47 results on '"Wignall, F S"'
Search Results
2. Lights, camera...research! Short film and social media to recruit to HIV research in Indonesia.
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Gedela, K., Luis, H., Loverian, R. F., Maharani, S., Rajus, N., Wignall, F. S., Garner, A., Sukmaningrum, E., McOwan, A., Nwokolo, N., Whitlock, G., and Irwanto, I.
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- 2022
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3. Increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin and other antibiotics in Neisseria gonorrhoeae from East Java and Papua, Indonesia, in 2004 – implications for treatment
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Sutrisna, A, Soebjakto, O, Wignall, F S, Kaul, S, Limnios, E A, Ray, S, Nguyen, N-L, and Tapsall, J W
- Published
- 2006
4. Treatment of tinea imbricata: a randomized clinical trial using griseofulvin, terbinafine, itraconazole and fluconazole
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WINGFIELD, A. B., FERNANDEZ-OBREGON, A. C., WIGNALL, F. S., and GREER, D. L.
- Published
- 2004
5. IMMUNE RESPONSE AND COST ANALYSIS OF INTRADERMAL RABIES VACCINATION FOR POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS REGIMEN IN HUMAN
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Budayanti, N. S., primary, Susilawati, N. M., additional, Darwinata, A. E., additional, Dwija, I. B. P., additional, Fatmawati, N. D., additional, Wirasandhi, K., additional, Subrata, K., additional, Susilarini, N. K., additional, Wignall, F. S., additional, Sudewi, A. A. R., additional, and Mahardika, And G. N. K., additional
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- 2014
- Full Text
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6. Phylogenetic analysis and victim contact tracing of rabies virus from humans and dogs in Bali, Indonesia
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MAHARDIKA, G. N. K., primary, DIBIA, N., additional, BUDAYANTI, N. S., additional, SUSILAWATHI, N. M., additional, SUBRATA, K., additional, DARWINATA, A. E., additional, WIGNALL, F. S., additional, RICHT, J. A., additional, VALDIVIA-GRANDA, W. A., additional, and SUDEWI, A. A. R., additional
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- 2013
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7. Counterpoint: Responding to Suppositions and Misunderstandings
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Gray, G. C., primary, Knoke, J. D., additional, Berg, S. W., additional, Wignall, F. S., additional, and Barrett-Connor, E., additional
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- 1998
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8. Epidemic and Sporadic Hepatitis E Virus Transmission in West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia
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Corwin, A., primary, Tan, R., additional, Suparmanto, S., additional, Warner, G., additional, Putri, M. P., additional, Hyams, K. C., additional, Graham, R., additional, Winarno, J., additional, Laras, K., additional, Lubis, I., additional, Master, J., additional, Sumardiati, A., additional, and Wignall, F. S., additional
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- 1997
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9. Systemic Reactions in U.S. Marine Corps Personnel Who Received Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine
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Berg, S. W., primary, Mitchell, R. S., additional, Hanson, R. K., additional, Olafson, R. P., additional, Williams, R. P., additional, Tueller, J. E., additional, Burton, R. J., additional, Novak, D. M., additional, Tsai, T. F., additional, and Wignall, F. S., additional
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- 1997
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10. Treatment of Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium vivax with Chloroquine and Primaquine or Halofantrine
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Baird, J. K., primary, Basri, H., additional, Subianto, B., additional, Fryauff, D. J., additional, McElroy, P. D., additional, Leksana, B., additional, Richie, T. L., additional, Masbar, S., additional, Wignall, F. S., additional, and Hoffman, S. L., additional
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- 1995
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11. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America.
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Casey, J L, primary, Brown, T L, additional, Colan, E J, additional, Wignall, F S, additional, and Gerin, J L, additional
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- 1993
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12. Antibiotic susceptibility survey of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Thailand
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Clendennen, T E, primary, Echeverria, P, additional, Saengeur, S, additional, Kees, E S, additional, Boslego, J W, additional, and Wignall, F S, additional
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- 1992
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13. In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the Philippines
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Clendennen, T E, primary, Hames, C S, additional, Kees, E S, additional, Price, F C, additional, Rueppel, W J, additional, Andrada, A B, additional, Espinosa, G E, additional, Kabrerra, G, additional, and Wignall, F S, additional
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- 1992
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14. Hepatitis B in a Highly Active Prostitute Population: Evidence for a Low Risk of Chronic Antigenemia
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Hyams, K. C., primary, Phillips, I. A., additional, Tejada, A., additional, Li, O., additional, Hermoza, P., additional, Lopez, F., additional, Alva, P., additional, Chauca, G., additional, Sanchez, S., additional, and Wignall, F. S., additional
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- 1990
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15. Efficacy and toxicity of sodium stibogluconate for mucosal leishmaniasis.
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Franke, Eileen D., Wignall, F. Stephen, Cruz, Maria E., Rosales, Ernesto, Tovar, Adolfo A., Lucas, Carmen M., Llanos-Cuentas, Alejandro, Berman, Jonathan D., Franke, E D, Wignall, F S, Cruz, M E, Rosales, E, Tovar, A A, Lucas, C M, Llanos-Cuentas, A, and Berman, J D
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LEISHMANIASIS ,PROTOZOAN diseases - Abstract
Objective: To determine the efficacy and toxicity of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommended treatment for mucosal leishmaniasis: antimony, 20 mg/kg body weight per day for 28 days.Design: Open trial with 12-month follow-up.Setting: Inpatient unit of a regional referral hospital in a developing country.Patients: Twenty-nine consecutive eligible patients with culture-confirmed infection of the mucosa with Leishmania species who were otherwise healthy. Eight patients (28%) had mild to moderate disease (confined to the nasal mucosa). Twenty-one patients (72%) had severe disease (including the oropharynx as well as the nasal mucosa).Intervention: Antimony, 20 mg/kg body weight intravenously every day for 28 days. Patients received antimony in the form of sodium stibogluconate.Measurements and Main Results: Initial results of therapy were as follows: 63 of 72 lesions (88%) healed or markedly improved; all lesions were culture-negative for parasites; and 18 of 29 patients (62%) showed complete clinical and parasitologic cure of all lesions. By the 12-month follow-up examinations, however, 37 lesions had recurred, 8 new lesions had appeared, and only 8 patients (30%) showed clinical cure of all lesions. Of the 8 patients with mild to moderate disease, 6 were cured compared with only 2 of the 21 patients with severe disease. Side effects of this treatment regimen included T-wave inversion on electrocardiogram (4 patients), abnormal liver function tests (10 patients), and musculoskeletal pain (24 patients). No side effects occurred during week 1 of therapy.Conclusions: The only recommended treatment for mucosal leishmaniasis is ineffective in patients with severe disease. The acceptable toxicity of the regimen suggests that longer courses of therapy with antimony, or that trials with other antileishmanial agents alone or combined with antimony be evaluated as initial therapy for this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 1990
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16. Asymptomatic sexually transmitted disease prevalence in four military populations: application of DNA amplification assays for Chlamydia and gonorrhea screening.
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Brodine SK, Shafer M, Shaffer RA, Boyer CB, Putnam SD, Wignall FS, Thomas RJ, Bales B, Schachter J, Brodine, S K, Shafer, M A, Shaffer, R A, Boyer, C B, Putnam, S D, Wignall, F S, Thomas, R J, Bales, B, and Schachter, J
- Abstract
The prevalence of asymptomatic chlamydial and gonococcal infections in male and female military populations was determined using urine-based ligase chain reaction DNA amplification assays (DAAs). Cross-sectional surveys in four military settings revealed an overall prevalence of asymptomatic chlamydial infection of 4.2% (56/1338). This included 3.4% (21/618) of Western Pacific shipboard US Marine Corps enlisted men; 5.2% (21/406) of male marines shore-based in Okinawa, Japan; 2.7% (5/183) of female enlisted US Navy subtender personnel in dry dock; and 6.9% (9/131) of shore-based female naval personnel in San Diego. No gonococcal infections were detected. All subjects were treated within 2 weeks of screening; none of them had progressed to symptomatic disease. General population-based screening for asymptomatic sexually transmitted diseases, and in particular chlamydial infection, can be successfully implemented using urine-based DAA tests. Benefits are maximized in a population in which compliance for follow-up therapy is high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1998
17. Heterosexual transmission of viral hepatitis and cytomegalovirus infection among United States military personnel stationed in the western Pacific.
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Hyams, Kenneth C., Krogwold, Roger A., Brock, Samuel, Wignall, F. Stephen, Cross, Eleanor, Hayes, Curtis, Hyams, K C, Krogwold, R A, Brock, S, Wignall, F S, Cross, E, and Hayes, C
- Published
- 1993
18. Immune response against the exp-1 protein of Plasmodium falciparum results in antibodies that cross-react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 proteins.
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Porter, K R, Aguiar, J, Richards, A, Sandjaya, B, Ignatias, H, Hadiputranto, H, Ridley, R G, Takacs, B, Wignall, F S, Hoffman, S L, and Hayes, C G
- Abstract
To examine the role of the Plasmodium falciparum Exp-1 blood-stage protein in producing antibodies that cross-react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proteins, we studied sera from Indonesian volunteers who seroconverted to malaria after transmigrating to an area where malaria is hyperendemic. Samples from Philippine volunteers, that were used in a prior study that examined malaria antibodies that cross-react with HTLV-I proteins, were also used. Eighty-three percent of the Indonesian transmigrants developed antibodies against the malaria Exp-1 protein by 6 months postmigration. Of these malaria seroconverters, 27% developed false-positive HTLV-I enzyme immunoassay (EIA) immunoreactivity, as indicated by indeterminate HTLV-I Western blot banding patterns. Five of the six Philippine samples tested were HTLV-I EIA false positive and Western blot indeterminate. When a recombinant Exp-1 protein was used in blocking experiments, the HTLV-I Western blot immunoreactivity of sera from both groups was either completely eliminated or greatly reduced. No effect on the Western blot immunoreactivity of truly HTLV-I-positive sera was seen. To determine if immunization with the recombinant Exp-1 protein could elicit the production of HTLV-I antibodies, six mice were inoculated with the recombinant protein. Following administration of three 50-microgram doses of the protein, four of the six mice developed antibodies that cross-reacted with HTLV-I proteins on Western blot. These results indicate that the immune response against the malaria Exp-1 protein may result in HTLV-I-cross-reacting antibodies that can lead to false-positive EIA and indeterminant Western blotting results.
- Published
- 1998
19. One gram of cefoxitin cures uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis caused by penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG).
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Sanchez, Phillip L., Wignall, F. Steven, Zajdowicz, Thaddeus R., Kerbs, Sharon, Berg, S. William, Harrison, William O., Sanchez, P L, Wignall, F S, Zajdowicz, T R, Kerbs, S, Berg, S W, and Harrison, W O
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- 1983
20. Specificity of Antibodies from Patients with Pinta for Antigens of Treponema pallidum Subspecies pallidum
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Fohn, M. J., primary, Wignall, F. S., additional, Baker-Zander, S. A., additional, and Lukehart, S. A., additional
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- 1988
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21. Importation of multiple HIV type 1 strains into West Papua, Indonesia (Irian Jaya).
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Foley B, Donegan E, Silitonga N, Wignall FS, Busch MP, and Delwart EL
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- Adolescent, Adult, DNA, Viral analysis, DNA, Viral genetics, Female, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV-1 genetics, Heteroduplex Analysis, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Male, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Genetic Variation, HIV Infections transmission, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 classification
- Abstract
HIV-1 from 16 sexually transmitted disease clinic patients in Timika, West Papua, Indonesia was amplified by RT-PCR and subtyped by a combination of envelope and gag region heteroduplex mobility analysis (HMA) and direct PCR DNA sequencing. HMA showed the presence of 14 subtype E (CRF01_AE) and 2 subtype B HIV-1. Phylogenetic analysis of a 540-bp V3-V4 region of gp120 showed that 9 of 10 CRF01_AE variants clustered tightly with a median distance of 1.3% (range, 0.5 to 2.2%) whereas 1 CRF01_AE variant diverged significantly from the others (median distance, 10.7%; range, 10.1 to 11.8%). One subtype B virus envelope was typical of United States/European strains whereas the other appeared to be related to Thai subtype B' variants. These results reflect the independent introduction of multiple HIV-1 strains into West Papua, with the rapid spread in the majority of infected patients tested of a single strain of HIV-1E (CRF01_AE).
- Published
- 2001
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22. Immune response against the exp-1 protein of Plasmodium falciparum results in antibodies that cross-react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 proteins.
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Porter KR, Aguiar J, Richards A, Sandjaya B, Ignatias H, Hadiputranto H, Ridley RG, Takacs B, Wignall FS, Hoffman SL, and Hayes CG
- Subjects
- Animals, Antibodies, Protozoan blood, Antibodies, Viral blood, Antibodies, Viral immunology, Blotting, Western, HTLV-I Antibodies blood, Humans, Immunoenzyme Techniques, Indonesia, Mice, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins immunology, Antibodies, Protozoan immunology, Antigens, Protozoan immunology, Cross Reactions immunology, HTLV-I Antigens immunology, Plasmodium falciparum immunology, Protozoan Proteins immunology, Viral Proteins immunology
- Abstract
To examine the role of the Plasmodium falciparum Exp-1 blood-stage protein in producing antibodies that cross-react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proteins, we studied sera from Indonesian volunteers who seroconverted to malaria after transmigrating to an area where malaria is hyperendemic. Samples from Philippine volunteers, that were used in a prior study that examined malaria antibodies that cross-react with HTLV-I proteins, were also used. Eighty-three percent of the Indonesian transmigrants developed antibodies against the malaria Exp-1 protein by 6 months postmigration. Of these malaria seroconverters, 27% developed false-positive HTLV-I enzyme immunoassay (EIA) immunoreactivity, as indicated by indeterminate HTLV-I Western blot banding patterns. Five of the six Philippine samples tested were HTLV-I EIA false positive and Western blot indeterminate. When a recombinant Exp-1 protein was used in blocking experiments, the HTLV-I Western blot immunoreactivity of sera from both groups was either completely eliminated or greatly reduced. No effect on the Western blot immunoreactivity of truly HTLV-I-positive sera was seen. To determine if immunization with the recombinant Exp-1 protein could elicit the production of HTLV-I antibodies, six mice were inoculated with the recombinant protein. Following administration of three 50-microgram doses of the protein, four of the six mice developed antibodies that cross-reacted with HTLV-I proteins on Western blot. These results indicate that the immune response against the malaria Exp-1 protein may result in HTLV-I-cross-reacting antibodies that can lead to false-positive EIA and indeterminant Western blotting results.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. An outbreak of El Tor cholera associated with a tribal funeral in Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
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Korthuis PT, Jones TR, Lesmana M, Clark SM, Okoseray M, Ingkokusumo G, and Wignall FS
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- Cholera etiology, Cholera microbiology, Cholera mortality, Endemic Diseases, Epidemiologic Methods, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Indonesia epidemiology, Risk Factors, Seasons, Serotyping, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vibrio cholerae classification, Cholera epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Funeral Rites, Vibrio cholerae isolation & purification
- Abstract
An outbreak of El Tor biotype cholera occurring in a rural village in Irian Jaya, Indonesia was evaluated for risk factors associated with death from cholera. Among those dying in the village during the epidemic, a significant association between membership in one of the five tribal groups in the village complex was associated with an elevated risk of suffering a cholera death (odds ratio = 5.9). Interviews with members of the decedents' families revealed a very strong association (odds ratio = 11.6) between risk of cholera death and having attended the two day funeral of a woman who died of a cholera-like illness a few days prior to an outbreak of cholera-like diarrheal disease in the village complex. Recent flooding may have contributed to the creation of an environment conducive to cholera transmission.
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- 1998
24. Identification of Gulf War syndrome: methodological issues and medical illnesses.
- Author
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Hyams KC and Wignall FS
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- Humans, Persian Gulf Syndrome
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- 1997
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25. Mefloquine compared with doxycycline for the prophylaxis of malaria in Indonesian soldiers. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
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Ohrt C, Richie TL, Widjaja H, Shanks GD, Fitriadi J, Fryauff DJ, Handschin J, Tang D, Sandjaja B, Tjitra E, Hadiarso L, Watt G, and Wignall FS
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- Adult, Antimalarials administration & dosage, Antimalarials adverse effects, Double-Blind Method, Doxycycline administration & dosage, Doxycycline adverse effects, Drug Packaging, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Indonesia, Male, Mefloquine administration & dosage, Mefloquine adverse effects, Patient Compliance, Placebos, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Doxycycline therapeutic use, Malaria prevention & control, Mefloquine therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: Mefloquine and doxycycline are the two drugs recommended for prophylaxis of malaria for visitors to areas where Plasmodium falciparum is resistant to chloroquine., Objective: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of mefloquine with those of doxycycline as prophylaxis for malaria., Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled field trial of chemoprophylaxis of malaria., Setting: Northeastern Irian Jaya, Indonesia., Participants: 204 Indonesian soldiers., Intervention: After radical curative treatment, participants were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg of doxycycline per day and mefloquine placebo; 250 mg of mefloquine per week (preceded by a loading dose of 250 mg/d for 3 days) and doxycycline placebo; or placebos for both drugs. Prophylaxis lasted approximately 13 weeks., Measurements: The primary end point for efficacy was the first occurrence of malaria, as documented by a positive malaria smear. Malaria smears were obtained weekly and when patients had symptoms suggesting malaria. Reported symptoms were recorded daily, and an exit study questionnaire was conducted., Results: In the placebo group, 53 of 69 soldiers developed malaria (9.1 person-years), resulting in an attack rate of 5.8 cases per person-year (95% CI, 4.3 to 7.7 cases per person-year). Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 57% of cases, and P. vivax accounted for 43% of cases. No malaria occurred in the 68 soldiers (16.9 person-years) in the mefloquine group; thus, the protective efficacy of mefloquine was 100% (CI, 96% to 100%). In the doxycycline group, P. falciparum malaria occurred in 1 of 67 soldiers (16.0 person-years), yielding a protective efficacy of 99% (CI, 94% to 100%). Both drugs were very well tolerated., Conclusions: Mefloquine and doxycycline were both highly efficacious and well tolerated as prophylaxis of malaria in Indonesian soldiers.
- Published
- 1997
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26. Diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax: timing of recurrence and whole blood chloroquine levels.
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Baird JK, Leksana B, Masbar S, Fryauff DJ, Sutanihardja MA, Suradi, Wignall FS, and Hoffman SL
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- Animals, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Chloroquine analogs & derivatives, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Female, Humans, Malaria, Vivax blood, Male, Recurrence, Antimalarials blood, Chloroquine blood, Malaria, Vivax drug therapy, Plasmodium vivax drug effects
- Abstract
To develop criteria for the diagnosis of resistance to chloroquine using an in vivo test, we examined published records of early clinical trials of quinine and chloroquine against Plasmodium vivax. These data established the timing of relapse by tropical P. vivax relative to therapy by these drugs. The first relapse occurred 17 days after initiating and three days after terminating quinine therapy. The median day of relapse was day 23, and 59% of the patients had relapsed by day 30 (n = 333). In contrast, no relapse occurred until day 36 following chloroquine treatment (n = 256). Data from our laboratory may help explain this difference; among 91 Indonesian patients with malaria, the mean whole blood levels of chloroquine (CQ) and desethylchloroquine (DCQ) were 141 ng/ml (95% confidence interval = 115-167) on day 28 after initiating standard therapy (25 mg base/kg in three doses over a 48-hr period). This exceeds the estimated minimal effective concentration of chloroquine (100 ng/ml of whole blood). Thus, chloroquine lingering in the blood for at least 28 days after starting standard therapy was sufficient to eliminate or at least suppress chloroquine-sensitive tropical P. vivax. We conclude that a parasitemia by P. vivax recurring in the 28 days after full compliance to standard chloroquine therapy demonstrates resistance. If the recurrence appears before day 16, it is almost certainly a recrudescence and between days 17 and 28 it may be either a recrudescence or a relapse by chloroquine-resistant parasites. Recurrences beyond day 28 could be relapse by chloroquine-sensitive P. vivax.
- Published
- 1997
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27. Malaria in a nonimmune population after extended chloroquine or primaquine prophylaxis.
- Author
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Fryauff DJ, Baird JK, Purnomo, Awalludin M, Jones T, Subianto B, Richie TL, Tjitra E, Wignall FS, and Hoffman SL
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- Disease Susceptibility, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Incidence, Indonesia epidemiology, Malaria, Falciparum epidemiology, Malaria, Falciparum immunology, Malaria, Vivax epidemiology, Malaria, Vivax immunology, Male, Parasitemia epidemiology, Parasitemia immunology, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Malaria, Falciparum prevention & control, Malaria, Vivax prevention & control, Parasitemia prevention & control, Primaquine therapeutic use
- Abstract
Extended chemoprophylaxis against endemic malaria raises concern with regard to susceptibility after ceasing use of the drug. In this study, we measured attack rates of malaria among adult men for 28 weeks after they ended one year of prophylaxis using either weekly chloroquine (5 mg base/kg, n = 20), daily primaquine (0.5 mg base/kg, n = 30), or a placebo of primaquine (n = 41). The 28-week incidence densities, times to parasitemia, parasite densities, and symptoms of primary post-prophylaxis infections were not significantly different among the former primaquine, chloroquine, and placebo groups. However, the incidence of Plasmodium falciparum infection in the post-chloroquine group was significantly greater than in the post-primaquine group during the first (P = 0.03) and second (P = 0.02) months post-prophylaxis. Six of 10 primary P. falciparum and three of 10 P. vivax infections occurred in the former chloroquine group within one month after ending prophylaxis and the mean time to infection was 30-35 days. In contrast, only one P. falciparum and no P. vivax infections occurred during the first month after ending primaquine prophylaxis. The mean time to first parasitemia by either species of malaria parasite in this group was 72-77 days. There was no indication that daily use of primaquine for one year placed subjects at greater risk of malaria infection or to more severe clinical symptoms of malaria than subjects who had taken placebo or chloroquine, despite the potential for some degree of immunity to have been acquired in these latter two groups during the year-long prophylaxis period. The results do suggest that chloroquine suppressed P.falciparum infections until drug levels decreased, and that primaquine had effectively prevented the establishment of liver-stage parasites.
- Published
- 1997
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28. Genetic, antigenic and serologic characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from Indonesia.
- Author
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Porter KR, Mascola JR, Hupudio H, Ewing D, VanCott TC, Anthony RL, Corwin AL, Widodo S, Ertono S, McCutchan FE, Burke DS, Hayes CG, Wignall FS, and Graham RR
- Subjects
- Amino Acid Sequence, Binding Sites, CD4 Antigens metabolism, DNA, Viral analysis, DNA, Viral chemistry, Female, Genotype, HIV Antigens immunology, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 chemistry, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 genetics, HIV Envelope Protein gp120 immunology, HIV Seropositivity epidemiology, HIV-1 genetics, HIV-1 immunology, Humans, Immune Sera immunology, Indonesia epidemiology, Male, Military Personnel, Molecular Sequence Data, Neutralization Tests, Peptide Fragments chemistry, Peptide Fragments genetics, Peptide Fragments immunology, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Risk Factors, Serotyping, HIV Seropositivity virology, HIV-1 classification
- Abstract
To examine the genetic and antigenic characteristics of HIV-1 in Indonesia, samples from 19 HIV-positive volunteers were studied. By a combination of PCR typing and DNA sequence analysis, 12 of the 19 volunteers were determined to be infected with HIV-1 clade B and seven with clade E. Six of the seven Indonesian clade E isolates were from volunteers associated with the Indonesian Military during a peacekeeping mission in Cambodia. Infectivity reduction neutralization assays showed that the Indonesian E viruses were effectively neutralized by Thailand clade E HIV-1 antisera but not by U.S. clade B antisera. The Indonesian clade B virus tested was neutralized by U.S. clade B antisera and not by the Thailand E antisera. Using a previously described serologic typing ELISA based on clade B and E V3 peptides, genetic clade was accurately determined in eight of eight sera tested. This is the first report of the genetic and antigenic analysis of HIV-1 isolates from Indonesia. The data indicate that at least two genetic and antigenic HIV-1 clades (clade E and B) circulate in Indonesia.
- Published
- 1997
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29. The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War.
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Gray GC, Coate BD, Anderson CM, Kang HK, Berg SW, Wignall FS, Knoke JD, and Barrett-Connor E
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- Adult, Cohort Studies, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Female, Genital Diseases, Female epidemiology, Genital Diseases, Male epidemiology, Hematologic Diseases epidemiology, Humans, Male, Mental Disorders epidemiology, Middle East, Military Personnel statistics & numerical data, Multivariate Analysis, Neoplasms epidemiology, Odds Ratio, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States epidemiology, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Veterans statistics & numerical data, Warfare
- Abstract
Background: Since the Persian Gulf War ended in 1991, many veterans of that conflict have reported diverse, unexplained symptoms. To evaluate the health of Gulf War veterans, we studied their postwar hospitalization experience and compared it with that of other military personnel serving at the same time who did not go to the Persian Gulf., Methods: Using a retrospective cohort approach and data from Department of Defense hospitals, we studied hospitalizations of 547,076 veterans of the Gulf War who were serving in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, and Air Force and 618,335 other veterans from the same era who did not serve in the Persian Gulf. Using multivariate logistic-regression models, we analyzed risk factors for hospitalization both overall and in 14 broad diagnostic categories during three periods from August 1991 through September 1993 (a total of 45 specific comparisons)., Results: After the war, the overall odds ratio for hospitalization of the Gulf War veterans was not higher than that of the other veterans, even after adjustment for selection effects related to deployment. In 16 of the 42 comparisons involving specific diagnoses, the risk of hospitalization among Gulf War veterans differed significantly from that among other veterans. Among these 16 comparisons, Gulf War veterans were at higher risk in 5: neoplasms (largely benign) during 1991, diseases of the genitourinary system during 1991, diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs (mostly forms of anemia) during 1992, and mental disorders during both 1992 and 1993. The differences were not consistent over time and could be accounted for by deferred care, postwar pregnancies, and postwar stress., Conclusions: During the two years after the Persian Gulf War, there was no excess of unexplained hospitalization among Americans who remained on active duty after serving in that conflict.
- Published
- 1996
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30. War syndromes and their evaluation: from the U.S. Civil War to the Persian Gulf War.
- Author
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Hyams KC, Wignall FS, and Roswell R
- Subjects
- Adult, Combat Disorders, Humans, Middle East, Syndrome, United States, Persian Gulf Syndrome
- Abstract
Purpose: To better understand the health problems of veterans of the Persian Gulf War by analyzing previous war-related illnesses and identifying possible unifying factors., Data Source: English-language articles and books on war-related illnesses published since 1863 that were located primarily through a manual search of bibliographies., Data Extraction: Publications were assessed for information on the clinical characteristics of war-related illnesses and the research methods used to evaluate such illnesses., Data Synthesis: Poorly understood war syndromes have been associated with armed conflicts at least since the U.S. Civil War. Although these syndromes have been characterized by similar symptoms (fatigue, shortness of breath, headache, sleep disturbance, forgetfulness, and impaired concentration), no single recurring illness that is unrelated to psychological stress is apparent. However, many types of illness were found among evaluated veterans, including well-defined medical and psychiatric conditions, acute combat stress reaction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and possibly the chronic fatigue syndrome. No single disease is apparent, but one unifying factor stands out: A unique population was intensely scrutinized after experiencing an exceptional, life-threatening set of exposures. As a result, research efforts to date have been unable to conclusively show causality, have been subject to reporting bias, and have lacked similar control populations. In addition to research limitations, war syndromes have involved fundamental, unanswered questions about the importance of chronic somatic symptoms and the factors that create a personal sense of ill health., Conclusion: Until we can better understand what constitutes health and illness in all adult populations, we risk repeated occurrences of unexplained symptoms among veterans after each war.
- Published
- 1996
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31. The epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in Peru, 1986-1990.
- Author
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McCarthy MC, Wignall FS, Sanchez J, Gotuzzo E, Alarcon J, Phillips I, Watts DM, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Female, HIV Infections blood, HIV Seroprevalence, Humans, Male, Peru epidemiology, Population, Population Surveillance, Risk Factors, Sexual Behavior, Disease Outbreaks, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV-1
- Abstract
Objective: To determine the extent of the HIV-1 epidemic in Peru., Design: Part of a national serosurvey in Peru., Methods: Between January 1986 and December 1990, 140,976 serum samples were tested for HIV-1 antibody., Results: HIV-1 antibody was found in a high percentage of serum samples provided by 4300 homosexual men (26%), 2204 male sexually transmitted disease patients (10%), 145 drug users (13%), 269 hemophiliacs (10%), and 146 unlicensed female prostitutes (10%). In addition, the prevalence of HIV-1 infection increased substantially among these groups between the beginning and end of the survey period. A low but rising prevalence of HIV-1 antibody was found during this period among serum samples provided by 83,526 blood donors and 11,101 military personnel:total period prevalence, 0.25 and 0.32%, respectively., Conclusion: These data indicate that HIV-1 infection is epidemic in Peru among groups at high risk of sexually and parenterally transmitted diseases, and that the risk of infection appears to be low but possibly increasing among the general population.
- Published
- 1996
32. Survey of resistance to chloroquine of falciparum and vivax malaria in Palawan, The Philippines.
- Author
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Baird JK, Caneta-Miguel E, Masbar S, Bustos DG, Abrenica JA, Layawen AV, Calulut JM, Leksana B, and Wignall FS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Chloroquine blood, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Philippines, Recurrence, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Malaria, Vivax drug therapy
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Survey of resistance to chloroquine by Plasmodium vivax in Indonesia.
- Author
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Baird JK, Sustriayu Nalim MF, Basri H, Masbar S, Leksana B, Tjitra E, Dewi RM, Khairani M, and Wignall FS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Antimalarials blood, Child, Chloroquine analogs & derivatives, Chloroquine blood, Female, Humans, Indonesia, Malaria, Falciparum drug therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Recurrence, Antimalarials therapeutic use, Chloroquine therapeutic use, Drug Resistance, Malaria, Vivax drug therapy
- Abstract
In February 1995 we surveyed to chloroquine among patients with Plasmodium vivax malaria at Nias Island, in the Indian Ocean near north-western Sumatra, Indonesa. The subjects, 21 indigenous males and females (6-50 years old) infected with > 40 asexual blood stage parasites of P. vivax per microliter of blood, had mild symptoms or none at all. Seven of these patients had > 100 ng/mL whole blood chloroquine levels before the first supervised dose of chloroquine (3 doses of 10 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg of base given at 24 h intervals). Whole blood chloroquine levels on the last day of dosing confirmed normal absorption (range 413-3248, mean 1141, SD 616 ng/mL). Blood films were examined on days 0, 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21 and 28 after initiating therapy. Three patients had recurrent asexual P. vivax parasitaemias between days 14 and 18, despite effective levels of chloroquine in whole blood (> or = 100 ng/mL) at the time of recurrence. Resistance to standard chloroquine therapy by P. vivax appeared in 14% of infections among residents of Nias.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. A waterborne outbreak of hepatitis E virus transmission in southwestern Vietnam.
- Author
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Corwin AL, Khiem HB, Clayson ET, Pham KS, Vo TT, Vu TY, Cao TT, Vaughn D, Merven J, Richie TL, Putri MP, He J, Graham R, Wignall FS, and Hyams KC
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis E complications, Hepatitis E immunology, Hepatitis E virus immunology, Humans, Immunoglobulin G blood, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Vietnam epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks, Hepatitis E epidemiology, Water Microbiology, Water Supply standards
- Abstract
A hepatitis outbreak affecting primarily adults occurred in southwestern Vietnam, along the Hau river bordering Cambodia, in June and July 1994. One month after the outbreak, sera and epidemiologic information were collected from 150 subjects: 50 patient cases, 50 matched, healthy community controls, and 50 geographic controls living 50 km upriver. The prevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) to hepatitis E virus (HEV) was significantly (P < 0.001) higher (76%) among cases than among the matched (38%) and geographic (38%) control populations. Immunoglobulin M to HEV was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot in 16% of sera collected from patients one month after the outbreak. Hepatitis E virus RNA was detected with the polymerase chain reaction in 6% of sera from patients; RNA was not detected in either control group. These results indicate that HEV was the etiologic agent responsible for the outbreak. Children were under-represented among clinical cases. River water served as the principal source for drinking and bathing among most (96%) of the case and control study populations. Boiling of drinking water was negatively associated (P < 0.05) with IgG anti-HEV seropositivity. Unusually heavy rainfall likely contributed to conditions that favored the outbreak. This is the first recognized outbreak of epidemic HEV transmission in Indo-China.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The impact of infectious diseases on the health of U.S. troops deployed to the Persian Gulf during operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.
- Author
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Hyams KC, Hanson K, Wignall FS, Escamilla J, and Oldfield EC 3rd
- Subjects
- Animals, Gastroenteritis diagnosis, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Humans, Incidence, Leishmaniasis diagnosis, Leishmaniasis epidemiology, Middle East, Respiratory Tract Infections diagnosis, Respiratory Tract Infections epidemiology, United States, Communicable Diseases diagnosis, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Military Personnel, Warfare
- Abstract
An assessment was conducted of the impact of infectious diseases on the 697,000 U.S. troops deployed to the Persian Gulf during 1990-1991 in Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm. The incidence of nonbattle injuries, including infectious diseases, during this conflict was lower than during previous wars involving U.S. military personnel. The major reported causes of morbidity were generally mild cases of acute diarrheal and upper respiratory disease. The most unexpected outcome was the lack of arboviral infections, particularly sandfly fever, and the occurrence among U.S. troops of 12 cases of visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica. The fact that infectious diseases were not a major cause of lost manpower, in sharp contrast to the experience among military personnel in World War II, can be attributed to a combination of factors: the presence of a comprehensive infrastructure of medical care, extensive preventive medicine efforts, and several fortuitous circumstances. Beneficial conditions that may not be present in future conflicts in this region include isolation of most combat troops to barren desert locations during the cooler, winter months, which provided the least favorable conditions for transmission of arthropod-borne diseases.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Natural history of HIV infection in Filipino female commercial sex workers.
- Author
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Manaloto CR, Perrault JG, Caringal LT, Santiago EG, Wignall FS, Gonzales VL, Anthony RL, and Hayes CG
- Subjects
- AIDS-Related Complex etiology, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections etiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome etiology, Adolescent, Adult, Cohort Studies, Disease Progression, Female, Follow-Up Studies, HIV Infections immunology, Humans, Leukoplakia, Hairy etiology, Philippines, Probability, Prospective Studies, Time Factors, HIV Infections etiology, Sex Work
- Abstract
A prospective follow-up study of the progression of HIV infection, from seroconversion to onset of opportunistic infections (OI) indicative of immune deficiency and to death, was performed in a cohort of 54 HIV-1 antibody positive Filipino female commercial sex workers (FCSW). The cumulative probability of having a CD4+ T cell count of < 200/mm3 and/or an OI indicative of severe immune deficiency was 52.9% within 5 years and 73.8% within 6 years after seroconversion. The cumulative probability of death was 52.1% within 6.5 years following seroconversion and 52.7% within 1.5 years after a depressed (< 200/mm3) CD4+ T cell or onset of an OI. Although several OI associated with immune impairment were observed, a CD4+ cell count of < 200/mm3 was the initial indicator of a failing immune system in more than 50% of the patients. Mycobacterium tuberculosis or unidentified acid fast bacilli (presumed to be M. tuberculosis) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were the initial indicators of immune deficiency in the remaining patients.
- Published
- 1994
37. Three-year incidence study of retroviral and viral hepatitis transmission in a Peruvian prostitute population.
- Author
-
Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Tejada A, Wignall FS, Roberts CR, and Escamilla J
- Subjects
- Adult, Female, HIV Antibodies blood, HIV-1 immunology, HTLV-I Antibodies blood, HTLV-I Infections transmission, Hepacivirus immunology, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis B transmission, Hepatitis B Antibodies blood, Hepatitis C transmission, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Hepatitis, Viral, Human transmission, Humans, Incidence, Middle Aged, Peru epidemiology, Prevalence, Proportional Hazards Models, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Sexual Behavior, Sexual Partners, Transfusion Reaction, HTLV-I Infections epidemiology, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis C epidemiology, Hepatitis, Viral, Human epidemiology, Sex Work
- Abstract
A Peruvian female prostitute population was evaluated over a 3-year period to determine the incidence and risk factors of retroviral and viral hepatitis transmission. At three survey periods, a questionnaire was administered and serum samples were obtained. A total of 966 subjects were studied, with 34% followed for 38 months, 22% followed for 18 months, and 44% evaluated just once. On initial evaluation, 3 (0.3%) had HIV-1 antibody, 170 (17.6%) had HTLV-I antibody, 578 (59.8%) had anti-HBc, and 7 (0.7%) had antibody to hepatitis C virus. The mean annual incidence of HTLV-I and hepatitis B infection was 1.6% and 4.7%, respectively. Univariate and logistic regression analysis of prevalence data indicated an association between sexual activity and HTLV-I and hepatitis B infection, but no independent risk factors were identified in cohort analysis. Parenteral risk factors were not associated with transmission, except for a small percentage of subjects who may have acquired hepatitis B infection from blood transfusions. These findings suggest that there is a high incidence of HTLV-I and hepatitis B infection from heterosexual contact in this female prostitute population.
- Published
- 1993
38. Sexual transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I in Peruvian prostitutes.
- Author
-
Wignall FS, Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Escamilla J, Tejada A, Li O, Lopez F, Chauca G, Sanchez S, and Roberts CR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Female, HTLV-I Antibodies blood, HTLV-I Infections epidemiology, Humans, Middle Aged, Peru epidemiology, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Seroepidemiologic Studies, HTLV-I Infections transmission, Sex Work, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral epidemiology
- Abstract
The epidemiology of HTLV-I infection in female prostitutes was studied in a survey of 395 prostitutes from Callao, Peru (the port city of Lima), 72 prostitutes from Iquitos, Peru (another port city on the Amazon River), and 510 prenatal clinic patients from Lima. Prostitutes reported a mean of 8.8 years (range, 1-39 years) of active prostitution and a mean of 205 sexual contacts during the month prior to the study. The percentage of prostitutes with HTLV-I antibody (21.8%) was significantly higher than patients attending a prenatal clinic (3.1%; P less than .0001). The prevalence of HTLV-I antibody increased steadily with age in prostitutes, but no age trend was noted in prenatal patients. By multiple logistic regression analysis, an independent association was found between HTLV-I seropositivity and a history of prostitution in Callao, age, and positive syphilis serology when all 977 study subjects were evaluated. When prostitutes alone were analyzed, the number of years of exposure as a practicing prostitute was associated with HTLV-I seropositivity after controlling for age. These data indicate a greatly increased risk of HTLV-I infection in prostitutes in Callao, Peru, and suggest an association between sexual activity and HTLV-I transmission.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. The impact of human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II infection on the prognosis of sexually acquired cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- Author
-
Gotuzzo E, Escamilla J, Phillips IA, Sánchez J, Wignall FS, and Antigoni J
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome mortality, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome pathology, Adult, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Human T-lymphotropic virus 2, Humans, Male, Peru epidemiology, Prognosis, Retrospective Studies, Sexual Partners, Survival Rate, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome microbiology, Deltaretrovirus Infections complications, HIV Seropositivity complications
- Abstract
Twenty (18%) of 111 Peruvian men with sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection were found also to be infected with human T-lymphotrophic virus type I or II in a retrospective study. At the time of data evaluation, 75 patients had reached Centers for Disease Control stage IV (clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and had not received antiviral medication; mortality in this group was 63.3% (38/60) among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus alone and 80% (12/15) in the dually infected group. Of the 50 patients who had died, survival time from onset of stage IV to death was shorter in the dually infected group (5.02 +/- 3.27 months) than in those with human immunodeficiency virus infection alone (10.07 +/- 4.42 months). In Peru, sexually acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection in men is often accompanied by human T-lymphotrophic virus type I/II infection, and dual retrovirus infection is associated with a shorter survival after onset of clinical acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
- Published
- 1992
40. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibody in Peru.
- Author
-
Hyams KC, Phillips IA, Moran AY, Tejada A, Wignall FS, and Escamilla J
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Data Collection, Female, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B Antibodies blood, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens blood, Hepatitis C immunology, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peru epidemiology, Risk Factors, Hepacivirus immunology, Hepatitis Antibodies blood, Hepatitis C epidemiology
- Abstract
The prevalence in Peru of antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) was determined in a survey of populations living in the northern jungle region and in groups at high risk of parenterally and sexually transmitted diseases. All sera were initially screened for anti-HCV using commercial first and second generation ELISAs; repeatedly reactive sera were further verified with a second generation immunoblot assay. Serum samples were also tested by ELISA for HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc. None of 2,111 sera obtained in the survey of jungle residents was positive for anti-HCV by immunoblot assay. Twelve of 16 HIV-1 antibody positive hemophiliacs, one of 103 HIV-1 antibody positive homosexuals, and three of 602 HIV-1 negative registered female prostitutes were positive for anti-HCV. A high prevalence of total markers of hepatitis B infection was found in all subjects, especially in older subjects and groups at high risk of parenterally and sexually transmitted diseases. The findings of this study indicate that seropositivity for hepatitis C virus antibody is uncommon in Peru except in high risk groups and suggest that the epidemiology of hepatitis C differs substantially from hepatitis B.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Outbreak of paratyphoid fever among Peruvian naval personnel].
- Author
-
Pazzaglia G, Wignall FS, Batchelor R, Alexander W, Vargas Alfaro L, and Zavaleta A
- Subjects
- Adult, Animals, Chickens, Humans, Male, Meat, Paratyphoid Fever etiology, Paratyphoid Fever microbiology, Peru, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Salmonella Food Poisoning etiology, Disease Outbreaks, Military Personnel, Paratyphoid Fever epidemiology, Salmonella Food Poisoning epidemiology, Salmonella paratyphi B isolation & purification
- Abstract
A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted in connection with an outbreak of paratyphoid fever at a Peruvian naval installation in Callao. The study sought to determine the magnitude of the outbreak, the source of infection, the attack rates, the persistence of bacilli excretion, and the clinical picture of the disease. The source of Salmonella paratyphi B infection had been a meal of chicken and rice served to around 400 members of the naval police. Over a period of three weeks, 21 persons were hospitalized and 52 received outpatient treatment at the naval hospital. In addition, through a questionnaire it was revealed that 86 unreported cases of diarrhea related to the outbreak had occurred. The most common clinical manifestations were fever, headache, weakness, anorexia, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. The general attack rate was 39.8%. In a follow-up survey carried out 37 days after exposure, fecal cultures indicated that 8.5% of the persons affected continued to excrete the microorganism. The high rates of attack and transmission of S. paratyphi B in this outbreak point up the considerable pathogenicity and virulence of some strains of the microorganism and their impact on public health. It is suggested that preventive measures be taken at naval and other similar installations, including the education of workers who handle and prepare food, in order to ensure proper hygiene.
- Published
- 1992
42. HTLV-I coninfection in a HIV-1-infected Peruvian population.
- Author
-
Phillips I, Hyams KC, Wignall FS, Moran AY, Gotuzzo E, Sanchez J, and Roberts CR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Peru, Risk Factors, HIV Infections complications, HIV-1, HTLV-I Infections complications
- Published
- 1991
43. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis acquired in Peru.
- Author
-
Franke ED, Lucas CM, Tovar AA, Kruger JH, De Rivera MV, and Wignall FS
- Subjects
- Adult, Antimony therapeutic use, Antiprotozoal Agents therapeutic use, Biopsy, Female, Humans, Leishmaniasis drug therapy, Leishmaniasis pathology, Meglumine therapeutic use, Meglumine Antimoniate, Organometallic Compounds therapeutic use, Peru epidemiology, Skin pathology, Leishmaniasis epidemiology
- Abstract
A case of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) acquired in Peru is described. The causative agent was Leishmania mexicana amazonensis as determined by isoenzyme analysis and species-specific monoclonal antibody binding characteristics. Histological examination of biopsy material showed a large number of intracellular and extracellular amastigotes and few lymphocytes. Treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) administered iv at a dosage of 20 mg antimony/kg body weight/day for 60 days resulted in visible improvement of the lesions, but not in clinical or parasitological cure.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. An epidemic of Oroya fever in the Peruvian Andes.
- Author
-
Gray GC, Johnson AA, Thornton SA, Smith WA, Knobloch J, Kelley PW, Obregon Escudero L, Arones Huayda M, and Wignall FS
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antibodies, Bacterial analysis, Bartonella immunology, Bartonella isolation & purification, Bartonella Infections drug therapy, Bartonella Infections mortality, Child, Child, Preschool, Chloramphenicol therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Immunoglobulin G analysis, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Peru epidemiology, Risk Factors, Seasons, Surveys and Questionnaires, Bartonella Infections epidemiology, Disease Outbreaks
- Abstract
Between February and October 1987, a febrile illness killed 14 persons and seriously affected at least 14 others in Shumpillan, a remote Peruvian mountain village of 353 people. The illness was characterized by fever, headache, chills, and pallor. The fatality rate of untreated cases was 88%. The patients, 71% of whom were male, were 1-75 years of age. Fatal illnesses progressed from lethargy to coma to death in 3-60 days. Patients treated empirically with chloramphenicol survived. Bartonella bacilliformis was isolated from the whole blood of 3 patients. A serologic study revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to B. bacilliformis in the villagers. It is concluded that the villagers suffered from an epidemic of Oroya fever.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Nontoxigenic 01 Vibrio cholerae in Peru: a report of two cases associated with diarrhea.
- Author
-
Batchelor RA and Wignall FS
- Subjects
- Adult, Enterotoxins analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Peru, Vibrio cholerae classification, Cholera microbiology, Diarrhea microbiology, Vibrio cholerae pathogenicity
- Abstract
Two 01 Vibrio cholerae, E1 Tor strains, serogroup Ogawa were isolated from diarrheal stool material of two North American males residing or visiting in Peru. No other enteric pathogens were found. These strains did not produce cholera toxin as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and Y1 adrenal cell assays, nor did they hybridize with an oligonucleotide probe for heat-labile (LT) toxin of Escherichia coli. These two cases are the first reports of 01 V. cholerae isolated from clinical specimens in South America.
- Published
- 1988
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Oral rosoxacin for treatment of penicillin-resistant gonorrhoea.
- Author
-
Harrison WO, Wignall FS, Kerbs SB, and Berg SW
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Humans, Neisseria gonorrhoeae drug effects, Penicillin Resistance, Penicillins pharmacology, 4-Quinolones, Anti-Bacterial Agents administration & dosage, Gonorrhea drug therapy, Quinolines administration & dosage, Quinolones
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. [Mansonella ozzardi in Darién (Panama)].
- Author
-
Petersen JL, Bawden MP, Wignall FS, Latorre CR, Johnson CM, and Miranda CR
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Insect Vectors, Male, Mansonella isolation & purification, Mansonelliasis transmission, Microfilariae, Middle Aged, Panama, Simuliidae parasitology, Filariasis epidemiology, Mansonelliasis epidemiology
- Published
- 1984
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