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Collaboration between organisations plays an increasingly fundamental role in a growing number of sectors, including Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS), and has given rise to the Collaborative Business Model (CBM). A review of literature on CBMs provides an overview of CBM interpretations, and finds that tensions between collaboration and competition, and those related to the commons, are major emerging tensions. A further review of MaaS business model literature, and a case study of 3 platforms attempting to deliver bikeshare-inclusive MaaS, focuses on these tensions. The means by which commons resources are made available to MaaS CBMs is found to be a significant determinant of how far these CBMs depart from conventional business model logic and morphology, in part because they determine the leverage that city governments can bring to bear on MaaS CBMs.

Energy communities are increasingly experimenting with ICT systems to explore alternative ways to generate, manage, and distribute electricity. Although such socio-technical experiments are considered important drivers of transitions, many remain rather isolated events and fail to contribute to socio-technical transformation. In transitions literature, replication of experiments is considered crucial for increasing their impact, however an in-depth understanding of replication is missing. Previous studies furthermore stressed that when investigating or supporting upscaling of community-driven experiments one needs to be sensitive to their distinctive grassroots nature. This paper adopted an action research approach to explore together with Dutch and Flemish energy communities what replication of cVPP means and how it can be achieved. It shows that replication is considered as an iterative and multi-dimensional process that includes collective exploration of meanings, expansion of necessary resources and competencies, and implementation of technologies. Two different replication strategies were articulated: replication through aggregation and facilitation.

This Deliverable gives an overview of the interactive sessions organised with Dutch, Flemish and Irish Replication communities. A series of competitions has been organised to select the Replication communities that have the best bottom-up proposals for developing their own Community-based Virtual Power Plant (cVPP) (see Deliverable 3.2.2 for more information). These communities were supported during community meetings organised by the Replication Partners (see Deliverable 3.2.1).

The development and diffusion of offshore wind energy technology is important for European energy policy. However, the large potential does not automatically lead to a large share in future energy systems; neither does an emergent stage of technological development automatically lead to success for companies and the related economic growth and growth in employment. Recent insights in innovation studies suggest that the success chances of technological innovations are, to a large extent, determined by how the surrounding system (the innovation system) is built up and how it functions. Many innovation systems are characterized by flaws that hamper the development and diffusion of innovations. These flaws are often labelled as system problems or system challenges. Intelligent innovation policy therefore evaluates how innovation systems are functioning, tries to create insight into the systems’ challenges and develops policies accordingly. This report assesses the European offshore wind innovation system based on insights from four countries: Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands and Germany. We use the Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach to analyse the state and functioning of the system at the end of 2011. Based on the analysis we identify four types of systemic challenges: (i) actor-related such as deficiency of engineers; (ii) institutional, e.g. non-aligned national regulatory frameworks; (iii) interaction-related like poor transferability of scientific knowledge to specific contexts of application and; (iv) infrastructural such as poor grid infrastructure. We suggest the challenges require a systemic, coordinated policy effort at a European level if the system is expected to contribute to the goals of climate change reduction and stimulation of green growth., JRC.F.6-Energy systems evaluation

Russia occupies a key position in European climate policy. Cooperation with Russia offers two policy options to the West European industrialised states which are required, under the terms of the Kyoto Protocol, to reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. Natural gas imported from Russia could be used to replace coal, which produces higher CO2 emissions. In addition, the EU could buy up the considerable tradeable emission rights allotted to Russia and Ukraine in the negotiations on an international climate convention. If the EU states choose to take up these options, however, they will find themselves in a situation of dual carbon dependence which has considerable potential for conflict.