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One way to support the achievement of food self-sufficiency is to utilize the potential of existing domestic resources, for example, by using apple pomace as a raw material for pectin production. Imports meet the need for pectin due to Indonesia's absence of a pectin processing industry. So far, apple pomace has only been used as animal feed and biofuel, whereas in apple pomace, there are still many pectins that can replace the role of gelatin in the food industry. Pectin is a complex polysaccharide that composes plant cell walls, usually found in the middle lamella and the primary cell wall, which is bound to cellulose and hemicellulose. This study extracted pectin using live cells of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei through solid-state fermentation. The combination of the two microbes produces cellulase enzymes with the best composition. Ultrasound pretreatment was used to optimize the enzyme's penetration into the apple pomace's cell wall. This study was designed using one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) optimization with three factors: the concentration of addition of molasses (0%, 6%, and 18%), the ratio of spores (1:1, 5:1, and 1:5), and the delay time of inoculation (0, 1, 2, and 3 days). The addition of 6% molasses concentration, spore ratio of T. reesei: A. niger of 5:1, two days delay time inoculation, and six-day fermentation obtained the optimum result in terms of the galacturonic acid content and yield, 43.38±0.29% and 14.52±0.48%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) pericarp was extracted to obtain the best antioxidant activity extract using the MAE method. The results obtained were extracts with a yield value of 14.306 % w/w dried mangosteen pericarp powder could scavenge the activity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) until 61.758 % for 20µg/ml extract. The extract was obtained using 95 % ethanol as the solvent and a solid-solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v), an operating temperature of 70 °C, a power of 450 W, and an irradiation time of 6 min. The effect of using single-layer and double-layer solvents was also studied. Ethanol (EtOH), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) were used as single layer solvents. Meanwhile, a double-layer system was created by mixing water and EtOAc, and the effect of adding EtOH or IPA to the double-layer system was investigated. Double-layer solvents produce extracts that are in bottom and top layers. At an operating temperature 60 °C, solid-solvent ratio of 1:10 (w/v), a power of 450 W, and a radiation time of 6 min, the best extract was obtained from the bottom layer solvent of EtOH:EtOAc:water 1:2:2 (v/v/v) with a yield value of 14.670 % and % DPPH inhibition was 57.437 for a concentration of 20 µg/ml extract. Meanwhile, under these working conditions, the extract from EtOH solvent was only 53.729 and pure α-mangostin was only 24.737 scavenging the DPPH activity for a concentration of 20 µg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) is an abundant waste from palm oil refinery. Its high lignocellulose content can be utilized as raw material of Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol (ABE). However, lignin content become a hindrance in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation process. Alkaline Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP) Pre-treatment was employed in this study to remove the lignin since it has high selectivity. The optimum operating condition (EFP and AHP ratio, temperature, and time) was also studied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The lignin removal was significantly influenced by the operating condition based on Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) (P≤0.05). The highest removal of lignin (91.6%) was obtained at 54,56 °C, 20% ratio of EFB in AHP and 6 hour. The highest 97.75% of lignin removal was attained from developed model at 43.57 °C, 30.86% ratio and 6.75 hour. To get the maximum lignin removal results, it takes a longer reaction time with a higher EFB ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many cocoa pulp wastes in Indonesia; unfortunately, still a few of them has been utilized. Cocoa pulp contains high enough of cellulose and hemicellulose that able to be converted to reducing sugar with hydrolysis process. However, it also has an immense lignin content that inhibits the enzymatic hydrolysis process. How to reduce lignin contents will be studied in this research by comparing pretreatments using NaOH solution and using NaOH-H2O2 mixture solution. Lignin, hemicellulose, and pectin contents were analyzed by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and gravimetric method was used to analyze cellulose contents. Morphology, and crystallinity index (CrI) were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and X-ray Diffraction Pattern (XRD), respectively. The experimental results showed that pretreatment with NaOH-H2O2 was the best method with a decrease in lignin content up to 85.67%. This result is supported by SEM results showing that with the pretreatment, the previously smooth surface of cocoa pulp becomes rough surface and many void/cracks. XRD results show that the CrI of cocoa pulp waste decrease after being chemically pretreatments, especially in NaOH-H2O2 pretreatments. COD removal with NaOH-H2O2 is the highest than others. Total Solid (TS) and Volatile Solid (VS) decrease with the increasing of fermentation time. Contribution of acetic acid in Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA) total is higher than others and achieved maximum value after 15 days and decrease rapidly after 20 days and being constant after 25 days of fermentation. This result agrees with biogas production and resulting methane with concentration of 66.07% and yield of 0.734 m3 CH4/kg VS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactic acid is a raw material for Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) as a biodegradable polymer. One of the lignocellulosic biomass which has the potential as a feedstock to produce lactic acid is sugar palm starch waste (SPSW). This study purposes to investigate the effects of temperature and neutralizing agent on lactic acid production. SPSW has high cellulose content (40.10%) and lignin (27.24%). The presence of lignin content can inhibit the process of cellulose hydrolysis into reducing sugar. Therefore, the pretreatment process is necessary to remove lignin—the acid-organosolv pretreatment using H2SO4 0.2 M and 30% ethanol with 3% NaOH as a catalyst can reduce lignin content to 27%. Subsequently, The hydrolysis process using the cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma reseei for 24 h at 60 °C and 125 rpm. The concentration of reducing sugar (5.3144 g/L) was analyzed using the DNS method. Afterward, the aerobic fermentation process has carried out using Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus arrhizus with various temperatures (30, 34, 38, and 42 °C) and CaCO3 concentrations as neutralizing agents (0.6 and 0.8 (w/v)). The highest lactic acid concentration was obtained after incubation during 48 h at 30 °C; 150 rpm with CaCO3 concentration 0.8 g/L is 2.1751 g/L for Rhizopus oryzae and 2.7062 g/L for Rhizopus arrhizus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]