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Interpersonal theory organizes social behavior along dominant (vs. submissive) and warm (vs. cold) dimensions. There is a growing interest in assessing these behaviors in naturalistic settings to maximize ecological validity and to study dynamic social processes. Studies that have assessed interpersonal behavior in daily life have primarily relied on behavioral checklists. Although checklists have advantages, they are discrepant with techniques used to capture constructs typically assessed alongside warmth and dominance, such as affect, which typically rely on adjective descriptors. Further, these checklists are distinct from the methodologies used at the dispositional level, such as personality inventories, which rarely rely on behavioral checklists. The current study evaluates the psychometric performance of interpersonal adjectives presented on a visual analogue scale in five different samples. Validity of the visual interpersonal analogue scale (VIAS) approach to momentary assessment was evaluated by comparing its performance with an interpersonal behavior checklist and by examining associations among the VIAS warmth and dominance scales and other momentary and dispositional constructs. Results were generally consistent with an existing interpersonal behavior checklist at the within-person level but diverged somewhat at the dispositional level. Across the five samples, the VIAS generally performed as hypothesized at both the within- and between-person levels.

Objective Psychopathology research has relied on discrete diagnoses, which neglects the unique manifestations of each individual's pathology. Borderline personality disorder combines interpersonal, affective, and behavioral regulation impairments making it particularly ill-suited to a "one size fits all" diagnosis. Clinical assessment and case formulation involve understanding and developing a personalized model for each patient's contextualized dynamic processes, and research would benefit from a similar focus on the individual. Method We use group iterative multiple model estimation, which estimates a model for each individual and identifies general or shared features across individuals, in both a mixed-diagnosis sample (N = 78) and a subsample with a single diagnosis (n = 24). Results We found that individuals vary widely in their dynamic processes in affective and interpersonal domains both within and across diagnoses. However, there was some evidence that dynamic patterns relate to transdiagnostic baseline measures. We conclude with descriptions of 2 person-specific models as an example of the heterogeneity of dynamic processes. Conclusions The idiographic models presented here join a growing literature showing that the individuals differ dramatically in the total patterning of these processes, even as key processes are shared across individuals. We argue that these processes are best estimated in the context of person-specific models, and that so doing may advance our understanding of the contextualized dynamic processes that could identify maintenance mechanisms and treatment targets. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Introduction Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) is an effective treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who are either medically inoperable or who decline surgery. SBRT improves tumor control and overall survival (OS) in medically inoperable, early-stage, NSCLC patients. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of two different SBRT doses commonly used and present our institutional experience. Purpose To determine the clinical outcomes between two treatment regiments (50 Gray [Gy] vs. 55 Gy in five fractions) among Stage I NSCLC patients treated with SBRT at a state academic medical center. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 114 patients with Stage I (T1-2 N0 M0) NSCLC treated at a state academic medical center between October 2009 and April 2019. Survival analyses with treatment regimens of 50 Gy and 55 Gy in five fractions were conducted to detect any improvement in outcomes associated with the higher dose. The primary endpoints of this study included OS, local control (LC), and disease-free survival (DFS). Log-rank test and the Kaplan-Meier method were used to analyze the survival curves of the two treatment doses. The SPSS v.24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Results The 114 early-stage NSCLC patients (median age, 68 years; range 12 to 87 years) had a median follow-up of 25 months (range two to 86 months). The number of males (n = 72; 63.2 %) exceeded the number of females (n = 42; 36.8 %). The majority of patients in this study were Caucasians (n = 68; 59.6 %) and 46 patients were African Americans (40.4 %). Two-thirds of the patients (n = 76; 66.7 %) were treated with 50 Gy in five fractions, and 38 patients (33.3 %) with 55 Gy in five fractions. The one-, two-, and three-year OS and DFS rates were improved in the patients treated with 55 Gy [OS, 81.7 % vs. 72.8 %; 81.7 % vs. 58.9 %; 81.7 % vs. 46.7 % (p = 0.049)], [DFS, 69.7 % vs. 69.7 %; 61.9 % vs. 55.7 %; 61.9 % vs. 52.0 % (p = 0.842)], compared to those treated with 50 Gy. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology in both groups (51.3 % and 68.4 %). Failure rates were elevated for the 50 Gy regimen [39 (34.2 %) vs. 12 (8.5 %)]. Three year control rates were (66.3 % vs. 96.6 %; p = 0.002) local control; (63.3 % vs. 94.4 %; p = 0.000) regional control; and (65.7 % vs. 97.1 %; p = 0.000) distant control, compared to those treated with 55 Gy. Conclusion Early-stage NSCLC patients treated with SBRT 55 Gy in five fractions did better in terms of local control, overall survival, and disease-free survival rates compared to the 50 Gy in five fractions group.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We addressed understudied questions in social support. Do providers, who recipients agree are more supportive than others (i.e., consensually supportive), evoke more favorable affect in recipients? Do groups differ in their supportiveness and do supportive groups evoke favorable affect in their members? Can any group differences be explained by dyadic relationships within groups? METHODS We analyzed data from seven samples of well-acquainted groups and groups of strangers in which participants rated each other on supportiveness, and affect experienced when with each group member. RESULTS Social Relations Model analyses indicated that consensually supportive providers evoked higher positive affect in recipients but not lower negative affect. Uniquely supportive relationships evoked higher positive and lower negative affect. Groups differed in their supportiveness and more supportive groups evoked higher positive and lower negative affect. Correlations between support and affect at the level of groups primarily reflected dyadic relationships within groups, rather than the groups themselves. Groups of strangers showed the same effects as well-acquainted groups. CONCLUSIONS The findings for consensually supportive providers and low negative affect is inconsistent with most social support theory. Supportive groups' links to affect could be explained by dyadic relationships within groups, rather than the groups themselves.

Background: Radiation therapy is a cornerstone of the therapeutic modalities used in modern oncology. However, it is sometimes limited in its ability to achieve optimal tumor control by radiation-induced normal tissue toxicity. In delivering radiation therapy, a balance must be achieved between maximizing the dose to the tumor and minimizing any injury to the normal tissues. Amifostine was the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical radiation protector intended to reduce the impact of radiation on normal tissue, lessening its toxicity and potentially allowing for increased tumor dose/control. Despite being FDA-approved almost 20 years ago, Amifostine has yet to achieve widespread clinical use. Summary: A thorough review of Amifostine’s development, mechanism of action, and current clinical status were conducted. A brief history of Amifostine is given, from its development at Walter Reid Institute of Research to its approval for clinical use. The mechanism of action of Amifostine is explored. The results of a complete literature review of all prospective randomized trials to date involving the use of Amifostine in radiation therapy are presented. The results are arranged by treatment site and salient findings discussed. Side effects and complications to consider in using Amifostine are reviewed. Key Messages: Amifostine has been explored as a radiation protectant in most radiation treatment sites. Studies have demonstrated efficacy of Amifostine in all treatment sites reviewed, but results are heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of studies looking at Amifostine as a clinical radiation protectant has precluded a definitive answer on its efficacy. Complicating its clinical use is its toxicity and delivery requirements. Amifostine has largely fallen out of use with the advent of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). However, side effects with IMRT remain a challenge and concern. The use of Amifostine in the IMRT era has been poorly explored and is worthy of future study.

Patient: Male, 40 Final Diagnosis: Primary cutaneous follicular lymphoma Symptoms: Scalp mass Medication: — Clinical Procedure: Radiation Specialty: Oncology Objective: Rare co-existance of disease or pathology Background: Transformation of primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (PCFCL), a low-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), into a high-grade NHL is rare with uncertain prognosis and treatment. A case is reported of a 40-year-old man who presented with a scalp mass that was diagnosed histologically as PCFCL. Imaging of the head and neck identified diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) involving the parotid gland and cervical lymph nodes, which responded well to radiation therapy. Case Report: A 40-year-old African American man presented with a two-year history of a progressively enlarging scalp mass that measured 10.5×7.1×6.6 cm. Histology showed a low-grade lymphoma with a follicular pattern. Immunohistochemistry was positive for B-cell markers and Bcl-6, consistent with a diagnosis of PCFCL. Computed tomography (CT) identified a 4.9×3.7×3.4 cm mass in the left parotid gland with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy that had been present for the previous two or three months. The diagnosis of DLBCL was made on histology from a needle biopsy. Treatment began with rituximab, etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin (R-EPOCH) chemotherapy, followed by radiation therapy to the scalp, both sides of the neck, and left parotid gland. At four-month follow-up, combined positron emission tomography (PET) and CT showed only diffuse low-level uptake in the scalp and parotid gland. Conclusions: Transformation of low-grade PCFCL to high-grade DLBCL is rare, and the approach to treatment varies. This case showed a good response to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the factor structure of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders-Parent Report (SCARED-P) in young children and elucidate normative levels of parent-reported anxiety using a nationally representative sample of parents of children ages 5-12 years living in the United States. METHOD: The 41-item SCARED-P was administered to parents of 1,570 youth who were selected to match the U.S. population on key demographic variables. SCARED-P model fit and mean score differences by age, race/ethnicity, and sex were assessed. RESULTS: SCARED-P model fit and subscale reliability appeared almost identical in younger children (ages 5-8) and older children (ages 9-12), although model fit for a five-factor model was poor in both groups. Symptoms of generalized anxiety increased from age 5 to 12, while symptoms of separation anxiety disorder decreased. Parents reported significantly more symptoms of social anxiety in females than males. No significant differences by race/ethnicity were found for mean levels of anxiety or model fit. CONCLUSIONS: The SCARED-P shows some utility as an anxiety screening instrument in a representative sample of U.S. youth as young as 5-years-old, but caution should be used when interpreting subscale scores.

Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) (estrogen receptor (ER) – negative, progesterone receptor (PR) - negative, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) -negative) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer that is more common in younger women, carries a poorer prognosis and has a greater metastatic potential than receptor positive subtypes. Radiation therapy’s ability to improve outcomes, especially the overall survival is controversial, more so among African American patients. The objective of this study is to evaluate local control and survival rates of TNBC patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) in our institution with a sizeable cohort of African American women. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 67 TNBCs (2007–2017) at an academic state institution who underwent a lumpectomy and /or mastectomy (surgery) followed by adjuvant irradiation to a median total dose of 50 Gy (range 40.5–50.40 Gy). Chemotherapy was administered in a neoadjuvant (32) or adjuvant setting (35). For all 67 TNBCs, local control (LC), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of survival variables was analyzed using the Cox univariate and multivariate proportional hazards model. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS 24.0 software was used for data analysis. Results The baseline characteristics of all 67 TNBCs were measured with median follow up of 58 months (range 10–142 months). Patients were stratified into two groups (neoadjuvant chemotherapy-RT (32) vs. adjuvant chemotherapy-RT (35)). The five-year rates for LC, DFS and OS were 14.8 % vs. 47.9 % (p = 0.002), 24.2% vs. 53.1 % (p = 0.015), and 65.1% vs. 92.2% (0.002) respectively. On Cox multivariate analysis, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with statistically improved significant LC (p = 0.002) and OS (p = 0.002). The variables included were: BMI (p = 0.050), distance travelled (p = 0.027), 8th AJCC TNM staging (p = 0.018) and tumor grade (p = 0.022). Conclusion In this hypothesis-generating report, among TNBC patients undergoing RT, adjuvant chemotherapy appears to be better than neoadjuvant chemotherapy in determining the clinical outcomes.

Forecasting which dyads will develop mutually supportive relationships is an important applied and basic research question. Applying psychometric theory to the design of forecasting studies shows that agreement between dyad members about their relationship (relational reciprocity) sets an upper limit for forecasting accuracy by determining the reliability of measurement. To test this, we estimated relational reciprocity in Study 1. Participants in seven samples (six student and one military; N = 504; Ndyads = 766) rated each other on support-related constructs in round-robin designs. Relational reciprocity was very low, undermining reliability. Formulas from psychometric theory predicted that forecasting supportive dyads would be practically impossible. To test this, we had participants in Study 2 complete a measure for matching dyads derived from recent theory. As predicted, supportive matches could not be forecast with acceptable precision. Theoretically, this falsifies some predictions of recent social-support theory. Practically, it remains unclear how to translate basic social-support research into effective interventions.

Introduction As traditional measures such as overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) alone do not give a holistic view of the outcomes of a treatment paradigm, we determine to add the evidence of quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) to the outcomes of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients (NCP) treated with definitive chemoradiation therapy (chemoRT) with or without induction chemotherapy (induction chemo). Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 85 NCPs treated at an academic state institution. The OS estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and the multivariate Cox regression model determined the co-variables associated with the OS. The relationship between QALYs gained and DALYs saved were calculated from age of the disease onset, duration of the disease, quality of life (QoL) and disability weights. Results Of the 85 eligible NCPs of this cohort, the disease frequency distribution per the World Health Organization (WHO) classification was 41.2% for Type-I, 42.4% for Type-II, and 16.5% for Type-III. The median follow-up (24 months). The five-year OS of patients treated with concurrent chemoRT vs. induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT was 54.7 vs. 14.8% for WHO Type I, 60.1 vs. 58.3% for WHO Type II, and 83.3 vs. 50.0% for WHO Type III (p=0.029). The average DALYs saved with concurrent chemoRT were 12.2 years vs. 5 years for induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. The average QALYs gained with concurrent chemoRT were 6.9 years vs. 3.1 years for induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. Conclusion Patients treated with concurrent chemoRT had an increased QoL when compared to induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT. The average DALYs saved were higher in the patients treated with concurrent chemoRT than treated with induction chemo followed by concurrent chemoRT.

Objective To identify racial disparities in survival outcomes among Stage III & IV patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCa) of the oropharynx treated with definitive radiation therapy (RT), with concurrent chemotherapy. Method This is a retrospective analysis of patients with stage III & IV SCCa of oropharynx treated with definitive RT at the State Academic Medical Center. All patients were treated to 70 Gy utilizing intensity-modulated radiation treatment (IMRT), and received concurrent chemotherapy with weekly cisplatin or cetuximab. Chi-square test was used to test the goodness of fit, overall survival (OS), and locoregional control (LRC) comparing races were generated by using Log-rank test & Kaplan-Meier method. The covariables associated with the OS and LRC were determined by the Cox regression model. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS 24.0 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) was used. Results In the total 73 eligible patients, 54.8% were black, and 45.2% white patients. Stage distribution (per American Joint Committee on Cancer-AJCC 8th Ed) between black patients vs. white patients, Stage III (45.5% vs. 54.5%) and for Stage IV (56.5% vs. 43.5%); p=0.499. Median follow-up for the entire group was 41 months (range: 4-144 months). In the univariate analysis, variables p16 status, body mass index (BMI), alcohol history and tumor subsite were found to be significant. In the multivariate analysis, only BMI has shown to be significant. Three-year LRC for black patients was 37.8% vs.66.8% in white patients (p=0.354) and three-year OS for black patients was 51.8% vs. 80.9% for white patients (p=0.063), respectively. Five-year OS for p16 positive patients was 69.7% vs. 43% for p16 negative patients (p=0.034). Five-year OS for Stage IV black patients was 34% vs. 69.5% for Stage IV white patients (p=0.014). Conclusion Among all the co-variables examined, only BMI has shown affecting the OS outcomes; gender and BMI shown to be affecting the LRC. Racial factor appears to be significant in Stage IV patients.

Studying the interface between personality and psychopathology has generated significant insight into the nature of individual differences. Because personality disorders are the clearest point of convergence, much of this literature originates from contention surrounding how to define personality pathology. Shifts in how personality disorders are conceptualized, diagnosed, and treated illuminate fundamental issues for psychological science such as how to bridge theory and research, the importance of matching measurement to construct, and how to integrate diverse intellectual traditions. In this chapter, we contextualize these issues in historical and ongoing efforts to understand personality pathology. We emphasize how pathological personality processes have been simultaneously inextricable and elusive throughout these efforts; clinical theories have emphasized dysfunctional, within-person dynamics but lack scientific operationalization, and formal taxonomies have focused on describing between-person differences that obscure the underlying processes. We suggest a comprehensive model that mechanistically links nomothetic structure to contextualized processes is necessary for advancing our understanding of personality and psychopathology.

Researchers are increasingly interested in the affect dynamics of individuals for describing and explaining personality and psychopathology. Recently, the incremental validity of more complex indicators of affect dynamics (IADs; e.g., autoregression) has been called into question (Dejonckheere et al., 2019), with evidence accumulating that those might convey little unique information beyond mean level and general variability of emotions. Our study extends the evidence for the construct validity of IADs by investigating their redundancy and uniqueness, split-half reliability based on indices from odd-numbered and even-numbered days, and association with big five personality traits. We used three diverse samples that assessed daily and momentary emotions, including community participants, individuals with personality pathology, and their significant others (total N = 1,192, total number of occasions = 51,278). Mean and variability of affects had high reliability and distinct nomological patterns to big five personality traits. In contrast, more complex IADs exhibited substantial redundancies with mean level and general variability of emotions. When partialing out these redundancies by using residual variables, some of the more complex IADs had acceptable reliability but only a few of those showed incremental associations with big five personality traits, indicating that IADs have limited validity using the current assessment practices.

Preliminary research has demonstrated the utility of bystander interventions in reducing sexual assault, and initial research has begun extending this type of intervention to intimate partner violence more broadly. However, the extant research is limited by methodological issues that fail to examine opportunity for intervention relative to intervention behaviors as well as a failure to examine intervention rates across differing risk situations. Further, there are many unexplored factors that may impact bystander intervention behavior, notably previous experiences with intimate partner violence and sexual assault. Thus, the current study examined bystander opportunities and intervention across situations of varying risk to the bystander, as well as the relationship of opportunity/intervention relative to victimization history. Given the rates of sexual assault and IPV on college and university campuses, the research examined the number of times college students ( N = 393) encountered a range of situations in which bystander intervention may be indicated, and their intervention behavior across varying risk levels to the bystander. Results demonstrated that individuals with a history of psychological victimization were more likely to intervene across all situation types, but sexual and physical victimization provided mixed support for hypotheses. No differences in witnessing or intervening were found as a function of gender. These results replicate previous findings, and further provide evidence for a more nuanced approach to examine bystander behavior intervention. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Physical attractiveness plays a central role in psychosocial experiences. One of the top research priorities has been to identify factors affecting perceptions of physical attractiveness (PPA). Recent work suggests PPA derives from different sources (e.g., target, perceiver, stimulus type). Although smiles in particular are believed to enhance PPA, support has been surprisingly limited. This study comprehensively examines the effect of smiles on PPA and, more broadly, evaluates the roles of target, perceiver, and stimulus type in PPA variation. Perceivers (n = 181) rated both static images and 5-sec videos of targets displaying smiling and neutral-expressions. Smiling images were rated as more attractive than neutral-expression images (regardless of stimulus motion format). Interestingly, perceptions of physical attractiveness were based more on the perceiver than on either the target or format in which the target was presented. Results clarify the effect of smiles, and highlight the significant role of the perceiver, in PPA.

Background The Will Rogers phenomenon [WRP] describes an apparent improvement in outcome for patients’ group due to tumor grade reclassification. Staging of cancers is important to select appropriate treatment and to estimate prognosis. The WRP has been described as one of the most important biases limiting the use of historical cohorts when comparing survival or treatment. The main purpose of this study is to assess whether the WRP exists with the move from the AJCC 7th to AJCC 8th edition in breast cancer [BC] staging, and if racial differences are manifested in the expression of the WRP. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 300 BC women (2007–2017) at an academic medical center. Overall survival [OS] and disease-free survival [DFS] was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Bi and multi-variate Cox regression analyses was used to identify racial factors associated with outcomes. Results Our patient cohort included 30.3% Caucasians [Whites] and 69.7% African-Americans [Blacks]. Stages I, II, III, and IV were 46.2, 26.3, 23.1, and 4.4% of Whites; 28.7, 43.1, 24.4, and 3.8% of Blacks respectively, in anatomic staging (p = 0.043). In prognostic staging, 52.8, 18.7, 23, and 5.5% were Whites while 35, 17.2, 43.5, and 4.3% were Blacks, respectively (p = 0.011). A total of Whites (45.05% vs. 47.85%) Blacks, upstaged. Whites (16.49% vs. 14.35%) Blacks, downstaged. The remaining, 38.46 and 37.79% patients had their stages unchanged. With a median follow-up of 54 months, the Black patients showed better stage-by-stage 5-year OS rates using 8th edition compared to the 7th edition (p = 0.000). Among the Whites, those who were stage IIIA in the 7th but became stage IB in the 8th had a better prognosis than stages IIA and IIB in the 8th (p = 0.000). The 8th showed complex results (p = 0.176) compared to DFS estimated using the 7th edition (p = 0.004). Conclusion The WRP exists with significant variability in the move from the AJCC 7th to the 8th edition in BC staging (both White and Black patients). We suggest that caution needs to be exercised when results are compared across staging systems to account for the WRP in the interpretation of the data.

Converging lines of evidence suggest that personality pathology is comprised of shared and unique impairments. The current study leveraged a large clinical sample (N=505) and a person-centered statistical approach, ipsative change analysis, to decompose individuals’ multidimensional profiles at two time points into a metric which captures change in the elevation of the profile (i.e., impairment severity) and change in relationships between dimensions in the profile (i.e., stylistic symptom presentation). Results demonstrated that both severity and style change were predictors of overall pathology change, although the relative importance of these metrics was influenced by assessment method. Specifically, structured interview showed strong effects of severity change relative to style change, whereas self-report was less definitive. In addition, severity change was the stronger predictor of changes in psychosocial functioning. Results support earlier evidence of shared and unique factors in personality pathology while highlighting the influence of assessment method on models of pathology structure.

Insecure attachment and borderline personality disorder (BPD) are defined by similar affective and interpersonal processes. Individuals diagnosed with BPD, however, represent only a subset of those described as insecurely attached, suggesting that attachment may hold broader relevance for socio-affective functioning. Based on a 21-day ecological momentary assessment protocol in a mixed clinical and community sample (N = 207) oversampled for BPD, we evaluate the discriminant validity of each construct as it influences daily interpersonal interactions. We find that insecure attachment is associated with elevated perceptions of interpersonal disaffiliation and maladaptive strategies for affect regulation, whereas enacted interpersonal hostility is more distinctive for BPD. In a series of sensitivity analyses, we further highlight potential caveats to these findings when studying both constructs concurrently. Together, our results suggest that both insecure attachment and BPD contribute to problematic affective and interpersonal processes, but that they do so at different stages of the unfolding social interaction, which has important implications for their maintenance and treatment.

The personalized approach to psychopathology conceptualizes mental disorder as a complex system of contextualized dynamic processes that is nontrivially specific to each individual, and it seeks to develop formal idiographic statistical models to represent these individual processes. Although the personalized approach draws on long-standing influences in clinical psychology, there has been an explosion of research in recent years following the development of intensive longitudinal data capture and statistical techniques that facilitate modeling of the dynamic processes of each individual's pathology. Advances are also making idiographic analyses scalable and generalizable. We review emerging research using the personalized approach in descriptive psychopathology, precision assessment, and treatment selection and tailoring, and we identify future challenges and areas in need of additional research. The personalized approach to psychopathology holds promise to resolve thorny diagnostic issues, generate novel insights, and improve the timing and efficacy of interventions.

Objective Mothers of children with cancer confront life stress that can impact their psychological and physical health and, in turn, the health of the family. Recommendations advocate preemptive stress-management interventions; however, few studies have investigated their efficacy. Here, we report results of a parallel randomized pilot trial examining health benefits of a stress management intervention designed to teach coping skills. Methods One hundred twenty mothers (age 36 ± 8 years) of children newly diagnosed with cancer were randomized to a 12-session stress management intervention (n = 60) or usual care (n = 60). Sessions took place in the inpatient or outpatient setting of a children’s hospital. Primary outcome variables included psychological function and physical health assessed preintervention and postintervention and at 6-month follow-up (∼12 months postdiagnosis). Results Enrollment, retention, and satisfaction data supported feasibility and acceptability. Latent change score models showed the intervention reduced perceived stress (d = −0.37, p = 0.03), anxiety symptoms (ds = −0.38 and −0.56, ps < .03) and, a nonsignificant effect for depressive symptoms (d = −0.29, p = .11) across the 6 months following diagnosis. Intervention participants also endorsed fewer depressive symptoms than controls ∼12 months after diagnosis. The intervention improved stress management skills, which associated with the psychological benefits of participation. There were no intervention-related changes in perceived health or markers of inflammation. Conclusion Intervention-related improvements in stress management skills may result in better psychological health in the face of caring for a child with cancer. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02022449

Ambulatory assessment (e.g., ecological momentary assessment) is now widely used in psychological research, yet key design decisions remain largely informed by methodological lore as opposed to systematic inquiry. The present study experimentally tested whether signal- (e.g., random prompt) and event- (e.g., complete a survey every time a target event occurs) contingent recording procedures of interpersonal behavior and affect in social situations yield equivalent quality and quantity of data. Participants (N = 286) completed baseline questionnaires, underwent cluster randomization to either a signal- or event-contingent condition, and then completed 1 week of ambulatory assessment, during which they answered questions about their social behavior and affect tied to their social interactions. Conditions were compared on response frequency, means and variances of interpersonal behavior and affect, correlations between interpersonal behavior and affect within-subject, and associations between momentary behavior and affect and baseline variables (e.g., Big Five traits). Results indicated that signal- and event-contingent recording techniques provided equivalent data quality, suggesting that researchers can use the 2 methodologies interchangeably to draw conclusions about means, variances, and associations when examining social interactions. However, results also showed that event-contingent recording returned, on average, a higher number of reported social interactions per individual, and this was true for most time periods of the day. Thus, event-contingent recording may hold advantages for studying frequency and timing of social interactions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

There is growing interest in understanding the fluctuations in narcissistic grandiosity and vulnerability over time. Momentary data collection is vital in facilitating this new area of inquiry. Two narcissism adjective scales, the Narcissistic Grandiosity Scale and the Narcissistic Vulnerability Scale, have recently been developed for this purpose. In the present study, the validity of these two scales was examined across three different samples. Results indicate that these measures perform well psychometrically at both the momentary and trait-level. In particular, results from the multilevel exploratory factor analyses reveal a clear two-factor structure at both the within- and between-person level. Additional results examining the relationship between these scales and other momentary scales (e.g., the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) reflect associations in line with contemporary literature. Finally, both of these scales tended to correlate with other dispositional measures at the between-person level in the expected manner, with particularly strong associations with existing narcissism measures (e.g., The Pathological Narcissism Inventory and The Five Factor Narcissism Inventory). Future studies wishing to examine fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability should consider using these scales for momentary narcissism assessment.

Purpose: To assess if the time interval between concurrent chemo radiotherapy [conc ChemoRT] followed by brachytherapy [B] determines the clinical outcomes in cervical cancer patients (FIGO stage IB2 – IVA) among a predominantly African- American population in a state university medical center. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 147 cervical cancer patients diagnosed with stage IB2- IVA treated with conc ChemoRT followed by B at various time intervals between 2005 and 2018 was performed. Survival analysis with several treatment [TX] duration interval parameters (pre 2010 and post 2010 to evaluate the significant organizational advancements); conc ChemoRT and B completed ≤ 60 days and > 60 days per American College of Surgeons cervical cancer surveillance measure; and TX intervals 6 to 10 weeks were evaluated. The overall survival [OS], local control [LC] and distant control [DC] were estimated by using Kaplan- Meier method. Uni, bi and multi- variable Cox hazard regression analyses were used to compare the risk of death among cervical cancer patients with different TX intervals. The SPSS v.24.0 was used for statistical analyses. Results: The 147 cervical cancer patients (median age, 55 y; range 28-83 y) had a median follow-up of 32 months (range 0 to 164 months). Our patient cohort included 34% patients treated pre 2010 and 66% post 2010; 42.2% ≤60 days and 57.8% > 60 days; 53.1% ≤ 6 to 8 weeks, 12.2% ≤ 8 to 10 weeks and 34.7% d>10 weeks. The patients diagnosed and treated post 2010 had better 5-year OS rates (65% vs. 32%) compared to pre 2010; p=0.000; patients treated ≤ 60 days had better 5-year OS rates (59.3% vs. 40.3%) to > 60 days; p=0.094; patients treated ≤ 6 to 8 weeks had better 5-year OS rates (56.1% vs. 53.1% and 34.3%) compared to ≤ 8 to 10 weeks and > 10 weeks; p=0.188 respectively. The 5-y OS rates for FIGO stages were IB2 (65.8%); IIA (62.5%); IIB (40.4%); IIIA (50%); IIIB (42.4%); and IVA (25.2%); p=0.508. There was no trend for improved LC (p=0.331; p=0.962; p=0.616) and DC (p= 0.284; p=0.596; p=0.606) observed among patients with different TX intervals. In the bi-variate analysis for TX year group, after adjusting for age, race, insurance, income level, distance travelled, tobacco exposure, alcohol history, and tumor stage, BMI-lower had twice the risk of death (hazard ratio [HR], 2.74; 95% CI, 1.34-5.59; p= 0.005). For patients treated ≤ 60 days, their insurance-private had a 63% reduction (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.15-0.90; p=0.029), and for the weekly TX group by the multivariate analysis, insurance-private showed a 76% reduction in the risk of death (HR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14-0.87; p=0.024). Conclusion: Our analysis suggests better OS among patients diagnosed and treated post 2010; ≤ 60 days duration; and ≤ 6 to 8 weeks with a shorter interval between conc ChemoRT and B to be superior to that of the patients undergoing longer TX’s. Citation Format: Mary R. Nittala, Satyaseelan Packianathan, Eswar K. Mundra, Maurice L. King, Shivanthidevi Gandhi, Robert M. Albright, Maria L. Smith, William C. Woods, Toms V. Thomas, Mildred Ridgway, Srinivasan Vijayakumar. Improved clinical outcomes with shorter intervals between concurrent chemoradiation and brachytherapy in FIGO IB2-IVA cervical cancer patients among a predominantly African-American population [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-230.

Purpose: To assess the prognostic significance of tumor HPV/p16 status among oropharyngeal squamous-cell carcinoma (SCC) patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 80 patients diagnosed with oropharyngeal SCC between 2008 and 2018 at an academic medical center with known HPV/p16 status was performed. Pearson’s Chi-squared test was used to compare the proportional differences between the known tumor HPV status among positive and negative p16 staining groups. Kaplan- Meier analysis was used to estimate overall survival [OS] and local control [LC] between the HPV groups stratified by risk and compared using the log-rank test. Uni and multi-variable Cox hazard regression analyses were used to compare the risk of death among patients with HPV- positive and HPV- negative cancer. The SPSS v.24.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Results: Our patient cohort included 37.5% HPV- positive and 62.5% HPV-negative (median age, 61 y; range 45-86 y) patients. Patient groups were classified on the basis of risk factors: HPV/p16 status, pack-years [py] of tobacco smoking, and tumor stage into low (p16+, ≤ 10 py), intermediate (p16+, > 10 py/p16-, < 10 py), and high risk (p16-, > 10 py/ any T4), accounting for 36.7%, 36.7% and 26.7% of HPV-positive and 0%, 20% and 40% of HPV-negative patients, respectively (p=0.000). The median follow-up duration for this cohort was 34 months (range 0 to 154 months). The low risk HPV-positive group had better 5-year OS rates (87.5%, vs. 59.5% and 27.2%) compared to intermediate and high risk groups (p=0.003 by the log-rank test). After adjustment for gender, age, race, income level, distance travelled, tobacco exposure, alcohol history, tumor stage, and treatment modality, this group had a 63% reduction in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.77; p= 0.008). Insurance and BMI was associated with a 71% reduction (hazard ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.97-0.89; p=0.032), and a 49% reduction in the risk of death (hazard ratio, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.37-0.71; p=0.000), respectively. In terms of LC, the low risk HPV-positive patients had better 3-year rates 70.1%, vs. 55.7% and 39.9% compared to the intermediate and, high risk groups (p=0.379). Conclusion: Tumor HPV/p16 status may be an independent prognostic factor along with insurance status and BMI for overall survival among oropharyngeal SCC patients. Citation Format: Mary R. Nittala, Eswar K. Mundra, Ashley Albert, William C. Woods, Maria L. Smith, Robert D. Hamilton, Lana Jackson, Gina Jefferson, Satyaseelan Packianathan, Eldrin Bhanat, Varsha Manucha, Srinivasan Vijayakumar. Univariate and multivariate prognostic factors for overall survival among oropharyngeal cancer patients with known HPV/p16 status [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-232.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to evaluate local control and survival rates of node negative triple negative breast cancer patients (TNBCs) treated with radiotherapy (RT) in our institution. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of 67 TNBCs (2007 - 2017) at an academic state institution who underwent lumpectomy and /or mastectomy (surgery) followed by adjuvant irradiation to median total dose of 50 Gy (range 40.5-50.40 Gy). Chemotherapy was administered in a neoadjuvant (31) or adjuvant setting (36). For all 67 TNBCs, local control (LC), overall survival (OS) and disease free survival (DFS) were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The significance of survival variables were analyzed using the Cox univariate and multivariate proportional hazards model. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS 24.0 software was used for data analysis. Results: The baseline characteristics of all 67 TNBCs were measured with median follow up of 58 months (range 10-142 months). Patients were stratified into two groups (neoadjuvant chemotherapy-RT (31) vs. adjuvant chemotherapy-RT (36)). The median rates for LC, DFS and OS were 27 % vs. 68 % (p= 0.001), 27.2% vs. 63.2 % (p= 0.034), and 63.4% vs. 92.5% (0.001) respectively. On Cox multivariate analysis, patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy were associated with statistically improved significant LC (p= 0.002) and OS (p=0.005). The variables included were: ethnicity (p=0.251), age (p=0.984), BMI (p=0.032), lump boost (p=0.300), TNM (p=0.162) and tumor grade (p=0.336). Conclusion: Among TNBC patients undergoing RT, adjuvant chemotherapy appears to be better than neoadjuvant chemotherapy in determining the clinical outcomes. Citation Format: Mary R. Nittala, Eswar K. Mundra, Satya Packianathan, Divyang Mehta, Maria L. Smith, William C. Woods, Shawn McKinney, Barbara S. Craft, Srinivasan Vijayakumar. Triple negative breast cancer patients treated with radiation therapy: Improvement in survival and local control with adjuvant chemotherapy compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 6177.

Purpose: To assess whether the Will Roger’s phenomenon [WRP] exists with the move from the AJCC 7th to AJCC 8th edition in Breast Cancer staging and if racial differences are manifested in the expression of the WRP. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 300 women diagnosed with breast cancer between 2007 and 2017 at an academic medical center was performed. Pearson’s square test was used to compare the proportional differences between the anatomic staging system represented by the 7th edition and the prognostic staging of the 8th edition among Caucasian [C] and African-American [AA] women. Kaplan- Meier analysis was used to estimate overall survival [OS] and disease-free survival [DFS] between the races and compared using the log-rank test. Bi and multi-variate Cox hazard regression analyses were used to identify any racial factors associated with outcomes. The SPSS v.24.0 was used for all statistical analyses. Results: Our patient cohort included 30.3% C and 69.7% AA (median age, 62 y; range 34- 92 y). Stages I, II, III, and IV accounted for 46.2%, 26.3%, 23.1%, and 4.4% of C and 28.7%, 43.1%, 24.4%, and 3.8% of AA respectively, in anatomic staging (p= 0.043). In prognostic staging, 52.8%, 18.7%, 23%, and 5.5% were C while 35%, 17.2%, 43.5%, and 4.3 % were AA, respectively (p=0.011). A total number of 41 C (45.05 %) were upstaged compared to 100 AA (47.85 %) patients. Fifteen C patients (16.49 %) and 30 AA patients (14.35 %) were down-staged. Of the remainder, 35 C (38.46 %) and 79 AA (37.79 %) patients had their stages unchanged (P=0.859). The median follow-up duration for this cohort was 58 months (range 4- 235 months). The AA patients showed better stage -by- stage 5- year OS rates using 8th edition compared to the 7th edition, suggesting a manifestation of the WRP. Among the C patients, those who were stage IIIA in the 7th edition but became stage IB in the 8th had a better prognosis than stages IIA and IIB in the 8th edition (p=0.000). For AA patients, stage IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, and IV all demonstrated better prognoses in the 8th edition when compared to the 7th edition (p=0.000). In terms of DFS, the 8th edition’s clinical staging showed complex results (p=0.176) compared to DFS estimated using the 7th’s anatomic staging system (p=0.004). For C patients, stages IA, IB, IIB, and IIIC all recorded better DFS when using the 8th edition while for AA patients, only those with stages IB and IIIC showed better DFS in the 8th edition compared to the 7th. Conclusion: Our analyses suggest that the WRP exists in the move from the AJCC 7thto the 8th edition in breast cancer staging in both C and AA patients. However, there was significant variability between the races in the extent of its manifestation. We suggest that caution needs to be exercised when results are compared across staging systems to account for the WRP in the interpretation of the data. Citation Format: Mary R Nittala, Eswar K Mundra, SatyaSeelan Packianathan, Divyang Mehta, William C Woods, Shawn Mckinney, Barbara S Craft, Srinivasan Vijayakumar. The Will Rogers phenomenon in breast cancer: The AJCC 8th Ed. and the importance of caution in the interpretation of outcomes differences for overall population and race-specific cohorts [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B126.

Contemporary integrative interpersonal theory posits that successful social interactions are characterized by complementarity: a match in interpersonal warmth and reciprocity in interpersonal dominance. Interactions with high complementarity evoke better affect. Modeling complementarity is challenging because it requires capturing the interpersonal behavior of interlocutors and the two dimensions of warmth and dominance. This study compares three approaches—statistical interaction, multilevel response surface analysis, and Euclidean distance—for modeling complementarity across four datasets. The approaches varied in the consistency of findings and proportion of variance explained. Findings suggest the Euclidean approach for parsimony and theoretical coherence, whereas multilevel response surface analysis is preferable for comprehensively modeling the interplay of self and other on the interpersonal dimensions.

Daily stress and hassles refers to quotidian adversity and the friction of moving through life. They have proved to be strongly associated with mental health, and serve as a proximal catalyst and outcome of symptomatology. Despite their intuitive and accessible nature, the constructs of daily hassles and stress pose several significant challenges in their conceptualization and measurement. This chapter reviews historical and contemporary approaches to measuring and assessing daily stress and hassles. Conceptual and definitional issues are covered, followed by three generations of daily stress assessment: cross-sectional, ambulatory assessment, and passive sensing. A selective summary is provided of research on daily stress as it relates to mental health.

Both theories and cutting-edge research highlight the dynamic nature of personality and personality pathology, thereby posing significant challenges for an exclusively between-person, trait-based approach to personality assessment. In a series of 3 studies, we explored the viability of integrating within-person, dynamic aspects into clinical personality assessment by means of daily dairy methods. In the 1st study, 314 students filled out a 73-item questionnaire capturing daily behaviors and situation experiences across 7-10 consecutive days. We used multilevel exploratory factor analyses to construct a shortened version, the Personality Dynamics Diary (PDD). In the 2nd study, the PDD was applied in a sample of 77 psychotherapy inpatients across 40 days, on average. In the 3rd study, 35 psychotherapy outpatients as well as their therapists judged the clinical utility of a smartphone version of the PDD. Taken together, we were able to construct a relatively brief self-report measure that assesses major dimensions of within- and between-person differences of situations and behaviors in daily life with acceptable reliability. Application in clinical samples provided further evidence for the reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the PDD but also highlighted possible obstacles in clinical practice as well as the need for further replication and refinement. We conclude that daily diary methods have the potential to integrate within- and between-person approaches to personality assessment. By applying measures like the PDD, clinicians may gain insight into the psychological mechanisms that give rise to, and maintain, a person's maladaptive dispositions and ultimately find individualized leverage points for targeted therapeutic interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Research suggests that both personality disorder (PD) and normal personality change as systems of variables (e.g., the general factor of PD), rather than as individual variables (e.g., neuroticism). Consequently, understanding PD and normal personality as multidimensional systems may yield additional insights over traditional single-variable approaches. Normal personality change has been attributed to increase across adaptive traits (i.e., the maturity principle), suggesting that shifts in the overall magnitude of construct expression plays a role in systemic change. We examined the extent to which total ipsative, system-level change was accounted for by shifts in the overall level of constructs (i.e., severity/maturity) as well as shifts in the configuration of PD and normal personality (i.e., style) across self-report and structured interview. Results demonstrated that overall change in PD and normal personality measured via self-report reflected both stylistic and severity change, whereas structured interview of PD primarily reflected shifts in profile severity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Psychological aggression between intimate partners has been found to occur at high rates in college populations, but the reliability and validity of the self-report measures used to gather this information have been criticized. Some studies indicate item order may affect self-reports of victimization and perpetration of violent behaviors. In this study, we administered standardized and randomized formats of the Multidimensional Measure of Emotional Abuse (MMEA; Murphy & Hoover, 1999) to study the impact question order had on self-reports of psychological aggression victimization and perpetration. Results demonstrated that women reported more frequent perpetration and victimization than men on some MMEA subscales. Furthermore, those who took the standardized format of the MMEA reported more frequent perpetration and victimization on some MMEA subscales than those who took the randomized format. However, no significant interaction effects were found between gender and format. Overall, these mixed results warrant further research on item order effects with self-report measures of intimate partner violence.

Preliminary research has demonstrated the utility of bystander interventions in reducing sexual assault (Coker et al., 2011; Moynihan & Banyard, 2008), and initial research has begun extending this type of intervention to dating violence broadly (i.e., physical and psychological aggression). However, there are many unexplored factors that may increase or decrease the likelihood that individuals will engage in bystander behavior. One such factor is previous experiences with dating violence and sexual assault. Thus, this study examined prior dating violence and sexual assault experiences and endorsement of bystander behaviors in a large sample of college students (N = 2,430). We hypothesized that individuals with a history of dating and sexual assault victimization would be more likely to report engaging in bystander behaviors relative to nonvictims. The relationship between prior dating violence perpetration on bystander behavior was also explored. Results demonstrated that individuals with physical and sexual, but not psychological, victimization histories reported more frequent bystander behavior. Furthermore, perpetrators of physical violence were more likely than nonperpetrators to report bystander behavior, particularly among females. Findings provide preliminary evidence that prior experiences with dating violence and sexual assault may impact bystander behavior. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

People with high perceived support have better mental health, but how this occurs is not well understood. We tested hypotheses from relational regulation theory that the main effect between perceived support and affect primarily reflects ordinary conversation and shared activity. In two studies (n = 193; n = 149), students rated three important network members and psychological reactions to each. In a third study (n = 72) strangers shared an activity in a round-robin design. Affect was strongly determined by with who participants were interacting or thinking about. Perceived support, ordinary conversation, and shared activity were strongly linked, and each was related to high positive affect, low negative affect, perceived similarity, and few negative thoughts. Perceived support's link to affect emerged when strangers shared a brief activity. Thus, much of perceived support's main effect with affect could be explained as resulting from ordinary conversation and shared activity.

An overview is provided of the experimental aerodynamics test program to ensure mission success for the autonomous flight of the Hyper-X research vehicle, a 12-ft-long, 2700-lb lifting body technology demonstrator designed to flight demonstrate for the first time a fully airframe-integrated scramjet propulsion system. Three flights are planned, two at Mach 7 and one at Mach 10. The research vehicles will be boosted to the prescribed scramjet engine test point, where they will separate from the booster, stabilize, and initiate engine test. Following more than 5 s of powered flight and 15 s of cowl-open tares, the cowl will close, and the vehicle will fly a controlled deceleration trajectory, which includes numerous control doublets for in-flight aerodynamic parameter identification. The preflight testing activities, wind-tunnel models, test rationale, risk reduction activities, and sample results from wind-tunnel tests supporting the flight trajectory from hypersonic engine test point through subsonic flight termination are reviewed.

NASA's Hyper-X research program was developed primarily to flight demonstrate a supersonic combustion ramjet engine, fully integrated with a forebody designed to tailor inlet flow conditions and a free expansion nozzle/afterbody to produce positive thrust at design flight conditions. With a point-designed propulsion system the vehicle must depend on some other means for boost to its design flight condition. Clean separation from this initial propulsion system stage within less than a second is critical to the success of the flight. This paper discusses the early planning activity, background, and chronology that developed the series of wind-tunnel tests to support multi-degree-of-freedom simulation of the separation process. Representative results from each series of tests are presented, and issues and concerns during the process and current status are highlighted.

Experimental longitudinal and lateral-directional aerodynamics were obtained for a generic aerodynamics were obtaiend for a generic winged-cone configuration having possible application as a transatmospheric vehicle concept. Data were obtained at Mach numbers from 0.6 to 20.0; Reynolds numbers, based on model length, between 2.5 and 5.3 million; and angles of attack from -4 to 20 deg. Results indicate a longitudinal center-of-pressure travel of about 23 percent of the fuselage length for the test Mach number range, with longitudinal instabilities noted at high-supersonic to hypersonic Mach numbers. These instabilities are coupled with directional instability at similar Mach numbers. Predictions with analytic codes, namely, the USAF DATCOM and the tangent-cone option of the Hypersonic Arbitrary Body Program, provided fair agreement with the experimental aerodynamic characteristics at low angles-of-attack.

S methods have been investigated for making nondestructive measurements of various wind tunnel parameters. Herein is described a study to determine the feasibility of using an electron beam to measure the freestream static density of gaseous helium over a range of hypersonic flow conditions. Measurements were made for a range of stagnation pressures and temperatures which produced freestream number densities of 1.53xl0 to 1.25x IO molecules/m and static temperatures from 2 to 80 K. The results showed the collision quenching cross section to be 4.4 x 10 ~ cm at 1 K and to have a weak temperature dependence of T'. Knowing these values, the freestream number density can be determined quite accurately. These results are reported in more detail in Ref. 1.