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Opportunity youth (OY; i.e., youth ages 16--24 who are neither working nor in school) are a population who is difficult to engage and retain in educational programs, particularly in community college career and technical education (CTE) programs. OY are an important population to community colleges, as CTE programs culminating in industry-recognized credentials and employment constitute an important on-ramp to the workforce for young adults. The Manufacturing Training Program is a vocational training program offered at a local community college in Phoenix, Arizona that was informed by input from youth and service providers to support OY in obtaining the necessary technical skills/credential for entry-level employment in manufacturing. Researchers conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 32 program stakeholders and beneficiaries (i.e., 14 staff and 18 youth). Data were coded and analyzed using content analysis to identify major themes for each stakeholder and beneficiary group interviewed as well as working hypotheses to guide future CTE program development. Findings suggest that there are both challenges and successes related to recruiting, retaining and employing OY. Recruitment challenges include lack of information about and disinterest in manufacturing, whereas successes include leveraging family members in recruiting youth. Retention challenges include meeting OYs' basic needs, whereas successes include providing quality case management. Employment challenges include limited employer participation whereas successes include developing an effective process to connect employers with trained youth. Findings and lessons learned on recruitment, retention, and employment challenges and successes offer direction for community colleges to develop and strengthen CTE programs for OY.

Social science theories of health and place posit that individuals perceive a relationship between characteristics of the geographic location in which they reside and their health, well-being, and self-identity. A number of ethnographies of health and place have studied how urban and suburban populations impacted by industrial pollution or waste have come to perceive a link between rates of cancer and their unhealthy environment. There has been little study of the applicability of the health and place framework to community perceptions of long-term chronic illness. This paper examines the asthma perceptions of Yup'ik parents of asthmatic children using data from semi-structured ethnographic interviews conducted in five villages and one town of the Yukon-Kuskokwim delta of southwest Alaska. Informants cited local climatic features, large-scale changes of the last 30 years to the village built landscape, and ongoing conditions of substandard housing and sanitation as etiological factors associated with childhood asthma. Our study suggests the need for further research concerning lay perceptions of one aspect of the epidemilogic transition--the association between chronic illness and place, especially in rural communities undergoing dramatic developmental change. Keywords: Asthma; Health perceptions; Ethnography; Native Americans; Alaska

The problem of child labour is symptom of the disease, which is widespread due to exploitative structure, lop-sided development, and inequities in resource ownership with its correlate of large-scale unemployment and abject poverty among the most of third world countries. The existing international economic order perpetuates this harsh reality because powerful multinational corporations operate and use child labour directly or indirectly to maximize profits and minimize costs. Of all the world's Nations, India is the one having the distinction of having the largest number of child labourers. Yet it is internationally recognized that for a viable democracy and strong future an educated citizenry is- as important as material development. In this paper author has examined child labour from several different but intersecting vantage points. This paper provides a summary of the research, touching on its goals and questions, methodology, and results, It proceeds to discuss major conclusions that may be drawn from the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]