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In this paper, a Wilkinson power divider based on a new harmonic suppressor structure is proposed with suppressed harmonics and improved operating band parameters. The proposed suppressor structure consists of three resonators. The first resonator is an elliptic rectangular shaped resonator with a short base line and two slots. These slots decrease the resonant frequency location, without changing the dimensions of the resonator. This mode has been fully analysed by investigating the effect of surface current density. The second resonator is an elliptic resonator with a long base length to suppress the second harmonic. The third resonator is a rectangular suppressor to suppress higher order harmonics. The proposed power divider is fabricated and measured. The operating frequency of this power divider is 1.26 GHz, the return loss is 31.5 dB and the insertion loss is 3.1 dB. The operating bandwidth is from 0.99 to 1.4 GHz with a return loss better than 15 dB which shows the fractional bandwidth of FBW = 34%. The second to sixth harmonics have suppression level better than 50 dB, and for higher harmonics up to the 14th harmonic, they have suppression level better than 25 dB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the general properties of power dividers, in particular matching and isolation. This original works relates to three different divider structures based on the circular-shaped resonator. These prototypes resemble the Wilkinson power divider due to their geometric configuration. These power dividers provide very good isolation between their output ports of −51.26 dB. In fact, the originality of these new structures stems from the idea of minimizing the size of this classic power divider. The required design parameters for the three proposed dividers came from a simulation study using the Ansoft HFSS tool in addition to a design theory. The experimental prototypes are well presented and operate at 2.4 GHz. They demonstrate excellent performance in adaptation, which refers to impedance matching, ensuring consistent impedance at the component terminations. Additionally, they exhibit low insertion losses and high isolation at 2.4 GHz. The measurement results agree well with those of the simulation. The benefits demonstrated by this study are significant, justifying the preference for these components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel probe fed right hand circularly polarized (RHCP) shared aperture antenna with concentric configuration is designed for L5 and S-bands NavIC receiver application. The structure consists of a square loop-type patch antenna for the L5 band, serves as the top radiator, and a concentrically truncated corner patch antenna for the S-band is embedded in the non-radiating portion of the L5 band antenna. The square loop is orthogonally fed with electromagnetically coupled strips with equal power and quadrature phased shift through symmetric vias. These vias are connected to the feeding network, which consists of a Wilkinson power divider that is designed on opposite sides of the ground to mitigate spurious radiations. Furthermore, the S-band antenna, placed inside the L5 band substrate, achieves CP by corner truncation. This technique increases the aperture reuse efficiency and improves the isolation between both radiators. The overall profile of the antenna is 75×75×8mm3 and exhibits a wide impedance bandwidth of 25.5% for the L5 band and 6.5% for the S-band, with an isolation of better than 20dB for both bands. The axial ratio bandwidth achieved is 25.5% and 4.1% for the L5 and S bands, respectively, with boresight gain of 3.57 dBiC and 4.8 dBiC in the L5 band and S-band, respectively. The proposed antenna is based on a shared aperture technique, which has different feeding ports for both bands; thus, it improves the G/T performance and noise figure of the overall system. These characteristics make the proposed antenna suitable for use in NavIC application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we designed multi-section UWB Wilkinson power dividers for both equal and unequal power divider. The key innovation is successfully matching these power dividers using the Chebyshev method. The proposed method achieves very low insertion losses and high transmission coefficients across the ports. For the three-section equal power divider, Chebyshev polynomials were used to model the reflection coefficient, and the characteristic impedance for each section was calculated symmetrically. The design achieved a fractional bandwidth of 106% for a 20 dB return loss, with an insertion loss of 0.3 dB. For unequal multi-section dividers, power division ratios of 1.5:1 and 2:1 were chosen. Theoretical microwave calculations were used to determine the input and output transmission line impedances. Chebyshev approximation was then applied to design the three-section unequal power dividers. The return losses for these unequal dividers were measured at 17 dB and 15 dB, with fractional bandwidths of 120% and 126%. Both circuits had insertion losses of 0.25 dB. The consistent results from analytical calculations, simulations, and measurements confirm the effectiveness of the Chebyshev method for both equal and unequal power division. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this paper, a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (MWPD) based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed, simulated, and fabricated using novel resonators. In addition, attenuators and open-ended stubs are incorporated to generate a broad cut-off band and reduce unwanted harmonics. The proposed power divider has a central frequency of 1 GHz. The performance of each used resonator is analyzed based on lumped-element circuit models.The L and C parameters of the equivalent circuit of the used resonators are predicted and optimized with the assistance of the PSO method. The subsequent phase was the fabrication of the proposed MWPD, after which its performance was evaluated in the light of the results obtained from the simulation. It was discovered that there was a high degree of concordance between the two. On the other hand, the fabricated circuit has several benefits, including a suitable S12 of − 3.15 dB, a high return loss of less than − 24 dB at the operating frequency, a compact size of 0.058 $${\varvec{\lambda}}_{{\varvec{g}}}$$ λ g × 0.064 $${\varvec{\lambda}}_{{\varvec{g}}}$$ λ g , and the ability to remove undesired harmonics. The results show a high level of suppression of the unwanted harmonics (up to the 16th harmonic) and a great responsiveness in the passband, while having very low ripple. As a result, the proposed circuit may be used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as radar transmitter and receiver circuits, and many other high-frequency systems.

This paper discusses the process of designing and manufacturing a wideband power amplifier operating in the S-band. To amplify a low power and broadband radio frequency signals from 2.1 GHz to 2.5 GHz, the proposed power amplifier uses a diagram of a two-stages amplification with peak offset amplification frequency 2.3 GHz. The power amplifier is designed with a center frequency difference of 2.2 GHz and 2.4 GHz respectively to achieve a bandwidth of 400 MHz. The proposed power amplifier (PA) uses RF transistor SHF-0589 using gallium arsenide heterostructure field-effect transistor (GaAs HFET) technology for high gain and low power consumption. The complete amplifier achieves power gain 21.1 dB inband 2.1-2.5 GHz and achieve maximum power gain of 22.5 dB at the frequency of 2.4 GHz; the output power rise up to 33 dBm; input reflection coefficient (S11) reaches -19.2 dB and output reflection coefficient reaches -17.2 dB. The designed amplifier circuit can be used for wireless sensor networks operating at S-band. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents two Wilkinson power dividers (WPDs) using multi-layer pseudo coplanar waveguide (PCPW) structures. The PCPW-based WPDs were designed, implemented, and verified in a standard 180 nm CMOS process. The proposed PCPW features high slow-wave and low-loss performances compared to other common transmission lines. The two WPDs are based on the same PCPW structure parameters in terms of line width, spacing, and used metal layers. One WPD was realized in a straight PCPW-based layout, and the other WPD was realized in a meandered PCPW-based layout. Both the two WPDs worked up to V-band frequencies, as expected, which also demonstrates that the PCPW guiding structure is less susceptible to the effects of meanderings on the propagation constant and characteristic impedance. The meandered design shows that the measured insertion losses were about 5.1 dB, and its return losses were better than 17.5 dB at 60 GHz. In addition, its isolation, amplitude imbalance, and phase imbalance were 18.5 dB, 0.03 dB, and 0.4°, respectively. The core area was merely 0.2 mm × 0.23 mm, or 1.8 × 10−3λo2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a microstrip Wilkinson power divider (MWPD) based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is designed, simulated, and fabricated using novel resonators. In addition, attenuators and open-ended stubs are incorporated to generate a broad cut-off band and reduce unwanted harmonics. The proposed power divider has a central frequency of 1 GHz. The performance of each used resonator is analyzed based on lumped-element circuit models.The L and C parameters of the equivalent circuit of the used resonators are predicted and optimized with the assistance of the PSO method. The subsequent phase was the fabrication of the proposed MWPD, after which its performance was evaluated in the light of the results obtained from the simulation. It was discovered that there was a high degree of concordance between the two. On the other hand, the fabricated circuit has several benefits, including a suitable S12 of − 3.15 dB, a high return loss of less than − 24 dB at the operating frequency, a compact size of 0.058 λ g × 0.064 λ g , and the ability to remove undesired harmonics. The results show a high level of suppression of the unwanted harmonics (up to the 16th harmonic) and a great responsiveness in the passband, while having very low ripple. As a result, the proposed circuit may be used in a wide variety of electronic devices, such as radar transmitter and receiver circuits, and many other high-frequency systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We theoretically propose and numerically analyze a small-size Wilkinson power divider (WPD) based on a novel ring-shaped resonator that can create a wide bandwidth in the passband of the power divider. The WPD can attenuate 9 disturbing harmonics while the maximum insertion loss at the working frequency of 2.6GHz is about −3.08 dB. The structure consists of a pair of asymmetric cylindrical-shaped suppressors above and below the main transmission line. The overall dimensions of the structure are 8.5 mm × 11.8 mm, and the input return loss and isolation parameters are −41 dB and −17.3 dB, respectively, in the working frequency. Also, the fundamental frequency can be adjusted by changing the dimensions of the resonators and suppressors. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) optimization algorithm has been used to analyze and calculate the inductor and capacitor values of the equivalent LC circuit of the proposed WPD. In the passband (1.4GHz to 3.3GHz) of this power divider, the output return loss and isolation are less than −15 dB and the insertion loss is between −3.08 dB and −3.13 dB, so the fractional bandwidth (FBW) is 73%. The structure is compact and easy to be fabricated and has potential applications in communication devices.

In recent years, the demand for high frequency systems has increased, which has led to the development of various components to improve their performance. Power dividers are one of the most critical components used in these systems that split the input signal into multiple output signals while maintaining impedance matching. However, conventional power dividers have limitations, especially when it comes to harmonic suppression. To solve this problem, low-pass filters are often integrated in the power divider circuit. In this work, a new method for constructing a Gysel power divider using a low-pass filter is introduced. The proposed method can remove up to 10 harmonics at the working frequency of 940MHz. To provide a comprehensive evaluation, the primary resonator of the low-pass filter was first studied to determine the location of the first transition zero. The bandwidth at which the filter cuts off is extended by using rectangular attenuators. After adding the designed filter to the Gysel model, the whole circuit was built and the results were obtained. According to simulations and measurements, this circuit reduces power loss by 81% compared to a Gysel-type power divider. In addition, at the operating frequency, the return loss of the first port is 17.02 dB, the second port is 16.9 dB, the third port is 35.8 dB, and the fourth port is 3.24 dB.

In this paper, a dual-band three-way power divider with unequally high power split ratio is proposed. The dual-band operation is achieved by using a two-section impedance transformer, and to reach a high split ratio, transmission lines with impractical high characteristic impedances are replaced with dual–band T-shaped structures. The design is conducted with a thorough analysis and systematic design procedure for facilitating the rapid development of the prototypes. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed design method, an example of a power divider with a power split ratio of 7:5:1 is investigated, fabricated, and measured on a Rogers RO4003C substrate. Good agreements between the simulation and measurement results are obtained. Compared with several three-way unequal dual-band power dividers in previous works of the others, our proposed power divider delivered the highest power split ratio while still retaining good performance of insertion loss, return loss, and isolation between output ports.

In this paper, a novel design method for quad-band Wilkinson power dividers is proposed. The design method is based on using a quad-band microstrip line. In comparison with other design methods, the proposed method has the advantages of simplicity and low insertion loss. To validate the proposed method, an equal quad-band power divider operating at four bands of 0.7, 1.2, 1.78, and 2.28 GHz was simulated and measured. Good agreement between measured results and simulated ones is obtained. The measured results show that the developed quad-band power divider features low insertion loss of less than 0.75 dB, isolation greater than 20.92 dB, and return loss better than 18 dB at four operating bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Wilkinson power divider (PD), which can suppress the second, third, and fourth harmonics is proposed. The PD is implemented based on an asymmetric meta-structure. The meta-structure is constructed be combing defect ground structure (DGS) and spoof surface plasmon polariton (SSPP). It can not only realize the impedance conversion function in the operating frequency band, but also realize the suppression of the second, third, and fourth harmonics. The simulation and measurement results show that this structure can achieve −32 dB suppression for the second harmonic, −31 dB suppression for the third harmonic, and −28 dB suppression for the fourth harmonic respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a simple technique for improving performances of a conventional Wilkinson power divider. The technique is achieved by replacing bulky quarter-wave transmission lines with stepped impedance transmission lines (SITL) compensated coupled lines. With the internal function of bandpass filter integrated with the proposed coupled lines, the spurious response at 2nd harmonics frequencies that normally exists in the conventional divider is considerably reduced. Simulated and measured results at 2.1 GHz operating frequency of the proposed and conventional Wilkinson power divider were compared. The proposed divider achieves -3.8 dB insertion loss (S21,S31) and more than 25 dB return loss (S11,S22,S33) across 10% fractional bandwidth. Based on this measurement, the proposed circuit achieves more than 34.5 dB suppression at the 2nd harmonic frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design and development of a mini-compact Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) operating at 9.3 GHz, with a wide bandwidth of 200 MHz, for the Man-Pack Surveillance Radar (MPSR) application. The design of the WPD was carried out using Advanced Design System (ADS) software with a microstrip feeding technique. The substrate material used in this design was Duroid Roger 5880, which has a thickness (h) of 1.575 mm, dielectric constant (εr) of 2.20, and loss tangent (tan δ) of 0.0009. A WPD was designed, developed, and measured. The simulation results obtained included return loss (S11) -37.50 dB, (S22) -26.59 dB, (S33) -26.09 dB, insertion loss (S21) -3.61 dB and (S31) - 2.55 dB, and isolation (S32) -12.89 dB. Overall, the simulation result parameters worked at a frequency of 9.3 GHz. Furthermore, when the WPD measurement produces a measured return loss of (S11) -28.69 dB, (S22) -28.5 dB, (S33) -29.95 dB, insertion loss (S21) -6.61 dB, and (S31) -7.55 dB, and isolation (S32) -21.89 dB. The dimensions resulting from the realization were 20.5 mm x 20 mm.

This work presents two Wilkinson power dividers (WPDs) using multi-layer pseudo coplanar waveguide (PCPW) structures. The PCPW-based WPDs were designed, implemented, and verified in a standard 180 nm CMOS process. The proposed PCPW features high slow-wave and low-loss performances compared to other common transmission lines. The two WPDs are based on the same PCPW structure parameters in terms of line width, spacing, and used metal layers. One WPD was realized in a straight PCPW-based layout, and the other WPD was realized in a meandered PCPW-based layout. Both the two WPDs worked up to V-band frequencies, as expected, which also demonstrates that the PCPW guiding structure is less susceptible to the effects of meanderings on the propagation constant and characteristic impedance. The meandered design shows that the measured insertion losses were about 5.1 dB, and its return losses were better than 17.5 dB at 60 GHz. In addition, its isolation, amplitude imbalance, and phase imbalance were 18.5 dB, 0.03 dB, and 0.4°, respectively. The core area was merely 0.2 mm × 0.23 mm, or 1.8 × 10−3λo2.

In this paper, a new dual-band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is designed and fabricated using novel low and high impedance stubs instead of quarter-wavelength transmission lines. The proposed circuit was analyzed using odd and even mode analysis, and the optimal values of design parameters were obtained using the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The designed power divider has input reflection coefficients (S 11) of −22.1 and −17 dB at the first operating frequency of 2.2 GHz and the second operating frequency of 14.2 GHz, respectively. It also improves stop-band and fractional bandwidth (FBW) while maintaining a simple topology. The proposed WPD suppresses undesired harmonics from the second to the fifth with an attenuation level of less than −20 dB in the first band and generates a broad stop-band (4.4–11.5 GHz). In the first band, the FBW is 54.5%, and in the second band, it is 20.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a dual-band three-way power divider with unequally high power split ratio is proposed. The dual-band operation is achieved by using a two-section impedance transformer, and to reach a high split ratio, transmission lines with impractical high characteristic impedances are replaced with dual-band T-shaped structures. The design is conducted with a thorough analysis and systematic design procedure for facilitating the rapid development of the prototypes. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed design method, an example of a power divider with a power split ratio of 7:5:1 is investigated, fabricated, and measured on a Rogers RO4003C substrate. Good agreements between the simulation and measurement results are obtained. Compared with several three-way unequal dual-band power dividers in previous works of the others, our proposed power divider delivered high power split ratio while still retaining good performances of insertion loss, return loss, and isolation between output ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design of W-band Wilkinson power divider using 65 nm bulk CMOS process. In this design, the quarter-wavelength (λ/4) transmission line was replaced with a lumped element, and a CRC structure was applied to the isolation network circuit. In addition, a metal wall was installed between the two output lines to enhance isolation. This power divider had a maximum insertion loss of 1.93 dB and a minimum isolation of 13.3 dB in the 75~110 GHz band. The return loss was more than 7.2 dB, and the size of the core was 0.2×0.12 mm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we describe the design and fabrication of an N-way calibration line for an active electronically scanned array radar. The designed calibration line consisted of an open-ended probe and a Wilkinson power divider. It was designed to calibrate by measuring the amplitude and phase of the transmit/receive path. In addition, the signals from the array antenna and transmit/receive module could be transmitted to a calibration assembly using the open-ended probe and power divider. A multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) was used for miniaturization. We described the mechanism and design process of signal transmission through the calibration line. In addition, we described the issue of an N-way calibration line design without a uniform phase distribution of the output ports. This indicated that the signal could not be transmitted at a specific frequency through a random output port. The proposed calibration line was designed to achieve a uniform phase distribution. A calibration line was designed, measured, and tested to validate its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper presents an efficient Doherty power amplifier (DPA) with optimized harmonic impedance inverter. The proposed design consists of carrier and peaking power amplifiers designed for class F‐ and class F−1‐based operations. Also, multiharmonic non‐uniform stepped‐impedance transmission line‐based input–output matching network is designed for the proposed circuit. The new design maximizes the operating bandwidth by optimizing the control harmonic impedance inverter. The DPA circuit is implemented using the advanced design system simulator, and the chip is made of GaAs 0.25‐μm PHEMT on silicon nitride monolithic microwave integrated circuit die. The fabricated chip exhibits drain efficiency (DE) of 41%–51.5%, power added efficiency of 36.4%–41%, gain of 10.9 dB, and adjacent power leakage ratio of −34.6‐dBc at 30‐dBm peak power. The size of the chip is 2.8 × 1.9 mm2, and it occupies less die area as compared to the existing DPAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of modern communication systems propels the demand of high performance and miniaturization of RF/microwave components. Power dividers and filters are indispensable circuit components in amplifiers and antenna feed-networks which occupy large footprint of circuit broads, particularly at low frequency. The purpose of this study is to initiate a new type of planar transmission line with unique dual signal-path characteristics and ultimately achieve circuit miniaturization. In this paper, a novel technique of consolidating microstrip lines (MLs) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines on a single dielectric substrate, designated as the composite microstrip/CPW line (CM/CPW line), is proposed. With reference to the average line length of ML and CPW, it warrants a physical length reduction of 48.3% and further achieves a reduction of 80.8% after zigzagging CM/CPW line. The proof-of-concept design example of a two-way Wilkinson power divider (WPD) has demonstrated the effectiveness of the miniaturization technique. The simulation, in combination with the experimental results, validates that a size reduction factor of 86.9% when compared to conventional one has been achieved while maintaining a fractional bandwidth of 57.7% for the WPD.

In this paper, we present a system specialized for measuring the direction-of-arrival (DoA) of electromagnetic waves with noticeable simplicity. Unlike common methods, which are based heavily on complex computation and signal processing, our proposed system is considerably simpler, both in terms of design and operating theory. Our design consists of two directional antennas for collecting incident waves, a system of Wilkinson power combiners and dividers in which the waves collected by the antennas interfere, a resultprocessing block consisting of power amplifiers, rectifiers, and a microcontroller unit that respectively converts the interferometric radio-frequency (RF) signal into direct-current (DC) signal, measures its corresponding power before calculating the incident angle solely based on a simple trigonometric equation. The system yields a high accuracy of less than 7.5o with the incident angle ranging from -60o to 60o. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible design schemes for single- and dual-band power dividers terminated in arbitrary port impedances are proposed in this paper. The proposed architecture provides the inherent impedance transformation to real, complex, and frequency-dependent complex impedances at the input and output port terminations. Furthermore, the proposed design is supported by flexible design procedures with independent design variables to enhance rapid prototyping in microstrip technology. It is demonstrated that the presence of independent design variables enhances the design flexibility for varied ranges of frequency and impedance transformation ratios. Two different prototypes, one each demonstrating single- and dual-band performances, are developed to validate the performance of the reported designs with real and frequency-dependent complex port impedances. The prototypes exhibit excellent agreements between the simulated and measured results. The single-band impedance transforming power divider (ITPD) possesses a low-amplitude imbalance of 0.5 dB, a phase imbalance of less than ±0.5 ∘ , and an isolation of − 26 dB at the design frequency of 5.8 GHz. The dual-band prototype also exhibits a low-amplitude imbalance of 0.5 dB and a phase imbalance of less than ±0.5 ∘ at both the design frequencies of 1 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The isolation is also better than − 30 dB at both design frequencies. It is thus shown that the overall performance advances the state of the art in the design schemes of ITPDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with the design and analysis of a microstrip 1 x 8 magic-T power divider (MTPD) for ISM band (industrial and medical band) array antenna application. First, a basic 1 x 2 magic-T power divider is designed and optimized. It can divide the power supply in two equal parts (3 dB) in-phase agreement. Then a 1 x 4 power divider has been designed using two identical 1 x 2 magic-T basic power dividers; it divides the power supply into four equal parts (6 dB) in-phase agreement. Finally, the proposed broadband 1 x 8 magic-T power divider is constituted by the assembly of two identical 1 x 4 magic-T power dividers; it can divide the power supply into 8 equal parts (9 dB) in phase agreement. As results obtained, the proposed 1 x 8 power divider has a  10 dB wide bandwidth equals about 506 MHz (2.022 GHz to 2.528 GHz) with a minimum reflection coefficient S11 equals about – 19.12 dB at the operating frequency 2.4 GHz. Moreover, the module of the transmission coefficients (S12, S13, S14, S16, S16, S17, S18 and S19) equal about – 9 dB with a negligible phase shift equals to 2.8° between the output signals. The design and simulation results of the proposed 1 x 8 power divider is carried out by HFSS EM simulator using the substrate Rogers RT/duroid 5880 with the total size 424 x 49 x 1.56 mm³. The proposed power divider is a potential candidate to feed an array antenna, amplifiers and modulators of eight elements in the ISM band around 2.4 GHz (2.022 GHz-2.528 GHz). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a circularly polarized turnstile antenna for a meteor radar system. The antenna employs a pair of turnstile radiators, a 1:2 power divider and a 90° phase shifter. After a series of simulations and optimizations, the maximum circularly polarized gain at 39 MHz is 5.9 dBic with 96° 3 dB beam width. The simulated axial ratio below 3 dB is from −39° to 39° within the band of interest. Then, the proposed antenna is fabricated and applied to a meteor radar system. Two tests are carried out for radiation characteristics demonstration. In the first test, the VSWR of the proposed antenna is below 1.2 at 38.5–39.5 MHz and keeps good agreement with simulation results. However, the meteor azimuth distribution is illogical when the output results are compared with the Australian meteor detection radar (ATRAD) meteor detection. To address the problem, baluns are investigated and introduced for balanced feeding. The 1:1 unbalance–balance transformer has been used to improve the radiation characteristics of the designed antenna. The final test results show that the meteor radar system with the improved antenna achieves better performances in meteor counts and meteor azimuth distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: This paper aims to design a multi‐tone radiator exploiting harmonic radiation characteristic of time‐modulated antenna array for wireless information and power transmission (WIPT) and multi‐operational WIPT receiver. The time‐modulated linear antenna array (TMLAA) radiating simultaneously at modulating and harmonic frequencies separated in multiple switching periods is utilized as a multi‐tone radiating system. TMLAA with suitable power in harmonic bands generates multi‐tone radiation by employing an optimized switching sequence. The ON and OFF time instants of the TMLAA are optimized to suppress sidelobe level and enhance sideband level. A population‐based optimization algorithm, teaching learning based optimization (TLBO), is employed to optimize the ON and OFF instants of the TMLAA to suppress sidelobe level and enhance sideband level. TLBO is utilized for a 16‐element TMLAA with minimizing cost function to achieve the above objectives. The 16‐element TMLAA with optimized switching radiates multi‐tone beams with a minimum of 5 dB peak power difference exploited as WIPT. The purpose of multi‐operation is accomplished by utilizing the Wilkinson power divider in the receiver system; its power dividing capability is analyzed using applied wave research (AWR). A voltage doubler type rectifier is modeled for DC generation and is tested using AWR. The DC generating capability is tested for fixed power available at various frequencies, and the fixed desired frequency with various available power levels is tested. The results show that the designed circuitry provides a maximum of 80% power conversion efficiency (PCE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a technique to improve the spurious suppression performance at the second harmonic (2f 0) of a Wilkinson power divider. The technique is achieved by the insertion of bandstop filters realizing with parallel-coupled lines with the characteristic impedance of 2 v Z0O and the electrical length of λ/8 in a conventional structure. The simulated and measured results of the conventional and the proposed divider are compared at 0.9 GHz. The insertion losses (S21, S31) are less than 3.1 dB, while the return losses (S11) are less than 34.6 dB across 100% fractional bandwidth. Moreover, the proposed Wilkinson power divider achieves more than 25.5 dB suppression at 2f0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a miniaturized Wilkinson Power Divider (WPD) with the capability of attenuating unwanted harmonics up to the 19th harmonic. In this study, a low pass filter was embedded as the quarter-wavelength transmission lines of the conventional WPD. To reduce the size of the proposed structure, the high impedance line is meandered. A simple T-shape resonator is added to suppress the high frequency. The even and odd mode analysis were reported as the analytical descriptions. The operational frequency of the presented WPD is 1.95GHz, and S21, S11, S22, and S23 in this frequency are -3.79dB, -15.56dB, -14.15dB, and -10.89dB, respectively. The overall size of implemented WPD is only 8.8 mm × 8.02 mm, and its normalized circuit size equals 0.078 × 0.071. The designed structure has been fabricated and measured on the RT-5880 substrate with a thickness of 20mil. The desired matching between the simulation results and the measurement ones has been evident. λ g λ g [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, an ultra-compact monolithic microwave integrated Wilkinson power divider (WPD) was accomplished for X-band applications. So as to reduce the size of the design, the miniaturization technique was illustrated with the theoretical analysis. After the theoretical analysis, the layout of the design and electromagnetic simulation were performed. The proposed Wilkinson power divider was manufactured with utilizing gallium nitride integrated passive device technology. In the measurement results, it was seen that the input and output (I/O) reflection coefficients were better than -15 dB in the frequency bandwidth of 8-12 GHz. In addition, the transmission coefficient was measured less than -4 dB in the X-band (8-12 GHz). Moreover, the 15-dB fractional bandwidth is 40% and the isolation between the outputs are better than -15 dB. The size of the proposed Wilkinson power was reduced to the dimensions of 700 m 700 m (0.0023 g x 0.0023 g, where g is the wavelength value at the center frequency (10 GHz)), as -type miniaturization technique was employed with monolithic lumped components. Beside its miniaturized size, the proposed power divider exhibits broadband characteristics while having any degradation in the electrical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a compact multifunctional power divider loaded with short‐ended stub for RF front end system at 2.5 GHz application. The proposed structure consists of PIN diodes and short‐ended stub at the output transmission line. Wilkinson power divider and SPDT switch at 2.5 GHz can be achieved by changing the bias voltage of the integrated PIN diodes. As the proposed design transitions from a power divider to an SPDT switch, a short stub is introduced at the output ports to prevent mismatches from occurring. The proposed SPDT switch design has been mathematically analyzed and presented in detail. Two frequency component functions are combined in a small package with three RF connectors. This proposed design is constructed and characterized for experimental‐demonstration purposes. The method proposed in this article is simpler compared to the previous work and easy to fabricate. This technique will reduce the overall size and manufacturing cost. It also can be applied to design the multifunctional power divider at any desired specifications and operating frequencies that compatible with RF/microwave applications, such as smart antennas and phase‐array antennas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a compact Power Divider design employing a combination of a capacitive load and Defect Grounded Structures (DGS) on GaAs substrate for MMIC technology in the C band. The integration of these two techniques offers a compact power divider with a decrease in quarter‐wave transmission line length from λ/4 to λ/16 and harmonic suppression up to 50 GHz. Capacitive loading reduces the size, and DGS improves harmonic suppression and further decreases the size of the structure. The designed power divider is simulated in Ansys HFSS 19.2 and provides a return loss of 25.66 dB, with an insertion loss of 3.01 dB at 5.4 GHz and isolation of 13.37 dB. Isolation is further improved to 30.89 dB using a parallel combination of resistor and capacitor in the isolation network. The prototype of the proposed circuit has been fabricated using RT/duroid® 5880 as substrate. Measurement results show insertion loss and return loss of 3.02 and 23.46 dB. Isolation of 22.43 dB was achieved. The proposed design provides a size reduction of 73.7% with harmonic suppression up to 10th harmonics by 10 dB, making it suitable for high‐performance monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a compact power divider with simultaneous physical port isolation and wideband operation based on the simple Wilkinson power divider (WPD) configuration. Rigorous analysis based on the even- and odd-mode bisected networks has been performed to investigate the relationship between the design parameters and the overall performance. Theoretical analysis revealed that the impedance and isolation bandwidth are directly related to the reflection coefficients of the even- ( $\Gamma _{\text {e}}$ ) and odd-mode ( $\Gamma _{\text {o}}$ ) bisected networks. Simultaneous broadening of the impedance and isolation bandwidth is possible through the optimum choice of design parameters which confines the trajectories of the $\Gamma _{\text {e}}$ and $\Gamma _{\text {o}}$ in the low constant-Q region on the Smith Chart. Experimental verification by the prototype designed at 1 GHz exhibited the widest overall system bandwidth (43.2%) and the lowest total electrical length (140.8°) as compared to the previous state-of-the-art WPD’s with physical port isolation.

The rapid development of modern communication systems propels the demand of high performance and miniaturization of RF/microwave components. Power dividers and filters are indispensable circuit components in amplifiers and antenna feed-networks which occupy large footprint of circuit broads, particularly at low frequency. The purpose of this study is to initiate a new type of planar transmission line with unique dual signal-path characteristics and ultimately achieve circuit miniaturization. In this paper, a novel technique of consolidating microstrip lines (MLs) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines on a single dielectric substrate, designated as the composite microstrip/CPW line (CM/CPW line), is proposed. With reference to the average line length of ML and CPW, it warrants a physical length reduction of 48.3% and further achieves a reduction of 80.8% after zigzagging CM/CPW line. The proof-of-concept design example of a two-way Wilkinson power divider (WPD) has demonstrated the effectiveness of the miniaturization technique. The simulation, in combination with the experimental results, validates that a size reduction factor of 86.9% when compared to conventional one has been achieved while maintaining a fractional bandwidth of 57.7% for the WPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, compact extended ultra-wideband (UWB) Wilkinson power dividers (WPDs) using tapered transmission lines are analyzed, designed, and measured. Utilizing carefully designed tapered transmission sections results in widening the operational bandwidth and reducing the element dimensions. Analytical models and design procedures of simple and compact and equal and unequal UWB WPDs based on linearly tapered transmission lines are developed and outlined in this paper. Four different configurations of equal and unequal power dividers are designed and presented. The number and locations of the isolation resistors have a noticeable effect on extending the operational bandwidth of the dividers. The presented designs of the WPDs have superior performance over extended bandwidths. The simulation and experimental results are in very good agreement with good insertion and return loss, good matching, and isolation, over the extended UWB operational bandwidth from 3 GHz to 27 GHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, a design of different Microwave Components for the proposed beam steering-switching array is presented. In order to achieve beam steering, two different schemes namely Beam Steering Array using Hybrid Directional Coupler and Beam Steering Array using Switched Line Phase Shifters are proposed for improvement of performance parameters like Directivity, Side Lobe Level, Beam-width, number of Maxima directions and Bandwidth. These planar microwave components are designed for 5G, S-band applications. A design procedure is derived in detail for E-Shape single element slot antenna, Wilkinson Power Divider, Hybrid Directional Coupler, Loaded Line Phase Shifter and Switched Line Phase Shifter around 3.6 GHz with necessary simulation results. For the design of beam steering array, the E-shape slot antenna is utilized with line feed and quarter-wave transformer for impedance matching. Compared to normal patch, slot antenna parameters are improved with Return Loss (S11) is −26.32 dB, VSWR is 1.08 and Directivity is 7.6 dBi at 3.6 GHz and 7.39 dBi at 2.4 GHz. Hybrid Directional Coupler parameters are, S11 is −20.83 dB, S21 is −3.39 dB, S31 is −3.56 dB and S41 is −23.78 dB. Performance parameters of Wilkinson Power Divider are, S11 is −28.65 dB, S21 is −3.46 dB and S31 is −3.46 dB. To apply phase shift for array elements, Loaded Line and Switched Line Phase Shifters using PIN diodes (MA4SPS402) are designed. For Loaded Line Phase shifter, phase of S21 with phase shifter is −53.03° and without phase shifter is −23.72°. For Switched Line Phase shifter, phase of S21 with phase shifter is 139.49° and without phase shifter is 47.03°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple approach to improve both the bandwidth and isolation of the Wilkinson power divider for using in L-band satellite communications is presented in this paper. To enhance the bandwidth, a multi-section method based on the Chebychev impedance transformation is employed. In order to improve the isolation performance between output ports, the values of isolation resistors are carefully determined by using the iterative approximation method combined with an investigation procedure. In order to validate the proposed design, a two-way and eightway power divider prototypes were fabricated and tested on a Rogers RO4003C material. Good agreements between simulations and measurements are obtained in a frequency range from 0.8 GHz to 2.2 GHz. The two-way power divider had a fractional bandwidth of 106% with an isolation of better than 30 dB. The eight-way power divider achieved the bandwidth and isolation of 109% and better than 24 dB, respectively. Both the power dividers exhibit the phase imbalance of less than 3 degrees, and amplitude imbalance of less than 0.02 dB. Compared with the other works, the proposed power dividers deliver broader bandwidth and improved isolation while still retaining good insertion loss, low phase and amplitude imbalance in the operation frequency range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a Wilkinson power divider using a common inductor. The lumped topology uses the inherently inductive loss of the inductor as a part of the design, so the conventional resistor for high isolation can be omitted. Therefore, low-loss and high-isolation performances of the compact circuit were achieved. The proposed 2.5-GHz divider was implemented on a silicon-based integrated passive device process. Measurement of the prototype chip had a reflection coefficient below 18 dB at all ports, an insertion loss of 0.5 dB and isolation above 28 dB. The chip size is merely $0.011\lambda _{\mathrm {o}} \times 0.019\lambda _{\mathrm {o}}$ .

A dual‐band Wilkinson power divider (WPD) based on open‐end slotline is presented. Compared with conventional dual‐band power dividers, only two transmission lines and a longitudinal slot with an isolation resistor are employed, which greatly decrease the complexity and profile of the device. The open‐end slotline physically separate even‐ and odd‐mode, as the microstrip on the top layer transmits even‐mode signal and the slotline on the bottom layer transmits the other. Then, even‐ and odd‐mode analyses are conducted with an equivalent circuit model to illustrate the physical insight of the proposed design. A WPD prototype operating at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz is designed and fabricated. The fractional bandwidth of two operating band are 66.7% and 20.7% with the reference to −15 dB S11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we implemented a Wilkinson power divider/combiner composed of lumped elements suitable for 28‐GHz of fifth‐generation mobile communication technology. To improve the isolation of the system, signal perfect cancellation analysis is used with optimized values of the lumped elements of the Wilkinson power divider, which is fabricated using bulk complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) 1P9M 65‐nm process and the fabricated circuit area was 0.046 mm2. The measured insertion loss of this system is less than 0.62 dB, input/output matching exceeds 16.9 dB, and isolation between the output ports exceeds 19.6 dB in the operating frequency range of 25.5–29.5 GHz. The circuit thus has low insertion loss and good isolation compared to conventional Wilkinson power dividers manufactured for use in the similar frequency bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We present the design and analysis of noninverting single-spiral Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) CMOS Wilkinson power dividers and their deriving quadrature couplers (QCs) and baluns. For the power dividers, a parallel capacitor is included at the input port (port 1) for input matching, and a parallel RC network is connected between the output ports (ports 2 and 3) for input matching and isolation. Noninverting single-spiral structure with transmission-line (TL) length of about λ/12 is adopted to achieve miniature area and small amplitude imbalance (AI) and phase difference (PD). To realize QC and balun, negative/positive phase-shift TLs with phase-shift of − 45°/45° and − 90°/90°, respectively, can be included at ports 2/3 of the power divider. Two power dividers and their deriving two QCs and two baluns are designed and implemented. Prominent result is obtained. For example, the miniature QC achieves excellent S11 of − 13.5 dB, S22 of − 14.5 dB, S33 of − 19.4 dB, S32 of − 10.5 dB, S21 of − 4.713 dB, and S31 of − 4.731 dB at 28 GHz. The corresponding AI and PD are 0.018 dB and − 0.1°, respectively. Moreover, S11 is smaller than − 10 dB from 10.4 GHz to over 50 GHz, corresponding to a fractional bandwidth (FBW) larger than 141.4%. The QC occupies a normalized chip area of 6.1 × 10–4 λ02, one of the smallest normalized chip areas ever reported for millimeter-wave QCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A stacked patch antenna with balanced feed operating in millimeter-wave band is proposed in this paper. Initially, a single balanced-fed patch antenna is designed in three layers. Simulation results show that the proposed antenna enhances the cross-polarization and the radiation gain of the conventional aperture coupled patch antenna. A maximum gain of 6.8 dBi is achieved with a bandwidth of 2 GHz around 26 GHz. The stacked patch antenna was fabricated using 0.65 mm AR1000 and 0.787mm RO5880 substrates. Measurement results of return loss agreed with the simulations and showed wide bandwidth which is required for future 5G communication terminals. To further increase the gain, we propose an integrated 8-element antenna array based on an 8-way Wilkinson power divider. The proposed design achieves a maximum gain of 14.1 dBi at 26 GHz with greatly reduced grating lobes and cross-polarization. The proposed antenna array represents a potential solution for the emerging 5G wireless applications.