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Common envelopes are thought to be the main method for producing tight binaries in the universe as the orbital period shrinks by several orders of magnitude during this phase. Despite their importance for various evolutionary channels, direct detections are rare, and thus observational constraints on common envelope physics are often inferred from post-CE populations. Population constraints suggest that the CE phase must be highly inefficient at using orbital energy to drive envelope ejection for low-mass systems and highly efficient for high-mass systems. Such a dichotomy has been explained by an interplay between convection, radiation and orbital decay. If convective transport to the surface occurs faster than the orbit decays, the CE self-regulates and radiatively cools. Once the orbit shrinks such that convective transport is slow compared to orbital decay, a burst occurs as the release of orbital energy can be far in excess of that required to unbind the envelope. With the anticipation of first light for the Rubin Observatory, we calculate light curve models for convective common envelopes and provide the time evolution of apparent magnitudes for the Rubin filters. Convection imparts a distinct signature in the light curves and lengthens the timescales during which they are observable. Given Rubin limiting magnitudes, convective CEs should be detectable out to distances of ~8 Mpc at a rate of ~0.3 per day and provide an intriguing observational test of common envelope physics., Comment: Submitted to New Astronomy: 14 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables

The formation pathways for gravitational-wave merger sources are predicted to include common envelope (CE) evolution. Observations of high-mass post-common envelope binaries suggest that energy transfer to the envelope during the CE phase must be highly efficient. In contrast, observations of low-mass post-CE binaries indicate energy transfer during the CE phase must be highly inefficient. Convection, a process present in low-mass and high-mass stars, naturally explains this dichotomy. Using observations of Wolf-Rayet binaries, we study the effects of convection and radiative losses on the predicted final separations of high-mass common envelopes. Despite robust convection in massive stars, the effect is minimal as the orbit decays well before convection can transport the liberated orbital energy to the surface. In low-mass systems, convective transport occurs faster then the orbit decays, allowing the system to radiatively cool thereby lowering the efficiency. The inclusion of convection reproduces observations of low-mass and high-mass binaries and remains a necessary ingredient for determining outcomes of common envelopes., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS

The formation channels and predicted populations of double-white dwarfs (DWDs) are important because a subset will evolve to be gravitational-wave sources and/or progenitors of Type Ia supernovae. Given the observed population of short-period DWDs, we calculate the outcomes of common envelope evolution when convective effects are included. For each observed white dwarf in a DWD system, we identify all progenitor stars with an equivalent proto-WD core mass from a comprehensive suite of stellar evolution models. With the second observed white dwarf as the companion, we calculate the conditions under which convection can accommodate the energy released as the orbit decays, including (if necessary), how much the envelope must spin-up during the common envelope phase. The predicted post-CE final separations closely track the observed DWD orbital parameter space, further strengthening the view that convection is a key ingredient in common envelope evolution., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS

A widely used method for parameterizing the outcomes of common envelopes (CEs) involves defining an ejection efficiency, $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, that represents the fraction of orbital energy used to unbind the envelope as the orbit decays. Given $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$, a prediction for the post-CE orbital separation is possible with knowledge of the energy required to unbind the primary's envelope from its core. Unfortunately, placing observational constraints on $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is challenging as it requires knowledge of the primary's structure at the onset of the common envelope phase. Numerical simulations have also had difficulties reproducing post-CE orbital configurations as they leave extended, but still bound, envelopes. Using detailed stellar interior profiles, we calculate $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ values for a matrix of primary-companion mass pairs when the primary is at maximal extent in its evolution. We find that the ejection efficiency is most sensitive to the properties of the surface-contact convective region (SCCR). In this region, the convective transport timescales are often short compared to orbital decay timescales, thereby allowing the star to effectively radiate orbital energy and thus lower $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$. The inclusion of convection in numerical simulations of CEs may aid ejection without the need for additional energy sources as the orbit must shrink substantially further before the requisite energy can be tapped to drive ejection. Additionally, convection leads to predicted post-CE orbital periods of less than a day in many cases, an observational result that has been difficult to reproduce in population studies where $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ is taken to be constant. Finally, we provide a simple method to calculate $\bar{\alpha}_{\mathrm{eff}}$ if the properties of the SCCR are known., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS. 10 pages, 7 figures

Connector development, selection, and inspection for Saturn S-IV stage propulsion system