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The number of athletic training education programs has grown substantially in recent years, which has increased competition for recruitment of the best students. Research pertaining to recruitment of students to other health professions provides useful guidelines for development of a recruiting program. Consideration of age of career selection, career/education program attractors, and the influence of personal relationships can maximize the effectiveness of recruiting efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient-based outcome measures are intended to enhance patient evaluation and injury management by providing patient-centered information regarding function, disability, and overall quality of life. Clinicians should avoid indiscriminate use of patient-based outcome scales by first determining the quality of the instrument on the basis of the criteria presented. Improperly selected patient-based outcome measures may fail to yield appropriate information for treatment planning, clinical decision making, and development of rehabilitation goals. Unfortunately, there is no scale that ideally satisfies all instrument criteria. Therefore, clinicians must consider the relative advantages and limitations of various outcome measures and then select the instrument that best fulfills the purpose of outcome data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The natural flow regime of rivers has been altered throughout the world in a variety of ways, with many alterations resulting in reduced flows. While restoring impaired systems remains a societal imperative, a fundamental understanding of the effects of reduced flows on river ecosystem structure and function is needed to refine restoration goals and guide implementation. We quantified the effects of chronic low flows on snag-dwelling macroinvertebrate community structure and production in a low-gradient river. Macroinvertebrates commonly associated with flowing water (e.g. passive filter-feeders (PFF)) and higher quality habitats (e.g. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT)) had significantly higher abundance and biomass, and showed trends of higher production, in faster flowing reaches upstream of a hydrologic disconnection created by a drainage ditch. The presence of EPT and PFF groups resulted in a significantly more diverse community composed of larger-sized individuals compared with downstream, low-flow reaches, where smaller-bodied taxa (e.g. small crustaceans), and groups reflective of degraded conditions (e.g. Oligochaeta, Isopoda and Chironomidae) dominated production. Multivariate analyses suggested that differences between these two disparate communities were driven by water velocity and organic matter resources. Mean estimates of total community production did not differ significantly between the two reaches, however, there were areas in low-flow reaches that attained high secondary production because of patchily distributed and highly productive chironomids. Results demonstrate that long-term reductions in flows, even in a low-gradient river, can lead to significant shifts in macroinvertebrate communities, ultimately influencing energy flow pathways in stream food webs. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During recent years, elevated ozone (O3) values have been observed repeatedly in the Upper Green River Basin (UGRB), Wyoming during wintertime. This paper presents an analysis of high ozone days in late winter 2011 (1 h average up to 166 ppbv). Intensive Operational Periods (IOPs) of ambient monitoring were performed which included comprehensive surface and boundary layer measurements. On IOP days, maximum O3 values are restricted to a very shallow surface layer. Low wind speeds in combination with low mixing layer heights (~50 m a.g.l. around noontime) are essential for accumulation of pollutants within the UGRB. Air masses contain substantial amounts of reactive nitrogen (NOx) and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) emitted from fossil fuel exploration activities in the Pinedale Anticline. On IOP days in the morning hours in particular, reactive nitrogen (up to 69%), aromatics and alkanes (~10-15%; mostly ethane and propane) are major contributors to the hydroxyl (OH) reactivity. Measurements at the Boulder monitoring site during these time periods under SW wind flow conditions show the lowest NMHC/NOx ratios (~50), reflecting a relatively low NMHC mixture, and a change from a NOx-limited regime towards a NMHC limited regime as indicated by photochemical indicators, e.g. O3/NOy, O3/NOz, and O3/HNO3 and the EOR (Extent of Reaction). OH production on IOP days is mainly due to nitrous acid (HONO). Until noon on IOP days, HONO photolysis contributes between 74-98% of the entire OH-production. Ozone photolysis (contributing 2-24%) is second to HONO photolysis. However, both reach about the same magnitude in the early afternoon (close to 50%). Photolysis of formaldehyde (HCHO) is not important (2-7%). High HONO levels (maximum hourly median on IOP days: 1096 pptv) are favored by a combination of shallow boundary layer conditions and enhanced photolysis rates due to the high albedo of the snow surface. HONO is most likely formed through (i) abundant nitric acid (HNO3) produced in atmospheric oxidation of NOx, deposited onto the snow surface and undergoing photo-enhanced heterogeneous conversion to HONO (estimated HONO production: 2250 pptv h-1) and (ii) combustion related emission of HONO (estimated HONO production: ~585 pptv h-1). HONO, serves as the most important precursor for OH, strongly enhanced due to the high albedo of the snow cover (HONO photolysis rate 2900 pptv h-1). OH radicals will oxidize NMHCs, mostly aromatics (toluene, xylenes) and alkanes (ethane, propane), eventually leading to an increase in ozone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]