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AbstractPurposeMethodsResultsConclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONCommunity neurorehabilitation enables people with progressive neurological conditions (PNCs) to manage their symptoms to live an active, fulfilling life; however, it is not accessible to all. This study explored the factors influencing access to community neurorehabilitation in Northern Ireland from the perspective of people with PNCs and their carers.Eleven people living with a PNC and three carers took part in virtual focus groups. Data was thematically analysed using the framework method.Access to neurorehabilitation was described as a staged journey, driven by people with PNCs, and impacted by interactions with others. Four themes were identified: the person in the driving seat, describing the value of person-centred care and the need for proactivity; the traffic lights, depicting the role and influence of health care professionals (HCPs); the need for direction; and roadworks and roadblocks, identifying additional barriers to access. In addition, six fundamentals of good access were identified.This study adds depth to our understanding of the complexity, and the roles and needs of people with PNCs and HCPs, in accessing community neurorehabilitation. Further research is needed to determine how best to empower people to access rehabilitation.Access to community neurorehabilitation is dependent on personal factors including patient activation level and health care professional knowledge.People need to be empowered to access rehabilitation services.A single point of contact for advice and triaging concerns related to progressive neurological conditions is desirable.There is a need to understand the experiences and needs of people with low levels of patient activation to ensure equitable access to community-based neurorehabilitation.Access to community neurorehabilitation is dependent on personal factors including patient activation level and health care professional knowledge.People need to be empowered to access rehabilitation services.A single point of contact for advice and triaging concerns related to progressive neurological conditions is desirable.There is a need to understand the experiences and needs of people with low levels of patient activation to ensure equitable access to community-based neurorehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) data of high Reynolds number unsteady turbulent flows are often undersampled in time; this leads to aliasing of important spectral content. The present work proposes a novel data-driven estimation technique that uses oversampled sparsely placed surface-mounted pressure sensors and long short-term memory neural networks to resolve the aliased transient velocity dynamics from undersampled PIV data. The method leverages the time-resolved pressure dynamics to estimate the temporal evolution of a proper orthogonal decomposition-based low-dimensional subspace of the velocity field. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a PIV dataset of a high Reynolds number turbulent separated flow over a Gaussian speed-bump benchmark geometry ( Re H = 2.26 × 10 5 , where H is the Bump height). The 15 Hz PIV data is super-resolved to 2 kHz, and spectral analysis of the flowfields is conducted to educe the originally aliased unsteady dynamics of the turbulent separation bubble. The estimator is shown to accurately reconstruct the Reynolds shear stress from unseen sensor data, demonstrating its generalizability to resolve the coherent motions. The estimated velocity spectra show distributions consistent with those of other separated flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the relationships between cognitive change following stroke, awareness of cognitive impairments, and mood to further understanding of change processes influencing psychological outcomes post-stroke in line with the "Y-shaped" process model. Patients (n = 143; Mage = 73 years, SD = 13.73; 74 males) were assessed at 3-weeks (T1) and 6-months (T2) post-stroke and had completed the Oxford Cognitive Screen (T1 and T2), the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ; T2), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; T2). An ANCOVA controlling for disability relating to activities of daily living (ADL) revealed that awareness of cognitive impairment was significantly lower in participants with moderate-severe cognitive impairment. Regression analysis indicated that greater awareness of cognitive impairment and reduced independence in ADL were associated with greater emotional distress at T2. Cognitive improvement was associated with lower emotional distressat T2. Contrary to the awareness hypothesis, moderation analyses suggest that this effect was largest for those most cognitively impaired at T1. Findings emphasize the importance of monitoring stroke patients' capacity to be self-aware when assessing and formulating long-term post-stroke distress and have potential implications for improving long-term emotional status in those most cognitively impaired post-stroke, e.g., through psychoeducation, cognitive rehabilitation, and emotional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in phenology has been an important component in crop evolution, and selection for earlier flowering through a reduction in environmental sensitivity has helped broaden adaptation in many species. Natural variation for flowering in domesticated pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been noted and studied for decades, but there has been no clear account of change relative to its wild progenitor. Here we examined the genetic control of differences in flowering time between wild P. sativum ssp. humile and a typical late-flowering photoperiodic P. s. sativum accession in a recombinant inbred population under long and short photoperiods. Our results confirm the importance of the major photoperiod sensitivity locus Hr/PsELF3a and identify two other loci on chromosomes 1 (DTF1) and 3 (DTF3) that contribute to earlier flowering in the domesticated line under both photoperiods. The domesticated allele at a fourth locus on chromosome 6 (DTF6) delays flowering under long days only. Map positions, inheritance patterns, and expression analyses in near-isogenic comparisons imply that DTF1 , DTF3 , and DTF6 represent gain-of-function alleles of the florigen/antiflorigen genes FTa3 , FTa1 , and TFL1c/LF , respectively. This echoes similar variation in chickpea and lentil, and suggests a conserved route to reduced photoperiod sensitivity and early phenology in temperate pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Advances in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management have made disease remission achievable. We evaluated trends in total hip replacement (THR) and postoperative outcomes in patients with RA in Western Australia (WA) over more than three decades. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of routinely collected prospective data from a state-wide registry containing longitudinally linked administrative health data based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnostic and procedural codes. We included patients with two or more diagnostic codes for RA (between 1980 and 2015) and studied THR incidence rates (THR IR) and complication rates (revision, peri-prosthetic fracture, infection, venous thrombosis, and mechanical loosening). Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method and predictors analyzed by Cox regression. Results: We followed 9201 RA patients over 111,625 person-years, during which 1560 patients (16.9%) underwent THR. From 1985 to 2015, THR IR (per 1000 RA patient-years) decreased from 20.8 (95% CI 20.1–21.5) to 7.3 (95% CI 7.2–7.5), and 5-year THR-free survival increased from 84.3 to 95.3% (1980–2015). Ten-year prosthetic survival was 91.2%. Complication rates in the first 5 years post-THR decreased significantly from 13.1 to 3.7% (p < 0.001). Mechanical complications such as loosening and periprosthetic fracture rates decreased significantly (> 35%, P < 0.05), while infection and revision did not change over the observation period (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Over the last 30 years in RA patients, THR IR and mechanical complication rates decreased significantly, but the medical complication of infection has not changed significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle image velocimetry experiments were performed to study the effects of surface roughness on a hypersonic ( M ≈ 7.3 ), flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. Diamond mesh and square bars of different heights were used to form the roughness. No significant compressibility effects were apparent in the flow response in that the behavior of the mean velocity and streamwise turbulence profiles was in general accord with similar experiments in incompressible flows. The effects of the roughness extended to about one roughness height above the roughness itself and Townsend's hypothesis were confirmed. Outside of this region, the streamwise lengthscale and the inclination of the spatial correlation contours also showed good agreement with observations on smooth-wall and incompressible flow experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a time-resolved experimental study of feldspar infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) as part of a defect pair model investigation of the underlying mechanisms. Within our investigation we recorded ultraviolet emissions that covered a diverse range of alkali feldspars together with a limited selection of plagioclase feldspars. In analysing our measurements, we find that each IRSL pulse response is characterised by a combination of fast and slow components, the relative proportions of which vary across the range of feldspars we tested. We interpret the presence of the components as providing evidence as to the dual roles played by high mobility electrons and by the less mobile alkali ions that are released during the underlying physical processes. Consistent with earlier data, we find further that the luminescent sensitivities vary widely across the range of feldspars we tested. • Ultraviolet measurements of feldspar pulsed infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) are presented. • The pulsed IRSL study extends across a diverse range of alkali feldspars and a small selection of plagioclase feldspars. • Each pulsed response is found to be characterised by a combination of fast and slow components. • The components are attributed to the presence of both electrons and mobile alkali ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 23 year old woman who has been kicked in the chest by her horse. Topics include focuses on Current Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidance for the management of traumatic pneumothorax that recommends treatment with chest drain insertion; and considered that several patients underwent repeat chest x-ray during admission.

Introduction: Over the past several decades, management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has evolved significantly, but few studies have examined the real-world impact of these changes on orthopaedic surgery in patients with RA. This systematic review assessed total hip arthroplasty (THA) incidence and postoperative complication rates across the past four decades. Methods: This is a systematic literature review sourcing data on THA in patients with RA from the electronic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Cochrane between January 1, 1980 and December 31, 2019. Results: The search retrieved 1715 articles of which 44 were included for quantitative synthesis. The rate for THA decreased by almost 40% from 11/1000 patient years (PY) in the 2000s to 7/1000 PY in the 2010s, while the overall complication rate decreased from 9.9% in the 1990s to 5.3% in the 2010s. Throughout the duration of the study, THA incidence and overall complication rate decreased. However, not all individual complication rates decreased. For example, revision and periprosthetic fracture decreased, infection and aseptic loosening remained constant, and dislocation increased. Conclusion: Medical management of patients with RA has reduced the need for THA, while postoperative medical and surgical management has improved some postoperative outcomes. Nevertheless, there remains room for further improvement to postoperative outcomes through RA-specific management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is now understood to have a long preclinical phase in which pathology starts to accumulate in the absence of clinical symptoms. Identifying the temporal stages of accelerated cognitive decline in this phase may help in developing more sensitive neuropsychological tools for early screening of preclinical cognitive decline. Change-point analyses are increasingly used to characterize the temporal stages of accelerated cognitive decline in the preclinical stages of AD. However, statistical comparisons of change-points between specific cognitive measures have not been reported.Objective: To characterize and compare the temporal stages of accelerated decline in performance on multiple cognitive tests in a sample of participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (BLSA) who later developed AD.Methods: 165 older adults (baseline age range: 61.1-91.2) from the BLSA developed AD during follow-up. Linear and non-linear mixed models were fit for 11 cognitive measures to determine change-points in rates of decline before AD diagnosis. Bootstrapping was used to compare the timing of change-points across cognitive measures.Results: Change-points followed by accelerated decline ranged from 15.5 years (Standard Error (S.E.) = 1.72) for Card Rotations to 1.9 years (S.E. = 0.68) for the Trail-Making Test Part A before AD diagnosis. Accelerated decline in Card Rotations occurred significantly earlier than all other measures, including learning and memory measures.Conclusion: Results suggest that visuospatial ability, as assessed by Card Rotations, may have the greatest utility as an early predictive tool in identifying preclinical AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Methoxyflurane is an inhaled analgesic agent licensed in the United Kingdom for the relief of moderate to severe pain in conscious patients with trauma. Methoxyflurane has been widely used by Australian ambulance services since the 1970s. Aims: Primary aim : To assess the efficacy of methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia in the emergency department and pre-hospital environment. Secondary aims : to assess the efficacy of methoxyflurane for analgesia in the emergency department and pre-hospital environment; to assess the safety of methoxyflurane as an analgesic. Method: A literature search of Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases was performed. A total of 59 articles were reviewed. Results: One study using methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia in the emergency department was found. Multiple studies demonstrate the use of methoxyflurane for procedural analgesia for painful procedures outside the emergency department. Compared to other analgesics, methoxyflurane provides adequate analgesia. Overall, methoxyflurane is inferior to fentanyl or morphine, but it provides quicker onset analgesia compared to fentanyl and tramadol. It provides similar analgesia to nitrous oxide. Nephrotoxicity is dose dependent. Used in the analgesic doses, the risk of clinically significant kidney injury is negligible. Rare cases of unpredictable, severe hepatitis are reported. Discussion: The efficacy of methoxyflurane and its acceptability to patients and clinicians has been shown in a number of studies. As would be expected in any procedural analgesic choice, patient and clinician factors and the procedure planned are all important considerations. Compared to other analgesic agents, methoxyflurane performs favourably with a low chance of adverse events. Conclusion: Methoxyflurane is an efficacious analgesic agent in the emergency department and pre-hospital environment. It is easily portable and has a rapid onset. Methoxyflurane is suitable for use in procedural analgesia and as a bridging analgesic agent. Risks to the patient from renal or hepatic injury, cardiorespiratory depression or malignant hyperthermia are low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract White matter microstructure can be measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). While increasing age is a predictor of white matter (WM) microstructure changes, roles of other possible modifiers, such as cardiovascular risk factors, APOE ε4 allele status and biological sex have not been clarified. We investigated 665 cognitively normal participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (age 50–95, 56.7% female) with a total of 1384 DTI scans. WM microstructure was assessed by fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). A vascular burden score was defined as the sum of five risk factors (hypertension, obesity, elevated cholesterol, diabetes and smoking status). Linear mixed effects models assessed the association of baseline vascular burden on baseline and on rates of change of FA and MD over a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, while controlling for age, race, and scanner type. We also compared DTI trajectories in APOE ε4 carriers vs. non-carriers and men vs. women. At baseline, higher vascular burden was associated with lower FA and higher MD in many WM structures including association, commissural, and projection fibers. Higher baseline vascular burden was also associated with greater longitudinal decline in FA in the hippocampal part of the cingulum and the fornix (crus)/stria terminalis and splenium of the corpus callosum, and with greater increases in MD in the splenium of the corpus callosum. APOE ε4 carriers did not differ from non-carriers in baseline DTI metrics but had greater decline in FA in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum. Men had higher FA and lower MD in multiple WM regions at baseline but showed greater increase in MD in the genu of the corpus callosum. Women showed greater decreases over time in FA in the gyrus part of the cingulum, compared to men. Our findings show that modifiable vascular risk factors (1) have a negative impact on white matter microstructure and (2) are associated with faster microstructural deterioration of temporal WM regions and the splenium of the corpus callosum in cognitively normal adults. Reducing vascular burden in aging could modify the rate of WM deterioration and could decrease age-related cognitive decline and impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract As part of an investigation into the mechanisms underlying optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) in quartz, we have shone a number of South Australian natural quartzes over a six day measurement period. During this time the OSL signal was recorded over ten decades in time and fell six to seven decades in luminescent intensity. In particular, we observe the presence of a number of steps that appear when the luminescence is displayed in log/log form. In exploring the underlying mechanism, we review both the standard energy band gap model for quartz OSL and the alternative defect pair model and find that the latter can be applied to explain the steps in terms of a nearest neighbour extension. Highlights • Optically stimulated luminescence in quartz has been observed over a six day measurement period. • A number of steps are observed when the luminescence signal is displayed in log/log form. • The energy band gap and defect pair models for optically stimulated luminescence in quartz are reviewed. • The steps are explained in terms of a nearest neighbour extension to the defect pair model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Severe winter weather can reduce avian energetic reserves. At such times, reducing disturbance, and therefore energy expenditure, through science‐based policy is crucial to mitigating negative impacts on survival. We used allometric equations to examine the energy reserves of Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola, a popular quarry species across most of Europe, in relation to time of winter, location and temperature. We used data from 221 dissected birds, shot in Britain in two winters (2013/14, 2014/15), and 1,689 live birds captured during six consecutive winters (2010/11 to 2015/16). Woodcock are able to store large amounts of energy as fat in mid‐winter and increase energy reserves as night air temperature drops to below 0°C, provided the ground thaws during the day. In the event of cold weather in Britain, the mean potential flight distance of woodcock, based on mobilizable energy estimates of shot birds, is 860 km. If they do not move away, woodcock could withstand frozen conditions without feeding for a mean of 6 days. Synthesis and applications. To reduce the effects of cold weather on Eurasian woodcock S. rusticola, shooting should be restricted before energy reserves are depleted. Current policies vary across Europe, but our results suggest that restrictions should come into force sooner, after 4 days of continually frozen ground at inland sites. Restrictions should cover large regions and remain in operation for 7 days after the end of the cold spell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke survivors rate longer-term (> 2 years) psychological recovery as their top priority, but data on how frequently psychological consequences occur is lacking. Prevalence of cognitive impairment, depression/anxiety, fatigue, apathy and related psychological outcomes, and whether rates are stable in long-term stroke, is unknown. Methods: N = 105 long-term stroke survivors (M [SD] age = 72.92 [13.01]; M [SD] acute NIH Stroke Severity Score = 7.39 [6.25]; 59.0% Male; M [SD] years post-stroke = 4.57 [2.12]) were recruited (potential N = 208). Participants completed 3 remote assessments, including a comprehensive set of standardized cognitive neuropsychological tests comprising domains of memory, attention, language, and executive function, and questionnaires on emotional distress, fatigue, apathy and other psychological outcomes. Ninety participants were re-assessed one year later. Stability of outcomes was assessed by Cohen's d effect size estimates and percent Minimal Clinically Important Difference changes between time points. Results: On the Montreal Cognitive Assessment 65.3% scored < 26. On the Oxford Cognitive Screen 45.9% had at least one cognitive impairment. Attention (27.1%) and executive function (40%) were most frequently impaired. 23.5% and 22.5% had elevated depression/anxiety respectively. Fatigue (51.4%) and apathy (40.5%) rates remained high, comparable to estimates in the first-year post-stroke. Attention (d = -0.12; 85.8% stable) and depression (d = 0.09, 77.1% stable) were the most stable outcomes. Following alpha-adjustments, only perceptuomotor abilities (d = 0.69; 40.4% decline) and fatigue (d = -0.33; 45.3% decline) worsened over one year. Cognitive impairment, depression/anxiety, fatigue and apathy all correlated with worse quality of life. Conclusion: Nearly half of participants > 2 years post-event exhibited psychological difficulties including domains of cognition, mood, and fatigue, which impact long-term quality of life. Stroke is a chronic condition with highly prevalent psychological needs, which require monitoring and intervention development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known 160 °C and 220 °C intermediate temperature bands in quartz thermoluminescence are attributed to the same defect reaction pair proposed previously to explain the 110 °C predose band. In particular, the trend towards longer spectral wavelengths as the glow proceeds across the 110 °C, 160 °C and 220 °C bands is shown to be consistent with the known energy levels of the [AlO 4 − /h + ] 0 substitutional defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of varying three-dimensional, cylindrical post-type trip size on the mean and turbulent velocity profiles of a Mach 7.6 turbulent boundary layer is examined using particle image velocimetry. It is shown that the effect of under- and overtripping is to amplify the wake component of the mean velocity profile and outer-layer turbulence intensity, confirming trends from incompressible flow. Such results indicate that overly aggressive tripping introduces artificial large-scale turbulence that requires longer downstream distances to decay. For the current experiment, adequate tripping was obtained for trip sizes between 1.7 and 2.3 times the laminar boundary-layer displacement thickness at the trip, δ*tr, with the optimum size approximately 2.3 δ*tr. The wake strength for the optimally tripped cases followed the correlation of Fernholz and Finley (AGARDograph 253, Neuilly sur Seine, France, 1980) at the same Reynolds number, providing a good indicator for under- or overtripping. These results confirm that compressible boundary layers mimic incompressible trends but require larger trip sizes and have increased sensitivity, making a boundary layer free from initial conditions harder to achieve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a defect pair model analysis of the physical processes that underlie both thermally stimulated exo-electron emission (TSEE) and optically stimulated exo-electron emission (OSEE) from quartz. We commence our study by examining the sources of electrons within the defect pair model. We then proceed to review the relevant literature on exo-electron emission and note that the electron affinity is the exo-electron parameter best suited for application within our study. Following a brief description of the early literature on quartz TSEE we examine the more recent TSEE and OSEE experimental studies in relation to the underlying electron-generating defect reactions, revealing that in both cases the observed temperature dependencies associated with exo-electron emission can be curve fitted by readily derived parametric expressions. In particular, we find that in each case the electron affinity appears within an appropriate Arrhenius factor. We also find from our analytical curve fitting procedures that TSEE and OSEE are further proportional to the temperature dependencies associated respectively with TL and OSL. • Prior studies on thermally and optically stimulated exo-electron emission (TSEE and OSEE) from quartz are reviewed. • The quartz defect pair model is applied to reveal the underlying physical processes. • The electron affinity is identified as a key underlying parameter. • The links between thermoluminescence and TSEE and optically stimulated luminescence and OSEE are revealed. • Parametric expressions are derived to allow measured TSEE and OSEE temperature dependencies to be analytically fitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Assessed performance of two well-established and two low-cost chlorophyll meters. • All demonstrated similarly strong relationships with leaf chlorophyll concentration. • Generic calibration functions lay within uncertainties of most species-specific ones. • Their use led to a mean increase in RMSE (NRMSE) of just 0.01 to 0.02 g m−2 (2 to 5%). • Transmittance spectroscopy offered improved performance, but is less practical. Chlorophyll meters enable efficient and non-destructive estimation of leaf chlorophyll concentration (LCC), but require calibration against destructively-determined values to provide an absolute quantity that is comparable between different studies and species. Well-established instruments can provide accurate LCC estimates, but the performance of recent low-cost devices is less clear. Questions also remain over the choice of generic or species-specific calibration functions. Additionally, little attention has been paid to transmittance spectroscopy, which offers substantially increased spectral sampling, as a potential alternative. We investigated the well-established Konica Minolta SPAD-502+ and Opti-Sciences CCM-200 instruments and the low-cost atLEAF CHL PLUS and PhotosynQ MultispeQ V1.0 devices for non-destructive estimation of forest LCC. We calibrated each chlorophyll meter against destructively-determined LCC values for eight temperate deciduous broadleaf forest species, and characterised relationships between the different instruments. We also assessed whether transmittance spectroscopy could provide improved accuracy. All investigated chlorophyll meters demonstrated similarly strong relationships with destructively-determined LCC, indicating that once calibrated, even the low-cost devices represent a suitable choice for non-destructive forest LCC estimation. With the exception of oak, chlorophyll meter – LCC relationships were consistent between species, indicating that for these species, a generic calibration function may be suitable depending on required accuracy. Specifically, LCC values provided by the generic calibration functions fell within the prediction uncertainties of species-specific calibration functions for most considered species. The generic calibration functions explained between 2% and 16% less variation in LCC than the species-specific calibration functions, resulting in a mean increase in RMSE (NRMSE) of just 0.01 g m−2 to 0.02 g m−2 (2% to 5%). Transmittance spectroscopy was able to provide improved performance over the chlorophyll meters, indicating that they may miss some relevant spectral information at blue and green wavelengths. However, this improved performance comes at the expense of reduced practicality in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a photocathode device consisting of GaP, a metal oxide (Al2O3 or ZnO), a phosphonate-C12-thiol monolayer, and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The AuNPs enhance electron transfer: in non-aqueous electrochemistry (EtV2+ in MeCN), p-GaP☋Al2O3☋O3PC12S☋AuNP and …ZnO☋…☋AuNP rescued the photocurrent (24%, 59% of Jmax-etch). Aqueous experiments (CO2 saturated KCl) using the optimized ZnO-functionalized device exhibited H+→ H2 (FY = 66%) and CO2→ CO (FY = 6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A trinuclear nickel complex of phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime (H2pqd), namely bis-[µ2-9,10-bis(oxidoimino)-phenanthrene]bis[µ2-10-(oxido-imino)phenanthrene-9-one oxime](phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime)trinickel(II) toluene disolvate, [Ni3(C14H8N2O2)2 (C14H9N2O2)2 (C14H10N2O2)]•2C7H8, has been isolated and its crystal structure determined. This complex features three independent NiII atoms that are arranged in a triangular fashion along with five supporting ligands. There are two square-planar NiII atoms and a third pseudo-octa-hedral NiIIatom. While the square-planar NiII atoms are stacked, there are no ligand bridges between them. Each square-planar NiII atom, however, bridges with the pseudo-octahedral NiII atom through Ni--N--O--Ni and Ni--O--Ni bonds. A fluoridoboration reaction of the proton-bridged species gave the analogous complex bis(µ2-bis{[10-(oxido-imino)-9,10-dihydrophenanthren-9-yl-idene]amino}difluoridoborato)(phenanthrene-9,10-dione dioxime)trinickel(II) dichloromethane trisolvate, [Ni3(C28H16BF2N4O2)4 (C14H10N2O2)]•3CH2Cl2, which shows the same binding structure, but features a widened Ni--Ni interaction between the square-planar NiII atoms. The proton-bridged complex completes the macrocyclic coordination around the square-planar NiIIatoms by means of an O--H⋯O hydrogen bond. Both compounds feature O--H⋯N hydrogen bonds between the oxime and the N atoms attached to square-planar nickel atom. The nickel units show no direct interaction with their nearest neighbors in the extended lattice. Two π-stacking interactions between adjacent molecules are found: one with a centroid--centroid distance of 3.886 (2) Å and the other with a centroid--centroid distance of 4.256 (3) Å. In the latter case, although not aromatic, the distance to the centroid of the central phenanthrene ring is shorter, with a distance of 3.528 (3) Å. Toluene molecules occupy the solvent channels that are oriented along the c axis. In the fluoridoboronate structure, the solvent (DCM) was too badly disordered to be modelled, so its contribution was removed using SQUEEZE [Spek (2015). Acta Cryst. C71, 9-18]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reported here are the syntheses and characterization of cobaloximes that feature a bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) appended ligand. The X-ray crystal structures and spectroscopy (1H NMR or EPR) of the complexes within the series [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2] (1), [Co(aqdBF2)(MeCN)2]− (2) and [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2]2− (3, 3′) are reported and the 3-electron reduced complex [Co(aqdBF2)2(MeCN)2]3− (4) has been prepared in situ and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The X-ray crystal structures revealed the presence of a 6-coordinate CoII species (1), a 5-coordinate CoI species (2), and a 4-coordinate complex (3, 3′). In the case of complex 3, evidence from single crystal EPR spectroscopy (g‖ = 2.017, g⊥ = 1.987; ＜10 G linewidths) in conjunction with DFT calculations indicate that the EPR signal originates from a delocalized ligand-based unpaired spin. The frontier orbitals obtained from DFT calculations on 1, 2, 3, & 4 support the electronic assignments that were observed spectroscopically. The cathodic cyclic voltammogram (CV) of the solvato congener in DMF solution, namely [Co(aqdBF2)2(DMF)2], exhibits three reversible redox events near −1.0, −1.5 and −2.0 V vs. Fc/Fc+. Catalytic proton reduction was observed by CV near the third redox peak. Compared with other cobaloximes (Ecat = −1.0 V), the delay of catalytic onset arises from the existence of a series of resonance-stabilized intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Patient‐Reported Experience Measures (PREMs) act to identify the patient's objective experience while receiving care. PREM data can provide feedback to professionals on patients' personal experience of care processes, quality of care and insight into patient expectations. This can support service improvements and person‐centeredness of care. Despite this, PREMs are not currently routinely collected for any primary eye care services in Wales, inclusive of the National Low Vision Service Wales (LVSW). The primary aim of this project was to develop and pilot a community low‐vision, service‐specific, PREM (LVSWPREM). Methods: The development of the LVSWPREMs was performed in partnership with LVSW service users. Fourteen people attended three successive, 1.5‐h online focus groups, and informed the development of a draft of LVSWPREMs inclusive of item generation and face validity. Following several rounds of iterative improvements based on the feedback gathered during the focus groups, LVSWPREM V4.0 was agreed upon and piloted for a period of 3 months within Hywel Dda University Health Board. Reliability of the final LVSWPREM V4.0 was assessed using Cronbach α. Results: The final LVSWPREMs consisted of two parts: (1) LVSW‐specific items and (2) a generic PREM tool approved by the Welsh Government for use across National Health Service Wales. Reliability analyses with item deletion were conducted for each construct separately using Cronbach α and were 0.94 and 0.63 for parts 1 and 2, respectively. Conclusion: The LVSWPREM is a validated, reliable tool, which can be used to provide information regarding patients' experience of accessing a community‐based, low‐vision service. Developed in partnership with people with vision impairment, it has the potential to be useful as a means of patient engagement and improvement in the delivery of high‐quality healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role that oxygen vacancies can play in the emission of quartz ultraviolet luminescence is investigated. Within a defect pair model approach we highlight the significance of aluminium, titanium and germanium point defects. By comparing known trace element estimates with estimates of the number of luminescent photons that are emitted globally from our bright quartz samples, we confirm that the available impurity defects outnumber the emitted photons by several orders of magnitude. Our conclusion is that another defect species must play a significant role in the observed luminescence sensitivity of quartz. By reviewing the literature on oxygen vacancies, we develop a hypothesis that the well-known oxygen vacancy E′ 1 centres act as a barrier to migration of holes along the quartz c-channel wall structure, preventing the emission of luminescence. We proceed to examine the processes via which E′ 1 centres migrate historically under ambient temperature conditions from their source location. By applying known potential barrier information, we contend that a thermally-assisted solar UV exposure mechanism can explain the migration process. In particular, we argue that during such migration the E′ 1 centres can be trapped at other centres which neutralise them, allowing free passage for subsequent holes en route to the luminescence centres. Such a mechanism predicts that bright luminescence should be observed from quartz extracted from hot sunny locations, compared with lower levels of luminescence in the case of quartz from cool overcast locations. This is consistent with known observations that quartz sensitivity increases with cumulative sunlight exposure. • The disparity between the concentrations of impurity point defects and low level of quartz OSL emissions is highlighted. • It is argued that the E′ 1 oxygen vacancy centre plays a significant but rare role in OSL sensitisation. • A thermally-assisted solar UV mechanism is applied to explain how E′ 1 centres migrate over historical time. • Observations that luminescence from hot sunny locations is bright are explained in terms of E′ 1 centre migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the effects of compressibility, slip, and fluid inertia on the frequency response of particle-based velocimetry techniques for supersonic and hypersonic flows by solving the quasi-steady drag equation for solid, spherical particles. We demonstrate that non-continuum and fluid inertial effects significantly affect the particle response under all typical supersonic flow conditions. In particular, the particle frequency response obtained from a shock response test depends on the strength of the shock, decreasing with shock strength as non-continuum effects become more prominent. For weak disturbances, such as those typical of turbulence, the actual particle frequency response can therefore be much lower than that obtained from a typical shock response. The greatest variability in the response was found to occur at low supersonic Mach numbers. The results were found to be typical of solid particles used for velocimetry under a wide range of wind tunnel conditions, and so, previous particle frequency response analyses based solely on shock response tests may well have overestimated the response to turbulence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a configurational coordinate model to explain a number of optical bleaching features displayed by the ultraviolet mid-temperature thermoluminescence peaks (110 °C, 160 °C and 220 °C) in quartz. Within our analysis, we find that the defect pair model for quartz luminescence needs to be extended to include a thermally-assisted optical stimulation path for each of the peaks. By incorporating this extension within an appropriate configurational coordinate framework, we have been able to develop an analytical explanation for known optical bleaching characteristics. • A configurational coordinate model is developed for explaining mid-temperature thermoluminescence in quartz. • The quartz defect pair model is extended to include a new thermally-assisted optical stimulation path. • The mechanisms underlying optical bleaching of the mid-temperature thermoluminescence peaks are identified. • The thermoluminescence and photo-transferred thermoluminescence optical bleaching processes are explained analytically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: TEL-AML1 is an oncogenic fusion protein associated with childhood pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. From published microarray datasets we identified the Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (RhoGEF) Asef to be associated with TEL-AML1 leukaemia. However, the Asef gene is not a direct target of TEL-AML1 transcriptional control. Forced expression of Asef in vitro induced and maintained proliferation of haemaopoietic progenitor cells and co-operated with TEL-AML1 greatly to enhance proliferation and haemopoietic colony size. In haemopoietic transplantation reconstitution assays Asef and TEL-AML1 together failed to induce a leukaemic phenotype. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Characterizes the properties of the tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) responsible for inducing ligands in the development of T cells. Possible applications of TRAIL in tumor therapy; Development of a panel of soluble proteins to address the role of TRAIL in lymphocyte development.

Illustrates how the positive selection of thymocytes in single transgenic F5 fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOC) is initiated by the antagonist peptide. Determinants of the developmental fate of a thymocyte; Presentation of alterations in the profiles of selecting peptides.

Presents a study which described positive selection of CD8+ T cells by weak agonist and antagonist peptides, in different transgenic T cell receptor (TCR) systems. Materials and methods used to conduct the study; Interaction between TCR and peptide/major histocompatibility complex; Results and discussion on the study.

Studies suggest that concussions may be related to increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy and Alzheimer's Disease. Most neuroimaging studies show effects of concussions in frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, yet the long-term impacts of concussions on the aging brain have not been well studied. We examined neuroimaging data from 51 participants (mean age at first imaging visit=65.1 ± 11.23) in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) who reported a concussion in their medical history an average of 23 years prior to the first imaging visit, and compared them to 150 participants (mean age at first imaging visit=66.6 ± 10.97) with no history of concussion. Participants underwent serial structural MRI over a mean of 5.17±6.14 years and DTI over a mean of 2.92±2.22 years to measure brain structure, as well as 15O-water PET over a mean of 5.33±2.19 years to measure brain function. A battery of neuropsychological tests was also administered over a mean of 11.62±7.41 years. Analyses of frontal and temporal lobe regions were performed to examine differences in these measures between the concussion and control groups at first imaging visit and in change over time. Compared to those without concussion, participants with a prior concussion had greater brain atrophy in temporal lobe white matter and hippocampus at first imaging visit, which remained stable throughout the follow-up visits. Those with prior concussion also showed differences in white matter microstructure using DTI, including increased radial and axial diffusivity in the fornix/stria terminalis, anterior corona radiata, and superior longitudinal fasciculus at first imaging visit. In 15O-water PET, higher resting cerebral blood flow was seen at first imaging visit in orbitofrontal and lateral temporal regions, and both increases and decreases were seen in prefrontal, cingulate, insular, hippocampal, and ventral temporal regions with longitudinal follow-up. There were no significant differences in neuropsychological performance between groups. Most of the differences observed between the concussed and non-concussed groups were seen at the first imaging visit, suggesting that concussions can produce long-lasting structural and functional alterations in temporal and frontal regions of the brain in older individuals. These results also suggest that many of the reported short-term effects of concussion may still be apparent later in life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent study using pulsed stimulation we revealed that optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and photo-transferred thermoluminescence (PTTL) in quartz are characterised by a common pulse response. We interpreted this result as indicating that both emissions are governed by the same detrapping mechanisms. In the present study we develop a common configurational coordinate model to describe the mechanisms. Within our model we identify the energy associated with the thermal assistance effect as the vibrational energy of the ground state of the dimer that represents the trap. Further, we model the OSL stimulation process as an optical transition between a vibrationally-excited ground state level and a dimer excited state. By introducing additional luminescence parameters, we reveal that the processes that underlie thermal quenching and the room temperature OSL response to pulsed stimulation can be represented by competing modes which empty the excited state. In particular, we find that the room temperature pulse response can be modelled in terms of an optical transition from the excited state to a lower antibonding level from which a hole is ejected. In contrast, thermal quenching is explained by excited state vibrational dissociation at large dimer component separations. • Common mechanisms govern the speed of optically stimulated luminescence and photo-transferred thermoluminescence in quartz. • A configurational coordinate model is developed to explain the untrapping mechanisms. • Optical stimulation is modelled as a transition between a ground state vibrational level of the trap and an excited state. • The room temperature pulse response and thermal quenching represent competing decay modes which empty the excited state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we present pulsed optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements in quartz, directed towards the generation of information relevant to mechanisms studies. Our measurement program covers the pulsed OSL emitted from a number of laboratory-irradiated South Australian quartz samples shone across a wide temperature range. We reveal that although the response is dominated by a single exponential component, it also includes several faint slow components and a temperature-dependent step component. We find that the room temperature time constant of 40.9 ± 0.2 μs measured from the pulse fall exceeds the corresponding value of 39.9 ± 0.2 μs measured from the rise. Further, application of the Mott-Seitz formula across the temperature range has enabled a value of 0.694 ± 0.004 eV to be derived for the activation energy associated with thermal quenching. Similar investigations yield a room temperature time constant of 1.60 ± 0.02 ms and an activation energy of 1.1 ± 0.05 eV for the strongest of the faint components. Regarding the step component, we find that it dominates the OSL as the temperature is increased. By applying linearly modulated OSL in the 300–450 °C high temperature region, we show that the step is generated even in the absence of applied ionising radiation. • Pulsed optically stimulated luminescence from South Australian quartzes is measured across a wide temperature range. • The pulse responses include a dominant component, several faint slow components and a step component. • Thermal quenching activation energies and frequency factors are derived by curve fitting. • The step component is attributed to the release of trapped holes from oxygen vacancies. • Optically stimulated luminescence and photo-transferred thermoluminescence share the same pulse response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute leukemia continues to be a major cause of death from disease worldwide and current chemotherapeutic agents are associated with significant morbidity in survivors. While better and safer treatments for acute leukemia are urgently needed, standard drug development pipelines are lengthy and drug repurposing therefore provides a promising approach. Our previous evaluation of FDA-approved drugs for their antileukemic activity identified disulfiram, used for the treatment of alcoholism, as a candidate hit compound. This study assessed the biological effects of disulfiram on leukemia cells and evaluated its potential as a treatment strategy. We found that disulfiram inhibits the viability of a diverse panel of acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia cell lines (n = 16) and patient-derived xenograft cells from patients with poor outcome and treatment-resistant disease (n = 15). The drug induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in leukemia cells within hours of treatment and was able to potentiate the effects of daunorubicin, etoposide, topotecan, cytarabine, and mitoxantrone chemotherapy. Upon combining disulfiram with auranofin, a drug approved for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis that was previously shown to exert antileukemic effects, strong and consistent synergy was observed across a diverse panel of acute leukemia cell lines, the mechanism of which was based on enhanced ROS induction. Acute leukemia cells were more sensitive to the cytotoxic activity of disulfiram than solid cancer cell lines and non-malignant cells. While disulfiram is currently under investigation in clinical trials for solid cancers, this study provides evidence for the potential of disulfiram for acute leukemia treatment. Key messages: Disulfiram induces rapid apoptosis in leukemia cells by boosting oxidative stress. Disulfiram inhibits leukemia cell growth more potently than solid cancer cell growth. Disulfiram can enhance the antileukemic efficacy of chemotherapies. Disulfiram strongly synergises with auranofin in killing acute leukemia cells by ROS induction. We propose testing of disulfiram in clinical trial for patients with acute leukemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiments were performed to study the effects of an array of microramp sub-boundary-layer vortex generators on a hypersonic shock/turbulent boundary-layer interaction. Two staggered rows of microramps were installed upstream of a 33 deg compression-corner interaction with large-scale separation at Mach 7.2, and the influence of these devices on the mean and turbulent flowfield, and the separation region in particular, was studied with particle image velocimetry. The microramps strongly altered the mean flow topology: The previously two-dimensional interaction region with a large separated zone in the vicinity of the ramp corner is broken up into a three-dimensional interaction, where the mean velocity at the spanwise locations downstream of the microramp centerlines is decreased, whereas it is increased at the spanwise locations in between the microramp vertices. The mean overall separation length is reduced, most strongly at spanwise locations in between microramps. A narrow local increase occurs directly downstream of the device vertices. The turbulence behavior across the interaction is not fundamentally altered under the influence of vortex-generator control, but a superposition of effects is observed. The microramp-induced longitudinal vortex pairs increase turbulent mixing and, by adding momentum into the near-wall region, support a faster decrease of turbulence intensity and return to equilibrium conditions downstream of the interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cross-flow turbine performance and flow fields exhibit cycle-to-cycle variations, though this is often implicitly neglected through time- and phase-averaging. This variability could potentially arise from a variety of mechanisms—inflow fluctuations, the stochastic nature of dynamic stall, and cycle-to-cycle hysteresis—each of which have different implications for our understanding of cross-flow turbine dynamics. In this work, the extent and sources of cycle-to-cycle variability for both the flow fields and performance are explored experimentally under two, contrasting operational conditions. Flow fields, obtained through two-dimensional planar particle image velocimetry inside the turbine swept area, are examined in concert with simultaneously measured performance. Correlations between flow-field and performance variability are established by an unsupervised hierarchical flow-field clustering pipeline. This features a principal component analysis pre-processor that allows for clustering based on all the dynamics present in the high-dimensional flow-field data in an interpretable, low-dimensional subspace that is weighted by contribution to overall velocity variance. We find that the flow-field clusters and their associated performance are correlated primarily with inflow fluctuations, despite relatively low turbulence intensity, that drive variations in the timing of the dynamic stall process. Further, we find no evidence of substantial cycle-to-cycle hysteresis. Cycle-to-cycle performance variability occurs earlier in the cycle than flow-field variability, indicating the limits of co-temporal correlation between performance and flow fields, but clustering reveals persistent ties between performance and flow-field variability during the upstream portion of the turbine rotation. The approach employed here provides a more comprehensive picture of cross-flow turbine flow fields and performance than aggregate, statistical representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A letter to the editor discussing case report of a 75 year old female with Catatonia, major depression and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is presented.

Experiments were performed to study two compression corner interactions at Mach 7.2 and at a Reynolds number based on a momentum thickness of 3500. Turning angles were selected such that the flow remained attached for the lower 8° case and a large separation bubble formed for a higher 33° case. The measurements were performed using particle image velocimetry, allowing an examination of both changes in the mean flow as well as turbulence in the near field of the interaction. Results were interpreted while closely considering the fidelity of the tracer particle response, which was seen to vary strongly throughout the flow. Upstream of the interaction, the particle response was seen to be insufficient to resolve the wall-normal component of turbulence, as in previous studies. Downstream of the interaction, the increased fluid viscosity raised the particle response such that measurements of wall-normal turbulence compared favorably with direct numerical simulations and large-eddy simulations at matching conditions. The streamwise turbulence intensities were seen to be relatively unaffected by the 8° interaction, but they displayed strong amplification across the 33° interaction. The wall-normal velocity fluctuations and Reynolds shear stresses were strongly amplified in both cases. Surprisingly, the return to equilibrium downstream of the shock was approached much more rapidly in the 33° case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses case report of a 76-year-old schizophrenic woman. She was administered risperidone long-acting injection (LAI) fortnightly but she found it tiresome to visit every 15 days. So, the antipsychotic was changed to the equivalent dose of paliperidone palmi­tate LAI, administered at 4-weekly intervals. However, her mental state deteriorated after the switch. This shows that the two medications may not function as equally effica­cious treatments in all individuals.

The article presents a letter to the editor in response to the article "Whipple's disease," by F. Fenollar in the January 4, 2007 issue.

Frailty indexes (FIs) provide quantitative measurements of nonspecific health decline and are particularly useful as longitudinal monitors of morbidity in aging studies. For mouse studies, frailty assessments can be taken noninvasively, but they require handling and direct observation that is labor-intensive to the scientist and stress inducing to the animal. Here, we implement, evaluate, and provide a refined digital FI composed entirely of computational analyses of home-cage video and compare it to manually obtained frailty scores in both C57BL/6 and genetically heterogeneous Diversity Outbred mice. We show that the frailty scores assigned by our digital index correlate with both manually obtained frailty scores and chronological age. Thus, we provide an automated tool for frailty assessment that can be collected reproducibly, at scale, without substantial labor cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a powerful and versatile method for calculating the electronic properties of real nanostructures. It is applied to a spherical quantum dot, self-consistently reconciling the non-linear Poisson equation with the Kohn-Sham equations, balancing the charge in the surface states and the 'bulk' (dot interior). Excellent agreement is obtained between theory and experiment, with the model predicting a spatial dependency of donor ionization for dots below 10 nm radii. This has far reaching implications for nano-device design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improving the poor prognosis of infant leukaemias remains an unmet clinical need. This disease is a prototypical fusion oncoprotein‐driven paediatric cancer, with MLL (KMT2A)‐fusions present in most cases. Direct targeting of these driving oncoproteins represents a unique therapeutic opportunity. This rationale led us to initiate a drug screening with the aim of discovering drugs that can block MLL‐fusion oncoproteins. Methods: A screen for inhibition of MLL‐fusion proteins was developed that overcomes the traditional limitations of targeting transcription factors. This luciferase reporter‐based screen, together with a secondary western blot screen, was used to prioritize compounds. We characterized the lead compound, disulfiram (DSF), based on its efficient ablation of MLL‐fusion proteins. The consequences of drug‐induced MLL‐fusion inhibition were confirmed by cell proliferation, colony formation, apoptosis assays, RT‐qPCR, in vivo assays, RNA‐seq and ChIP‐qPCR and ChIP‐seq analysis. All statistical tests were two‐sided. Results: Drug‐induced inhibition of MLL‐fusion proteins by DSF resulted in a specific block of colony formation in MLL‐rearranged cells in vitro, induced differentiation and impeded leukaemia progression in vivo. Mechanistically, DSF abrogates MLL‐fusion protein binding to DNA, resulting in epigenetic changes and down‐regulation of leukaemic programmes setup by the MLL‐fusion protein. Conclusion: DSF can directly inhibit MLL‐fusion proteins and demonstrate antitumour activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing, to our knowledge, the first evidence for a therapy that directly targets the initiating oncogenic MLL‐fusion protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Mapping brain white matter (WM) is essential for building an understanding of brain anatomy and function. Tractography‐based methods derived from diffusion‐weighted MRI (dMRI) are the principal tools for investigating WM. These procedures rely on time‐consuming dMRI acquisitions that may not always be available, especially for legacy or time‐constrained studies. To address this problem, we aim to generate WM tracts from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image by deep learning. Methods: Following recently proposed innovations in structural anatomical segmentation, we evaluate the feasibility of training multiply spatial localized convolution neural networks to learn context from fixed spatial patches from structural MRI on standard template. We focus on six widely used dMRI tractography algorithms (TractSeg, RecoBundles, XTRACT, Tracula, automated fiber quantification (AFQ), and AFQclipped) and train 125 U‐Net models to learn these techniques from 3870 T1‐weighted images from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, the Human Connectome Project S1200 release, and scans acquired at Vanderbilt University. Results: The proposed framework identifies fiber bundles with high agreement against tractography‐based pathways with a median Dice coefficient from 0.62 to 0.87 on a test cohort, achieving improved subject‐specific accuracy when compared to population atlas‐based methods. We demonstrate the generalizability of the proposed framework on three externally available datasets. Conclusions: We show that patch‐wise convolutional neural network can achieve robust bundle segmentation from T1w. We envision the use of this framework for visualizing the expected course of WM pathways when dMRI is not available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproducible identification of white matter pathways across subjects is essential for the study of structural connectivity of the human brain. One of the key challenges is anatomical differences between subjects and human rater subjectivity in labeling. Labeling white matter regions of interest presents many challenges due to the need to integrate both local and global information. Clearly communicating the manual processes to capture this information is cumbersome, yet essential to lay a solid foundation for comprehensive atlases. Segmentation protocols must be designed so the interpretation of the requested tasks as well as locating structural landmarks is anatomically accurate, intuitive and reproducible. In this work, we quantified the reproducibility of a first iteration of an open/public multi-bundle segmentation protocol. This allowed us to establish a baseline for its reproducibility as well as to identify the limitations for future iterations. The protocol was tested/evaluated on both typical 3 T research acquisition Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) and high-acquisition quality Human Connectome Project (HCP) datasets. The results show that a rudimentary protocol can produce acceptable intra-rater and inter-rater reproducibility. However, this work highlights the difficulty in generalizing reproducible results and the importance of reaching consensus on anatomical description of white matter pathways. The protocol has been made available in open source to improve generalizability and reliability in collaboration. The goal is to improve upon the first iteration and initiate a discussion on the anatomical validity (or lack thereof) of some bundle definitions and the importance of reproducibility of tractography segmentation. • Quantify reproducibility of WM bundles segmentation from deterministic tractography. • The TractEM project is a tractography-based whole-brain protocol informed by the EVE atlas. • Protocols have been made available in open source to facilitate collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the influence of compliant chassis components on motorcycle dynamics. Initially, research which has previously been carried out in terms of motorcycle dynamics and in particular the impact of compliant chassis components on motorcycle dynamics is discussed. This paper then considers the consequences of these findings with regard to the use of modern materials such as carbon fibre reinforced plastics and the impact they will potentially have on motorcycle dynamics and its simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]