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This paper provides a literature review of methods and modeling techniques to estimate the cost of power system outages, along with the value of outage mitigation or system resilience. Regulators, policymakers, and infrastructure owners have a growing need to understand the methods for estimating the benefits of resilience improvements of electric infrastructure against natural and man-made disasters. There is a broad literature that estimates the cost of short-duration outages and a small but developing literature on estimating the cost of long-duration outages. This article reviews the models used to estimate the cost of outages and discusses their relative strengths. Additionally, this paper identifies key questions from stakeholders regarding resilience investment and maps them to the relevant models that would help answer them. We include recommendations for future work to include recent advances in regional economic modeling that can estimate region and demographic-specific costs and the distributional consequences of potential resilience projects.

Fish length back-calculation from hard structures (e.g., scales, otoliths, spines, etc.) is a commonly used method to reconstruct individual growth rates and sizes at age/stage in the absence of an intensive sampling-resampling timeseries. However, reliable estimates via these methods require the empirical validation of multiple assumptions about the growth of these hard structures. Here, we focus on reducing bias in scale-based back-calculations and validating proposed improvements using archived scales from a wild population of anadromous steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We first describe a series of back-calculation problems and propose solutions that can be integrated into common back-calculation methods. We then compare back-calculation accuracy, precision, and bias between proposed solutions and traditional forms of two backcalculation methods: Fraser-Lee and Body-Proportional. We discovered that the assumption that rapid growth begins immediately after juvenile steelhead pass downstream of the fish fence (300 m upstream of the ocean) was invalid and required a correction factor to prevent overestimating fish length by an average of 14%. The proposed modified methods we described performed better than traditional back-calculation methods. Overall, these findings can improve estimates of fish length from scale-based back-calculations and illustrate the importance of validating key assumptions. Key words: back-calculation, measurement error models, salmonids, scales, smolts Le retrocalcul de la longueur des poissons a partir de structures dures (p. ex. ecailles, otolites, epines) est une methode frequemment utilisee pour reconstituer les taux de croissance et les tailles selon l'age ou l'etape de vie d'individus en l'absence d'une serie chronologique d'echantillonnage repete intensif. Des estimations fiables obtenues par ces methodes requierent toutefois la validation empirique de differentes hypotheses concernant la croissance de ces structures dures. Nous nous penchons sur la reduction des biais dans les retrocalculs bases sur les ecailles et la validation d'ameliorations proposees en utilisant des ecailles d'archives issues d'une population sauvage de truites arc-en-ciel anadromes (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Nous decrivons d'abord une serie de problemes de retrocalcul et proposons des solutions pouvant etre integrees a des methodes de retrocalcul repandues. Nous comparons ensuite l'exactitude, la precision et les biais du retrocalcul des solutions proposees et de formes traditionnelles de deux methodes de retrocalcul, soit la methode de Fraser-Lee et la methode en proportion du corps. Nous relevons que l'hypothese voulant que la croissance rapide commence immediatement apres le passage des truites arc- enciel en aval du barrage (30 m en amont de l'ocean) est invalide et necessite un facteur de correction pour prevenir une surestimation de la longueur des poissons d'en moyenne 14 %. Les methodes modifiees proposees que nous decrivons donnent de meilleurs resultats que les methodes de retrocalcul traditionnelles. Globalement, ces constatations peuvent ameliorer les estimations de la longueur des poissons obtenues par retrocalcul base sur les ecailles et illustrent l'important de valider les hypotheses cles. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : retrocalcul, modeles d'erreur de mesure, salmonides, ecailles, smolts, Introduction Understanding patterns and processes underlying somatic growth and body size is foundational to much of modern ecology and resource management--particularly for species that exhibit indeterminate and nonlinear somatic growth, [...]

Objective: examine the prevalence of driver distraction in naturalistic driving when implementing European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP)-defined distraction behaviours. Background: The 2023 introduction of Occupant Status monitoring (OSM) into Euro NCAP will accelerate uptake of Driver State Monitoring (DSM). Euro NCAP outlines distraction behaviours that DSM must detect to earn maximum safety points. Distraction behaviour prevalence and driver alerting and intervention frequency have yet to be examined in naturalistic driving. Method: Twenty healthcare workers were provided with an instrumented vehicle for approximately two weeks. Data were continuously monitored with automotive grade DSM during daily work commutes, resulting in 168.8 hours of driver head, eye and gaze tracking. Results: Single long distraction events were the most prevalent, with.89 events/hour. Implementing different thresholds for driving-related and driving-unrelated glance regions impacts alerting rates. Lizard glances (primarily gaze movement) occurred more frequently than owl glances (primarily head movement). Visual time-sharing events occurred at a rate of.21 events/hour. Conclusion: Euro NCAP-described driver distraction occurs naturalistically. Lizard glances, requiring gaze tracking, occurred in high frequency relative to owl glances, which only require head tracking, indicating that less sophisticated DSM will miss a substantial amount of distraction events. Application: This work informs OEMs, DSM manufacturers and regulators of the expected alerting rate of Euro NCAP defined distraction behaviours. Alerting rates will vary with protocol implementation, technology capability, and HMI strategies adopted by the OEMs, in turn impacting safety outcomes, user experience and acceptance of DSM technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catch-and-release regulations designed to protect fisheries may fail to halt population declines, particularly in situations where fishing effort is high and when multiple stressors threaten a population. We demonstrate this claim using Alberta's Bow River, which supports a high-effort rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fishery where anglers voluntarily release >99% of their catch. We examined the population trend of adult trout, which were tagged and recaptured using electrofishing surveys conducted intermittently during 2003-2013. We constructed Bayesian multisession capture-recapture models in Stan to obtain abundance estimates for trout and regressed trend during two periods to account for variation in sampling locations. General patterns from all models indicated the population declined throughout the study. Potential stressors to this system that may have contributed to the decline include whirling disease (Myxobolus cerebralis), which was detected for the first time in 2016, notable floods, and release mortality. Because disease and floods are largely uncontrollable from a management perspective, we suggest that stringent tactics such as angler effort restrictions may be necessary to maintain similar fisheries. La reglementation sur la peche avec remise a l'eau visant a proteger les ressources halieutiques peut ne pas prevenir le declin de populations, particulierement dans des situations ou l'effort de peche est grand et de multiples facteurs de stress menacent une population. Nous faisons la demonstration de ce postulat avec l'exemple de la riviere Bow, en Alberta, qui supporte une peche a la truite arc-en-ciel (Oncorhynchus mykiss) a effort eleve dans laquelle les pecheurs remettent volontairement a l'eau plus de 99% de leurs prises. Nous avons examine la tendance demographique de truites adultes qui ont ete etiquetees et recapturees dans le cadre de releves a la peche electrique menes de maniere intermittente de 2003 a 2013. Nous avons construit des modeles bayesiens de capture-recapture a sessions multiples dans le logiciel Stan pour obtenir des estimations de l'abondance pour les truites et obtenu une tendance par regression pour deux periodes pour tenir compte de la variation des lieux d'echantillonnage. Les motifs generaux obtenus de tous les modeles indiquent que la population a baisse tout au long de l'etude. Les facteurs de stress pour ce systeme qui pourraient avoir joue un role dans cette baisse comprennent le tournis des truites (infection a Myxobolus cerebralis), qui a ete detecte pour la premiere fois en 2016, des inondations notables et la mortalite apres remise a l'eau. Comme il est difficilement possible de controler, dans une perspective de gestion, les infections et les inondations, nous suggerons que des mesures draconiennes, comme des restrictions de l'effort des pecheurs a la ligne, pourraient etre necessaries pour assurer le maintien de ressources halieutiques semblables. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Recreational fisheries can decline and collapse when exploitation rate is high relative to the productivity of the targeted population (Post et al. 2002; Sullivan 2003; Johnston et al. 2007), [...]