M., and Burton, John W.

Published
2018

24. The Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola : An Evaluation of rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Vaccine Tolerability and Safety During the West Africa Ebola Outbreak

Author

STRIVE Study Team, Samai, Mohamed, Seward, Jane F., Goldstein, Susan T., Mahon, Barbara E., Lisk, Durodami Radcliffe, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Jalloh, Mohamed I., Schrag, Stephanie J., Idriss, Ayesha, Carter, Rosalind J., Dawson, Peter, Kargbo, S. A. S., Leigh, Bailah, Bawoh, Mohamed, Legardy-Williams, Jennifer, Deen, Gibrilla, Carr, Wendy, Callis, Amy, Lindblad, Robert, Russell, James B. W., Petrie, Carey R., Fombah, Augustin E., Kargbo, Brima, McDonald, Wendi, Jarrett, Olamide D., Walker, Robert E., Gargiullo, Paul, Bash-Taqi, Donald, Gibson, Laura, Fofanah, Abu Bakarr, and Schuchat, Anne

Published
2018

26. Implementing a Multisite Clinical Trial in the Midst of an Ebola Outbreak : Lessons Learned From the Sierra Leone Trial to Introduce a Vaccine Against Ebola

Author

Carter, Rosalind J., Idriss, Ayesha, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Samai, Mohamed, Schrag, Stephanie J., Legardy-Williams, Jennifer K., Estivariz, Concepcion F., Callis, Amy, Carr, Wendy, Webber, Winston, Fischer, Marc E., Hadler, Stephen, Sahr, Foday, Thompson, Melvina, Greby, Stacie M., Edem-Hotah, Joseph, Momoh, Roselyn M’baindu, McDonald, Wendi, Gee, Julianne M., Kallon, Ahamed Flagbata, Spencer-Walters, Dayo, Bresee, Joseph S., Cohn, Amanda, Hersey, Sara, Gibson, Laura, Schuchat, Anne, and Seward, Jane F.

Published
2018

32. Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Troeger, Christopher, Forouzanfar, Mohammad, Rao, Puja C, Khalil, Ibrahim, Brown, Alexandria, Reiner, Robert C, Jr, Fullman, Nancy, Thompson, Robert L, Abajobir, Amanuel, Ahmed, Muktar, Alemayohu, Mulubirhan Assefa, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Antonio, Carl Abelardo, Asayesh, Hamid, Avokpaho, Euripide, Awasthi, Ashish, Bacha, Umar, Barac, Aleksandra, Betsue, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Boneya, Dube Jara, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dubey, Manisha, Eshrati, Babak, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Hailu, Gessessew Buggsa, Horino, Masako, Hotez, Peter J, Jibat, Tariku, Jonas, Jost B, Kasaeian, Amir, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kotloff, Karen, Koyanagi, Ai, Kumar, G Anil, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Lal, Aparna, El Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd, Mengistie, Mubarek Abera, Moe, Christine, Patton, George, Platts-Mills, James A, Qorbani, Mostafa, Ram, Usha, Roba, Hirbo Shore, Sanabria, Juan, Sartorius, Benn, Sawhney, Monika, Shigematsu, Mika, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar, Swaminathan, Soumya, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Jagiellonian, Roman Topor-Madry, Ukwaja, Kingsley, Werdecker, Andrea, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Yonemoto, Naohiro, El Sayed Zaki, Maysaa, Lim, Stephen S, Naghavi, Mohsen, Vos, Theo, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher J L, and Mokdad, Ali H

Published
2017
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34. Shigella in Africa: New Insights From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study

Author

Kasumba, Irene N, primary, Badji, Henry, additional, Powell, Helen, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Jones, Jennifer, additional, Sen, Sunil, additional, Permala-Booth, Jasnehta, additional, Nasrin, Shamima, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Watson, Nora, additional, Focht, Christopher, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Houpt, Eric, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, and Tennant, Sharon M, additional

Published
2023
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35. Norovirus Disease Among Children &lt;5 Years in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Author

Omore, Richard, primary, Powell, Helen, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Ochieng, John B, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Jamka, Leslie P, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Keita, Adama Mamby, additional, Traoré, Awa, additional, Onwuchekwa, Uma, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Sarwar, Golam, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Mintz, Eric D, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Tate, Jacqueline E, additional, Parashar, Umesh D, additional, and Kotloff, Karen L, additional

Published
2023
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36. Prevalence of Salmonella in Stool During the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Author

Kasumba, Irene N, primary, Powell, Helen, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Ochieng, John Benjamin, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Sen, Sunil, additional, Nasrin, Shamima, additional, Permala-Booth, Jasnehta, additional, Jones, Jennifer A, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Awuor, Alex, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Okoi, Catherine, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, additional, Onyango, Clayton, additional, Platts-Mills, James, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Houpt, Eric, additional, Neuzil, Kathleen M, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, and Tennant, Sharon M, additional

Published
2023
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37. Exploring Survey-Based Water, Sanitation, and Animal Associations With Enteric Pathogen Carriage: Comparing Results in a Cohort of Cases With Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea to Those in Controls in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Author

Berendes, David M, primary, Omore, Richard, additional, Prentice-Mott, Graeme, additional, Fagerli, Kirsten, additional, Kim, Sunkyung, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Powell, Helen, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Ochieng, John B, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Kotloff, Karen L, additional, and Mintz, Eric D, additional

Published
2023
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38. Epidemiology of Enteroaggregative, Enteropathogenic, and Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli Among Children Aged &lt;5 Years in 3 Countries in Africa, 2015–2018: Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study

Author

Ochieng, John B, primary, Powell, Helen, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Sanogo, Doh, additional, Onwuchekwa, Uma, additional, Keita, Adama Mamby, additional, Traoré, Awa, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Liang, Yuanyuan, additional, Jamka, Leslie P, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Liu, Jie, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Mintz, Eric D, additional, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, additional, Onyango, Clayton O, additional, Strockbine, Nancy, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, and Kotloff, Karen L, additional

Published
2023
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39. Antibiotic-Prescribing Practices for Management of Childhood Diarrhea in 3 Sub-Saharan African Countries: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study, 2015–2018

Author

Awuor, Alex O, primary, Ogwel, Billy, additional, Powell, Helen, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Ochieng, John B, additional, Juma, Jane, additional, Jamka, Leslie P, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Deichsel, Emily L, additional, Onwuchekwa, Uma, additional, Keita, Adama Mamby, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Platts-Mills, James A, additional, Houpt, Eric R, additional, Berendes, David M, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Mintz, Eric D, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, and Kotloff, Karen L, additional

Published
2023
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40. Survey-Based Assessment of Water, Sanitation, and Animal-Associated Risk Factors for Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study: The Gambia, Mali, and Kenya, 2015–2018

Author

Berendes, David M, primary, Fagerli, Kirsten, additional, Kim, Sunkyung, additional, Nasrin, Dilruba, additional, Powell, Helen, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Jahangir Hossain, M, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Ochieng, John B, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Doh, Sanogo, additional, Sugerman, Ciara E, additional, Mintz, Eric D, additional, and Kotloff, Karen L, additional

Published
2023
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41. Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea and Stunting Among Children Younger Than 5 Years: Findings From the Vaccine Impact on Diarrhea in Africa (VIDA) Study

Author

Nasrin, Dilruba, primary, Liang, Yuanyuan, additional, Powell, Helen, additional, Casanova, Ines Gonzalez, additional, Sow, Samba O, additional, Hossain, M Jahangir, additional, Omore, Richard, additional, Sanogo, Doh, additional, Tamboura, Boubou, additional, Zaman, Syed M A, additional, Antonio, Martin, additional, Jones, Joquina Chiquita M, additional, Awuor, Alex O, additional, Kasumba, Irene N, additional, Ochieng, John B, additional, Badji, Henry, additional, Verani, Jennifer R, additional, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional, Roose, Anna, additional, Jamka, Leslie P, additional, Tennant, Sharon M, additional, Ramakrishnan, Usha, additional, and Kotloff, Karen L, additional

Published
2023
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42. A mixed methods assessment of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to aflatoxin contamination and exposure among caregivers of children under five years in Western Kenya

Author

Awuor, Abigael, primary, Wambura, Gati, additional, Ngere, Isaac, additional, Hunsperger, Elizabeth, additional, Onyango, Clayton, additional, Bigogo, Godfrey, additional, Blum, Lauren S., additional, Munyua, Peninah, additional, Njenga, M. Kariuki, additional, and Widdowson, Marc-Alain, additional

Published
2023
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43. Zika Virus Detection with 2013 Serosurvey, Mombasa, Kenya

Author

Hunsperger, Elizabeth, Odhiambo, Dennis, Makio, Albina, Alando, Moshe, Ochieng, Melvin, Omballa, Victor, Munyua, Peninah, Bigogo, Godfrey, Njenga, M. Kariuki, and Widdowson, Marc-Alain

Subjects
Birth defects -- Health aspects, Zika virus -- Health aspects, Infection -- Health aspects, Health
Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV), an arbovirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae, was initially isolated in 1947 from the serum of a pyrexic sentinel rhesus macaque in the canopy of the Zika [...]

Published
2020

49. Global, regional, national, and selected subnational levels of stillbirths, neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Wang, Haidong, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Coates, Matthew M, Coggeshall, Megan, Dandona, Lalit, Diallo, Khassoum, Franca, Elisabeth Barboza, Fraser, Maya, Fullman, Nancy, Gething, Peter W, Hay, Simon I, Kinfu, Yohannes, Kita, Maaya, Kulikoff, Xie Rachel, Larson, Heidi J, Liang, Juan, Liang, Xiaofeng, Lim, Stephen S, Lind, Margaret, Lopez, Alan D, Lozano, Rafael, Mensah, George A, Mikesell, Joseph B, Mokdad, Ali H, Mooney, Meghan D, Naghavi, Mohsen, Nguyen, Grant, Rakovac, Ivo, Salomon, Joshua A, Silpakit, Naris, Sligar, Amber, Sorensen, Reed J D, Vos, Theo, Zhu, Jun, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abraham, Biju, Abubakar, Ibrahim, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M E, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Achoki, Tom, Adebiyi, Akindele Olupelumi, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adelekan, Ademola Lukman, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Agarwal, Arnav, Ajala, Oluremi N, Akinyemiju, Tomi F, Akseer, Nadia, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore K M, Alasfoor, Deena, Aldridge, Robert William, Alegretti, Miguel Angel, Alemu, Zewdie Aderaw, Ali, Raghib, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Martin, Elena Alvarez, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amberbir, Alemayehu, Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Ameh, Emmanuel A, Ammar, Walid, Amrock, Stephen Marc, Andersen, Hjalte H, Anderson, Gregory M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Assadi, Reza, Atique, Suleman, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Banigbe, Bolanle F, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Bayou, Tigist Assefa, Bayou, Yibeltal Tebekaw, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Tolesa, Bell, Michelle L, Bello, Aminu K, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhatt, Samir, Biadgilign, Sibhatu, Bikbov, Boris, Birlik, Sait Mentes, Bisanzio, Donal, Bjertness, Espen, Blore, Jed D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Brainin, Michael, Brazinova, Alexandra, Breitborde, Nicholas J K, Brown, Alexandria, Buckle, Geoffrey Colin, Burch, Michael, Butt, Zahid A, Campos-Nonato, Ismael Ricardo, Campuzano, Julio Cesar, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carpenter, David O, Carrero, Juan Jesus, Carter, Austin, Casey, Daniel C, Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A, Rivas, Jacqueline Castillo, Castro, Ruben Estanislao, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cercy, Kelly, Chang, Hsing-Yi, Chang, Jung-Chen, Chibueze, Chioma Ezinne, Chisumpa, Vesper Hichilombwe, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chowdhury, Rajiv, Christopher, Devasahayam Jesudas, Ciobanu, Liliana G, Colquhoun, Samantha M, Cooper, Cyrus, Cornaby, Leslie, Damtew, Solomon Abrha, Danawi, Hadi, Dandona, Rakhi, das Neves, José, Davis, Adrian C, de Jager, Pieter, De Leo, Diego, Degenhardt, Louisa, Deribe, Kebede, Deribew, Amare, Jarlais, Don C Des, deVeber, Gabrielle A, Dharmaratne, Samath D, Dhillon, Preet K, Ding, Eric L, Doshi, Pratik Pinal, Doyle, Kerrie E, Duan, Leilei, Dubey, Manisha, Ebrahimi, Hedyeh, Ellingsen, Christian Lycke, Elyazar, Iqbal, Endries, Aman Yesuf, Ermakov, Sergey Petrovich, Eshrati, Babak, Esteghamati, Alireza, Faraon, Emerito Jose Aquino, Farid, Talha A, Farinha, Carla Sofia e Sa, Faro, André, Farvid, Maryam S, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Fernandes, Joao C, Fischer, Florian, Fitchett, Joseph R A, Foigt, Nataliya, Franklin, Richard C, Friedman, Joseph, Fürst, Thomas, Gambashidze, Ketevan, Gamkrelidze, Amiran, Ganguly, Parthasarathi, Gebre, Teshome, Gebrehiwot, Tsegaye Tewelde, Gebremedhin, Amanuel Tesfay, Gebru, Alemseged Aregay, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Gessner, Bradford D, Ginawi, Ibrahim Abdelmageem Mohamed, Giref, Ababi Zergaw, Gishu, Melkamu Dedefo, Gomez-Dantes, Hector, Gona, Philimon, Goodridge, Amador, Gopalani, Sameer Vali, Goto, Atsushi, Gouda, Hebe N, Gugnani, Harish Chander, Guo, Yuming, Gupta, Rahul, Gupta, Rajeev, Gupta, Vipin, Gyawali, Bishal, Haagsma, Juanita A, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Haile, Demewoz, Hailu, Alemayehu Desalegne, Hailu, Gessessew Bugssa, Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi, Hamidi, Samer, Hancock, Jamie, Handal, Alexis J, Hankey, Graeme J, Harb, Hilda L, Harikrishnan, Sivadasanpillai, Harun, Kimani M, Havmoeller, Rasmus, Hay, Roderick J, Heredia-Pi, Ileana Beatriz, Hoek, Hans W, Horino, Masako, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hosgood, H Dean, Hotez, Peter J, Hoy, Damian G, Hsairi, Mohamed, Hu, Guoqing, Huang, Cheng, Huang, John J, Huang, Hsiang, Huiart, Laetitia, Huynh, Chantal, Iburg, Kim Moesgaard, Idrisov, Bulat T, Innos, Kaire, Jacobsen, Kathryn H, Jahanmehr, Nader, Javanbakht, Mehdi, Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra, Jee, Sun Ha, Jeemon, Panniyammakal, Jha, Vivekanand, Jiang, Guohong, Jiang, Ying, Jibat, Tariku, Jin, Ye, Jonas, Jost B, Kabir, Zubair, Kalkonde, Yogeshwar, Kamal, Ritul, Kan, Haidong, Kang, Gagandeep, Karch, André, Karema, Corine Kakizi, Kasaeian, Amir, Kaul, Anil, Kawakami, Norito, Kayibanda, Jeanne Françoise, Kazanjan, Konstantin, Keiyoro, Peter Njenga, Kemp, Andrew Haddon, Kengne, Andre Pascal, Keren, Andre, Kereselidze, Maia, Kesavachandran, Chandrasekharan Nair, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalil, Ibrahim A, Khan, Abdur Rahman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khang, Young-Ho, Khonelidze, Irma, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Cho-il, Kim, Daniel, Kim, Yun Jin, Kissoon, Niranjan, Kivipelto, Miia, Knibbs, Luke D, Kokubo, Yoshihiro, Kosen, Soewarta, Koul, Parvaiz A, Koyanagi, Ai, Defo, Barthelemy Kuate, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kudom, Andreas A, Kumar, G Anil, Kutz, Michael J, Kyu, Hmwe H, Lal, Dharmesh Kumar, Lalloo, Ratilal, Lam, Hilton, Lam, Jennifer O, Lansingh, Van C, Larsson, Anders, Leigh, James, Leung, Ricky, Li, Yichong, Li, Yongmei, Lindsay, M Patrice, Liu, Patrick Y, Liu, Shiwei, Lloyd, Belinda K, Lo, Warren D, Logroscino, Giancarlo, Low, Nicola, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A, Ma, Stefan, Razek, Hassan Magdy Abd El, Razek, Mohammed Magdy Abd El, Mahdavi, Mahdi, Majdan, Marek, Majeed, Azeem, Malekzadeh, Reza, Mapoma, Chabila C, Marcenes, Wagner, Martinez-Raga, Jose, Marzan, Melvin Barrientos, Masiye, Felix, McGrath, John J, Meaney, Peter A, Mehari, Alem, Mehndiratta, Man Mohan, Mekonnen, Alemayehu B, Melaku, Yohannes Adama, Memiah, Peter, Memish, Ziad A, Mendoza, Walter, Meretoja, Atte, Meretoja, Tuomo J, Mhimbira, Francis Apolinary, Miller, Ted R, Mills, Edward J, Mirarefin, Mojde, Misganaw, Awoke, Mock, Charles N, Mohammad, Karzan Abdulmuhsin, Mohammadi, Alireza, Mohammed, Shafiu, Monasta, Lorenzo, Hernandez, Julio Cesar Montañez, Montico, Marcella, Moore, Ami R, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Morawska, Lidia, Mori, Rintaro, Mueller, Ulrich O, Murphy, Georgina A V, Murthy, Srinivas, Nachega, Jean B, Naheed, Aliya, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naldi, Luigi, Nand, Devina, Nangia, Vinay, Neupane, Subas, Newton, Charles R, Newton, John N, Ng, Marie, Ngalesoni, Frida Namnyak, Nguhiu, Peter, Nguyen, Quyen Le, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Pete, Patrick Martial Nkamedjie, Norheim, Ole F, Norman, Rosana E, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Oh, In-Hwan, Ojelabi, Foluke Adetola, Olivares, Pedro R, Olusanya, Bolajoko Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun, Oren, Eyal, Ota, Erika, PA, Mahesh, Park, Eun-Kee, Park, Hye-Youn, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Caicedo, Angel J Paternina, Patten, Scott B, Pedro, João Mário, Pereira, David M, Perico, Norberto, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petzold, Max, Phillips, Michael Robert, Pillay, Julian David, Pishgar, Farhad, Polinder, Suzanne, Pope, Daniel, Popova, Svetlana, Pourmalek, Farshad, Qorbani, Mostafa, Rabiee, Rynaz H S, Rafay, Anwar, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Rahman, Sajjad Ur, Rai, Rajesh Kumar, Raju, Murugesan, Ram, Usha, Rana, Saleem M, Ranabhat, Chhabi Lal, Rao, Puja, Refaat, Amany H, Remuzzi, Giuseppe, Resnikoff, Serge, Reynolds, Alex, Rojas-Rueda, David, Ronfani, Luca, Roshandel, Gholamreza, Roth, Gregory A, Roy, Ambuj, Ruhago, George Mugambage, Sagar, Rajesh, Saleh, Muhammad Muhammad, Sanabria, Juan R, Sanchez-Niño, Maria Dolores, Santos, Itamar S, Santos, João Vasco, Sarmiento-Suarez, Rodrigo, Sartorius, Benn, Satpathy, Maheswar, Savic, Miloje, Sawhney, Monika, Schneider, Ione J C, Schöttker, Ben, Schwebel, David C, Seedat, Soraya, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Servan-Mori, Edson E, Setegn, Tesfaye, Shahraz, Saeid, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shakh-Nazarova, Marina, Sharma, Rajesh, She, Jun, Sheikhbahaei, Sara, Shen, Jiabin, Sheth, Kevin N, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Hwashin Hyun, Shin, Min-Jeong, Shiri, Rahman, Shuie, Ivy, Sigfusdottir, Inga Dora, Silva, Diego Augusto Santos, Silverberg, Jonathan, Simard, Edgar P, Sindi, Shireen, Singh, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singh, Om Prakash, Singh, Prashant Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Soriano, Joan B, Soshnikov, Sergey, Sposato, Luciano A, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stathopoulou, Vasiliki, Steel, Nicholas, Stroumpoulis, Konstantinos, Sturua, Lela, Sunguya, Bruno F, Swaminathan, Soumya, Sykes, Bryan L, Szoeke, Cassandra E I, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Taye, Bineyam, Tedla, Bemnet Amare, Tefera, Worku Mekonnen, Tekle, Tesfaye, Shifa, Girma Temam, Terkawi, Abdullah Sulieman, Tesfay, Fisaha Haile, Tessema, Gizachew Assefa, Thapa, Kiran, Thomson, Alan J, Thorne-Lyman, Andrew L, Tobe-Gai, Ruoyan, Tonelli, Marcello, Topor-Madry, Roman, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Troeger, Christopher, Truelsen, Thomas, Dimbuene, Zacharie Tsala, Tura, Abera Kenay, Tyrovolas, Stefanos, Ukwaja, Kingsley N, Uneke, Chigozie Jesse, Uthman, Olalekan A, Vaezghasemi, Masoud, Vasankari, Tommi, Vasconcelos, Ana Maria Nogales, Venketasubramanian, Narayanaswamy, Verma, Raj Kumar, Violante, Francesco S, Vladimirov, Sergey K, Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vollset, Stein Emil, Wang, Linhong, Wang, Yanping, Weichenthal, Scott, Weiderpass, Elisabete, Weintraub, Robert G, Weiss, Daniel J, Werdecker, Andrea, Westerman, Ronny, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, Wijeratne, Tissa, Williams, Thomas Neil, Wiysonge, Charles Shey, Wolfe, Charles D A, Wolfe, Ingrid, Won, Sungho, Wubshet, Mamo, Xiao, Qingyang, Xu, Gelin, Yadav, Ajit Kumar, Yakob, Bereket, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaseri, Mehdi, Ye, Pengpeng, Yebyo, Henock Gebremedhin, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yoon, Seok-Jun, Younis, Mustafa Z, Yu, Chuanhua, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zaki, Maysaa El Sayed, Zeeb, Hajo, Zhang, Hao, Zhao, Yong, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zhou, Maigeng, Zodpey, Sanjay, and Murray, Christopher J L

Published
2016
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50. Efficacy of live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines among children in rural India: A 2-year, randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Author

Krishnan, Anand, Dar, Lalit, Saha, Siddhartha, Narayan, Venkatesh Vinayak, Kumar, Rakesh, Kumar, Ramesh, Amarchand, Ritvik, Dhakad, Shivram, Chokker, Reshmi, Choudekar, Avinash, Gopal, Giridara, Choudhary, Aashish, Potdar, Varsha, Chadha, Mandeep, Lafond, Kathryn E., Lindstrom, Stephen, Widdowson, Marc-Alain, and Jain, Seema

Subjects
Rural children -- Health aspects, Influenza vaccines -- Testing -- Patient outcomes, Influenza -- Prevention, Pediatric research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background Influenza is a cause of febrile acute respiratory infection (FARI) in India; however, few influenza vaccine trials have been conducted in India. We assessed absolute and relative efficacy of live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) among children aged 2 to 10 years in rural India through a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted over 2 years. Methods and findings In June 2015, children were randomly allocated to LAIV, IIV, intranasal placebo, or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) in a 2:2:1:1 ratio. In June 2016, vaccination was repeated per original allocation. Overall, 3,041 children received LAIV (n = 1,015), IIV (n = 1,010), nasal placebo (n = 507), or IPV (n = 509). Mean age of children was 6.5 years with 20% aged 9 to 10 years. Through weekly home visits, nasal and throat swabs were collected from children with FARI and tested for influenza virus by polymerase chain reaction. The primary outcome was laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated FARI; vaccine efficacy (VE) was calculated using modified intention-to-treat (mITT) analysis by Cox proportional hazards model (PH) for each year. In Year 1, VE was 40.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 25.2 to 51.9) for LAIV and 59.0% (95% CI 47.8 to 67.9) for IIV compared with controls; relative efficacy of LAIV compared with IIV was -46.2% (95% CI -88.9 to -13.1). In Year 2, VE was 51.9% (95% CI 42.0 to 60.1) for LAIV and 49.9% (95% CI 39.2 to 58.7) for IIV; relative efficacy of LAIV compared with IIV was 4.2% (95% CI -19.9 to 23.5). No serious adverse vaccine-attributable events were reported. Study limitations include differing dosage requirements for children between nasal and injectable vaccines (single dose of LAIV versus 2 doses of IIV) in Year 1 and the fact that immunogenicity studies were not conducted. Conclusions In this study, we found that LAIV and IIV vaccines were safe and moderately efficacious against influenza virus infection among Indian children. Trial registration Clinical Trials Registry of India CTRI/2015/06/005902., Author(s): Anand Krishnan 1,*, Lalit Dar 2, Siddhartha Saha 3, Venkatesh Vinayak Narayan 3, Rakesh Kumar 1, Ramesh Kumar 2, Ritvik Amarchand 1, Shivram Dhakad 2, Reshmi Chokker 1, Avinash [...]

Published
2021
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