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Cervical corpectomies are increasingly used to treat degenerative, metastatic, inflammatory and traumatic multisegmental diseases. The postoperative results are thought to correlate mainly with the number of resected vertebral bodies. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyse complications and early outcome of these procedures to document the implant-related complications in order to set up a prospective clinical trial. Forty-five patients, who were treated in our department from 2011 to 2014 and who were available for a minimum follow-up of 1 year, were consecutively included in this retrospective evaluation. The median age was 61 (±11) years with a female to male sex ratio of 19 to 26, respectively. In these patients, cervical corpectomies (one-, two- and three-level procedures) were performed. The average number of resected levels was 1.2 levels. The intraoperative loss of blood (LOB), the red cell transfusions (rcT), the length of operation (LOO) and the usage of drains were investigated and correlated with intra- and postoperative complications. The mean LOO was 244 min (±68) with a mean LOB of 511 ml (±531). The overall complication rate was 22.9% (10 patients). Six patients (13.3%) had implant-related complications due to loosening and toggling of the screws and/or cage subsidence. Two patients (4.4%) had a postoperative haematoma and another two patients (4.4%) suffered from neurological deterioration due to an ongoing and severe myelopathic syndrome. All these patients received revision surgery. The average time from the first to revision surgery was 90 days. Cervical corpectomies still remain procedures with a high complication rate mainly represented by implant-related failures. These implant-related complications range from screw/plate loosening or toggling to graft dislocation with subsidence and might be associated with constructs extended to the C7 vertebral body. In our study population, the rate of implant failure was comparable to the literature, but not obviously correlated with the number of vertebral bodies resected. This may be attributed to the different disease entities. Thus, our results support the use of circumferential approaches for selected instability scenarios (metastatic or inflammatory diseases, kyphosis, osteoporosis, etc.) of one- and two-level corpectomies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lateral mass screw fixation is the standard for posterior cervical fusion between C3 and C6. Traditional trajectories stabilize but carry risks, including nerve root and vertebral artery injuries. Minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) is gaining popularity, but trajectories present anatomical challenges., Research Question: This study proposes a novel pars interarticularis screw trajectory to address these issues and enhance in-line instrumentation with cervical pedicle screws., Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of reformatted cervical CT scans included 10 patients. Measurements of the pars interarticularis morphology were performed on 80 segments (C3-C6). Two pars interarticularis screw trajectories were evaluated: Trajectory A (upper outer quadrant entry, horizontal trajectory) and Trajectory B (lower outer quadrant entry, cranially pointed trajectory). These were compared to standard lateral mass and cervical pedicle screw trajectories, assessing screw lengths, angles, and potential risks to the spinal canal and transverse foramen., Results: Trajectory B showed significantly longer pars lengths (15.69 ± 0.65 mm) compared to Trajectory A (12.51 ± 0.24 mm; p < 0.01). Lateral mass screw lengths were comparable to pars interarticularis screw lengths using Trajectory B. Both trajectories provided safe angular ranges, minimizing the risk to delicate structures., Discussion: and Conclusion. Pars interarticularis screws offer a viable alternative to lateral mass screws for posterior cervical fusion, especially in MISS contexts. Trajectory B, in particular, presents a feasible and safe alternative, reducing the risk of vertebral artery and spinal cord injury. Preoperative assessment and intraoperative technologies are essential for successful implementation. Biomechanical validation is needed before clinical application., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Glioblastoma, IDH-wild type, CNS WHO grade 4 (GBM) is a primary brain tumor associated with poor patient survival despite aggressive treatment. Developing realistic ex vivo models remain challenging. Patient-derived 3-dimensional organoid (PDO) models offer innovative platforms that capture the phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity of GBM, while preserving key characteristics of the original tumors. However, manual dissection for PDO generation is time-consuming, expensive and can result in a number of irregular and unevenly sized PDOs. This study presents an innovative method for PDO production using an automated tissue chopper. Tumor samples from four GBM and one astrocytoma, IDH-mutant, CNS WHO grade 2 patients were processed manually as well as using the tissue chopper. In the manual approach, the tumor material was dissected using scalpels under microscopic control, while the tissue chopper was employed at three different angles. Following culture on an orbital shaker at 37 °C, morphological changes were evaluated using bright field microscopy, while proliferation (Ki67) and apoptosis (CC3) were assessed by immunofluorescence after 6 weeks. The tissue chopper method reduced almost 70% of the manufacturing time and resulted in a significantly higher PDOs mean count compared to the manually processed tissue from the second week onwards (week 2: 801 vs. 601, P = 0.018; week 3: 1105 vs. 771, P = 0.032; and week 4:1195 vs. 784, P < 0.01). Quality assessment revealed similar rates of tumor-cell apoptosis and proliferation for both manufacturing methods. Therefore, the automated tissue chopper method offers a more efficient approach in terms of time and PDO yield. This method holds promise for drug- or immunotherapy-screening of GBM patients.

Background: The decade-long Syrian armed conflict killed or injured more than 11% of the Syrian population. Head and neck injuries are the most frequent cause of war-related trauma, about half of which are brain injuries. Reports about Syrian brain trauma victims were published from neighboring countries; However, none are available from Syrian hospitals. This study aims to report war-related traumatic brain injuries from the Syrian capital., Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study between 2014 and 2017 at Damascus Hospital, the largest public hospital in Damascus, Syria. Target patients were the victims of combat-related traumatic brain injuries who arrived alive and were admitted to the neurosurgery department or to another department but followed by the neurosurgery team. The collected data included the mechanism, type, and site of injury based on imaging findings; types of invasive interventions; intensive-care unit (ICU) admissions; as well as neurological status at admission and discharge including several severity scales., Results: Our sample consisted of 195 patients; Ninety-six of them were male young adults, in addition to 40 females and 61 children. Injuries were caused by shrapnel in 127 (65%) cases, and by gunshots in the rest, and most of them (91%) were penetrating. Sixty-eight patients (35%) were admitted to the ICU, and 56 (29%) underwent surgery. Neurological impairment was reported in 49 patients (25%) at discharge, and the mortality rate during hospitalization was 33%. Mortality and neurological impairment associated significantly with higher values on clinical and imaging severity scores., Conclusions: This study captured the full spectrum of war-related brain injuries of civilians and armed personnel in Syria without the delay required to transport patients to neighboring countries. Although the clinical presentation of injuries at admission was not as severe as that in previous reports, the inadequate resources (i.e., ventilators and operation rooms) and the lack of previous experience with similar injuries might have resulted in the higher mortality rate. Clinical and imaging severity scales can provide a handy tool in identifying cases with low probability of survival especially with the shortage of personal and physical resources., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: One of the longest-standing treatments to prevent delayed cerebral infarction (DCI) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains raising the blood pressure to a certain level of mean arterial pressure. This may require high doses of norepinephrine, which has been associated with severe end organ damage. With this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of norepinephrine on the incidence of DCI in a clinical setting., Methods: We conducted a retrospective evaluation of patients with aSAH admitted to our institution between November 2018 and March 2021. Potential risk factors for DCI were analyzed and significant predictors were assessed by means of a logistic regression analysis to account for potential confounders., Results: In this study, 104 patients were included. Hereof, 39 (38%) showed radiologic signs of DCI between day three and 14 post-intervention. These patients had more frequent vasospasms (n = 37 vs. 30, p = 0.022), a higher Hunt & Hess score (3 ± 2 vs. 2 ± 1, p = 0.004), a lower initial Glasgow Coma Scale score (9 ± 5 vs. 12 ± 4, p = 0.003) and received a higher median norepinephrine dose (20,356μg vs. 6,508μg, p < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis revealed that only high-dose norepinephrine administration (OR 2.84, CI 1.56-7.8) and vasospasm (OR 3.07, CI 1.2-7.84) appeared to be significant independent risk factors for DCI., Conclusion: Our results indicate a significant association between higher dose norepinephrine administration and the occurrence of DCI. Future research including greater sample sizes and a prospective setting will be necessary to further investigate the relationship., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Cattaneo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Purpose: Approaches for lumbar corpectomies can be roughly categorized into anterolateral (AL) and posterolateral (PL) approaches. It remains controversial to date whether one approach is superior to the other, and no comparative studies exist for the two approaches for lumbar corpectomies., Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed through a MEDLINE/PubMed search. Studies and case reports describing technique plus outcomes and possible complications were included. Thereafter, estimated blood loss (EBL), length of operation (LOO), utilized implants, neurological outcomes, complication rates, and reoperation rates were analyzed., Results: A total of 64 articles reporting on 702 patients including 513 AL and 189 PL corpectomies were included in this paper. All patients in the PL group were instrumented via the same approach used for corpectomy, while in the AL group the majority (68.3%) of authors described the use of an additional approach for instrumentation. The EBL was higher in the AL group (1393 ± 1341 ml vs. 982 ± 567 ml). The LOO also was higher in the AL group (317 ± 178 min vs. 258 ± 93 min). The complication rate (20.5% vs. 29.1%, p = 0.048) and the revision rate (3.1% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.004) were higher in the PL group. Neurological improvement rates were 43.8% (AL) vs. 39.2% (PL), and deterioration was only noted in the AL group (6.0%), while 50.2% (AL) and 60.8% (PL) showed no change from initial presentation to the last follow-up., Conclusion: While neurological outcomes of both approaches are comparable, the results of the present review demonstrated lower complication and revision rates in anterolateral corpectomies. Nevertheless, individual patient characteristics must be considered in decision-making., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Objective: Symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is a common indication for surgery in the elderly. Preoperative radiographic evaluation of patients with LSS often reveals redundant nerve roots (RNRs). The clinical significance of RNRs is uncertain. RNRs have not been studied in the setting of minimally invasive surgery. This study investigates the relationship between RNRs and clinical outcomes after minimally invasive tubular decompression., Methods: Chart review was performed for patients with degenerative LSS who underwent minimally invasive decompression. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging parameters were assessed, and patient-reported outcomes were analyzed., Results: Fifty-four patients underwent surgery performed at an average of 1.8 ± 0.8 spinal levels. Thirty-one patients (57%) had RNRs. Patients with RNRs were older (median = 72 years vs. 66 years, P = 0.050), had longer median symptom duration (32 months vs. 15 months, P < 0.01), and had more levels operated on (2.1 vs. 1.4; P < 0.01). The median follow-up after surgery was 2 months (range = 1.3-12 months). Preoperative and postoperative patient-reported outcomes were similar based on RNR presence. Patients without RNRs had larger lumbar cross-sectional areas (CSAs) (median = 121 mm 2 vs. 95 mm 2 , P = 0.014) and the index-level CSA (52 mm 2 vs. 34 mm 2 , P = 0.007). The CSA was not correlated with RNR morphology or location., Conclusions: Preoperative RNRs are associated with increased age, symptom duration, and lumbar stenosis severity. Patients improved after minimally invasive decompression regardless of RNR presence. RNR presence had no effect on short-term clinical outcomes. Further study is required to assess their long-term significance., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Study Design: Prospective case series., Objective: SSPSS (single step pedicle screw system) was developed for minimally invasive spine surgery. We performed this study to report on safety, workflow, and our initial clinical experience with this novel technique., Methods: The prospective study was conducted on patients who underwent pedicle screw fixation between October 2017 and April 2018 using a novel single step 3D navigated pedicle screw system for MIS. Outcome measurements were obtained from intraoperative computerized tomography. The images were evaluated to determine pedicle wall penetration. We used a grading system to assess the severity of the pedicle wall penetration. Breaches were classified as grade 1 (<2 mm), grade 2 (2-4 mm), or grade 3 (<4 mm), 1 and as cranial, caudal, medial, and lateral., Results: Our study includes 135 screws in 24 patients. SSPSS eliminated K-wires and multiple steps traditionally necessary for MIS pedicle screw insertion. The median time per screw was 2.45 minutes. 3 screws were corrected intraoperatively. Pedicle wall penetration occurred in 14 screws (10%). Grade 1 breaches occurred in 4 screws (3%) and grade 2 breaches occurred in 10 screws (7%). Lateral breaches were observed more often than medial breaches. The accuracy rate in our study was 90% (Grade 0 breach). No revision surgeries were needed and no complications occurred., Conclusions: Our study suggests that SSPSS could be a safe, accurate, and efficient tool. Our accuracy rate is comparable to that found in the literature.

Background Context: Spinal infection (SI) is a life-threatening condition and its treatment remains challenging. Recent studies have supported early and aggressive surgery, but mortality still reaches 5% to 10% and it remains unclear, if an aggressive surgical strategy also applies for severely sick patients., Purpose: The aim of this analysis was to generate an assessment score to predict mortality of SI in order to facilitate decision-making., Study Design: Retrospective risk factor analysis., Patient Sample: Two hundred fifty-two patients were retrospectively analyzed., Outcome Measures: Physiologic measures, functional measures., Methods: Diagnosis was based on clinical presentation, imaging findings and inflammatory markers. Factors associated with mortality were identified by multivariate analysis, weighted according to their relative risk ratio (RR) and included in the novel assessment score., Results: Eight parameters were included: (1) BMI, (2) ASA score, (3) presence of sepsis, (4) age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, (5) presence and degree of renal failure, (6) presence of hepatopathy, (7) neurological deficits and (8) CRP levels at diagnosis. Each parameter was assigned a certain range of points, resulting in a maximum total score of 20. The mortality in spinal infection (MSI-20) score - indicating poorer status with higher values - was obtained for each patient and correlated with mortality., Conclusion: An MSI-20 score of 11 or more points seems to identify the small group of patients being "too sick to undergo surgery," while early surgery can be recommended in the remainder (MSI-20 ≤10). Our results need to be confirmed in prospective studies, but may give guidance for indicating surgery even in rather sick and comorbid patients., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Due to advances in interventional techniques, the transvenous approach may present an effective treatment option for embolization of brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). Contrary to the transarterial method, the transvenous approach can only be utilized in a specific subset of patients and is not suitable as a standard procedure for all AVM lesions. While this technique can be helpful in certain patients, careful patient selection to ensure patient safety and favorable clinical outcomes is important. However, especially in high-flow AVMs, targeted deposition of embolic materials through a transvenous access can be challenging. Therefore, a temporary flow arrest may prove helpful. Transient cardiac arrest by use of adenosine has been applied in cerebrovascular surgery but is not common for endovascular embolization. Adenosine-induced arrest and systemic hypotension may be a feasible, safe method to reduce flow and help endovascular transvenous embolization of certain AVMs. Our study evaluated the efficiency and safety of adenosine-induced circulatory arrest for transvenous embolization of cerebral AVMs.

The objective of this study is to provide an update on endovascular treatments for iatrogenic internal carotid artery (ICA) injuries following endonasal surgery. A systematic review of the literature was performed by using Medline, Cochrane library, and Scopus from 1999 to 2019. We used a combination of the MeSH terms "internal carotid artery," "iatrogenic disease," and "endovascular procedure." Twenty-six articles including 46 patients were identified for in this systematic review. The mean age of the patients was 49 years (CI: ± 4.2). The most common site of ICA injury was in cavernous segment (18 patients; 39%). The most common type of iatrogenic ICA injury was a traumatic pseudoaneurysm documented in 28 patients (60%). Endoluminal reconstruction was performed using covered stents in 28 patients, the Pipeline embolization device (PED) in 13 patients, the Surpass flow diverter device in three, the SILK flow diverter in one, and one case was treated using a combined approach of a covered stent and a PED. Flow diversion and covered stents resulted in a good clinical outcome in 94% and 89% of patients, respectively. This difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 1.0). Even though this systematic review was limited due to articles of small sample sizes and considerable heterogeneity, the results indicate that flow diverting devices and covered stents are good therapeutic options for endoluminal reconstruction of iatrogenic ICA injuries following endonasal surgery., (© 2020. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Surgical management of spinal metastases at the cervicothoracic junction (CTJ) is highly complex and relies on case-based decision-making. The aim of this multicentric study was to describe surgical procedures for metastases at the CTJ and provide guidance for clinical and surgical management., Methods: Patients eligible for this study were those with metastases at the CTJ (C7-T2) who had been consecutively treated in 2005-2019 at 7 academic institutions across Europe. The Spine Instability Neoplastic Score, neurological function, clinical status, medical history, and surgical data for each patient were retrospectively assessed. Patients were divided into four surgical groups: 1) posterior decompression only, 2) posterior decompression and fusion, 3) anterior corpectomy and fusion, and 4) anterior corpectomy and 360° fusion. Endpoints were complications, surgical revision rate, and survival., Results: Among the 238 patients eligible for inclusion this study, 37 were included in group 1 (15%), 127 in group 2 (53%), 18 in group 3 (8%), and 56 in group 4 (24%). Mechanical pain was the predominant symptom (79%, 189 patients). Surgical complications occurred in 16% (group 1), 20% (group 2), 11% (group 3), and 18% (group 4). Of these, hardware failure (HwF) occurred in 18% and led to surgical revision in 7 of 8 cases. The overall complication rate was 34%. In-hospital mortality was 5%., Conclusions: Posterior fusion and decompression was the most frequently used technique. Care should be taken to choose instrumentation techniques that offer the highest possible biomechanical load-bearing capacity to avoid HwF. Since the overall complication rate is high, the prevention of in-hospital complications seems crucial to reduce in-hospital mortality.

Study Design: A retrospective single-center analysis of 159 cases., Objective: To investigate differences between male and female patients, as spinal infection (SI) represents a life-threatening condition and numerous factors may facilitate the course and outcome of SI, including patients' age and comorbidities, as well as gender. To date, no comparative data investigating sex differences in SI is available. Thus, the purpose of the present retrospective trial was to investigate differences between male and female patients., Methods: A total of 159 patients who were treated for a spinal infection between 2010 and 2016 at our department were included in the analysis. The patients were categorized into 2 groups based on gender. Evaluation included magnetic resonance imaging, laboratory values, clinical outcome, and conservative/operative management., Results: Male patients suffered from SI significantly more often than female patients (n = 101, 63.5% vs n = 58, 36.5%, P = .001). However, female patients were initially affected more severely, as infection parameters were significantly higher ( P = .032) and vertebral destruction was more serious ( P = .018). Furthermore, women suffered from intraoperative complications more often ( P = .024) and received erythrocyte concentrates more frequently ( P = .01). Nevertheless, mortality rates and outcome were comparable. Pain scales were significantly higher in female patients at 12-month follow-up ( P = .042)., Conclusion: Although male patients show a higher incidence for SI, the course of disease and the management is more challenging in female patients. Nevertheless, outcome after 12 months is comparably good. Underlying mechanisms may include a better immune response and dissimilar effects of antibiotic treatment in women. Pain management in female patients is still unsatisfactory after 12 months.

Background: For complex spinal cases, especially when robotic guidance is used, preoperative planning of pedicle screws can be helpful. Transfer of these preoperatively planned pedicle screws to intraoperative 3-dimensional imaging is challenging because of changes in anatomic alignment between preoperative supine and intraoperative prone imaging, especially when multiple levels are involved. In the spine, where each individual vertebra is subject to independent movement from adjacent level, rigid image fusion is confined to a single vertebra and can display fusion inaccuracies on adjacent levels. A novel elastic fusion algorithm is introduced to overcome these disadvantages. This study aimed to investigate image registration accuracy of preoperatively planned pedicle screws with an elastic fusion algorithm vs. rigid fusion for intraoperative placement with image-guided surgery., Methods: A total of 12 patients, were selected depending on the availability of a preoperative spinal computed tomography (CT) and an intraoperative AIRO CT scan (BrainLAB AG, Munich, Germany) of the same spinal region. To verify accuracy differences between rigid fusion and elastic fusion 76 bilateral screw trajectories were virtually defined in the preoperative CT image, and they were transferred via either rigid fusion or elastic fusion to the intraoperative CT scan. Accuracy of the transferred screws in the rigid and elastic fusion group was determined by measuring pedicle breaches on the intraoperative CT., Results: In the rigid fusion group 1.3% of screws showed a breach of less than 2 mm, 9.2% showed breaches between 2 and 4 mm, and 18.4% of the screws showed an error above 4 mm. The elastic fusion group showed no breaches and provided high accuracy between preoperative and intraoperative screw placement., Conclusion: Elastic fusion provides high registration accuracy and represents a considerable step towards efficiency and safety in CT-based image-guided surgery., Level of Evidence: 3., (This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Copyright © 2021 ISASS.)

Introduction: Primary malignant spinal astrocytomas present rare oncological entities with limited median survival and rapid neurological deterioration. Evidence on surgical therapy, adjuvant treatment, and neurological outcome is sparse. We aim to describe the treatment algorithm and clinical features on patients with infiltrating intramedullary astrocytomas graded WHO II-IV., Methods: The following is a multicentered retrospective study of patients treated for spinal malignant glioma WHO II-IV in five high-volume neurosurgical departments from 2008 to 2019. Pilocytic astrocytomas were excluded. We assessed data on surgical technique, perioperative neurological status, adjuvant oncological therapy, and clinical outcome., Results: 40 patients were included (diffuse astrocytoma WHO II n = 11, anaplastic astrocytoma WHO III n = 12, WHO IV n = 17). Only 40% were functionally independent before surgery, most patients presented with moderate disability (47.5%). Most patients underwent a biopsy (n = 18, 45%) or subtotal tumor resection (n = 15, 37.5%), and 49% of the patients deteriorated after surgery. Patients with WHO III and IV tumors were treated with combined radiochemotherapy. Median overall survival (OS) was 46.5 months in WHO II, 25.7 months in WHO III, and 7.4 months in WHO IV astrocytomas. Preoperative clinical status and WHO significantly influenced the OS, and the extent of resection did not., Conclusion: Infiltrating intramedullary astrocytomas WHO II-IV present rare entities with dismal prognosis. Due to the high incidence of surgery-related neurological impairment, the aim of the surgical approach should be limited to obtaining the histological tissue via a biopsy or, tumor debulking in cases with rapidly progressive severe preoperative deficits.

Purpose: Spinal infection (SI) is a life-threatening condition and treatment remains challenging. Numerous factors influence the outcome of SI and both conservative and operative care can be applied. As SI is associated with mortality rates between 2 and 20% even in developed countries, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the occurrence and causes of death in patients suffering from SI., Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on 197 patients, categorized into two groups according to their outcome: D (death) and S (survival). The diagnosis was based on clinical and imaging (MRI) findings. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, comorbidities, infection parameters, treatment details, outcomes, and causes of death., Results: The number of deaths was significantly higher in the conservative group (n = 9/51, 18%) compared with the operative counterpart (n = 8/146, 6%; p = 0.017). Death caused by septic multiorgan failure was the major cause of fatalities (n = 10/17, 59%) followed by death due to cardiopulmonary reasons (n = 4/17, 24%). The most frequent indication for conservative treatment in patients of group D included "highest perioperative risk" (n = 5/17, 29%)., Conclusion: We could demonstrate a significantly higher mortality rate in patients solely receiving conservative treatment. Mortality is associated with number and type of comorbidities, but also tends to be correlated with primarily acquired infection. As causes of death are predominantly associated with a septic patient state or progression of disease, our data may call for an earlier and more aggressive treatment. Nevertheless, prospective clinical trials will be mandatory to better understand the pathogenesis and course of spinal infection, and to develop high quality, evidence-based treatment recommendations.

Background: Inferior petrosal sinus sampling (IPSS) is known as the gold standard to distinguish whether excessive adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) production origins from the pituitary gland or an ectopic source. However, due to a number of factors, the value of IPSS for adenoma lateralization may be limited. Aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of parasellar venous drainage (VD) patterns on IPSS findings in predicting lateralization of pituitary microadenomas., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of confirmed cases of Cushing's disease which were evaluated by IPSS prior to endoscopic tansnasal trans-sphenoidal surgery (ETSS) to assess the ability of IPSS to predict adenoma laterality., Results: Seventeen patients with pathologically confirmed Cushing's disease were retrospectively reviewed. The median age of the included patients was 37 years. Laterality of parasellar VD perfectly associated with lateralization as measured by IPSS. Symmetrical VD was associated with symmetrical ACTH gradient on IPSS. However, lateralization measured by IPSS did not show any significant correlation with lateralization detected during ETSS., Conclusion: Our study suggests that IPSS lateralization results strongly depend on parasellar VD pattern but show no significant correlation with the adenoma lateralization found during ETSS. Thus, IPSS does not appear to be an appropriate modality to predict adenoma lateralization., (© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The negative impact on spinal diseases may apply not only to obesity but also to smoking. To investigate the influence of obesity and smoking on the development and recovery of lumbar disc herniation in young adults. Retrospective analysis of 97 patients who presented with lumbar disc herniation at the authors' department between 2010 and 2017. Data were collected using the patients' digital health records including demographics, clinical and neurological characteristics, treatment details, and outcomes. Ninety-seven patients between 17 and 25 years were included in this retrospective analysis. Patients were categorized into two groups according to their body mass index: obese (O, ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) and non-obese (NO, < 30 kg/m 2 ). The proportion of obese patients in our cohort vs. in the overall population differed significantly (19.4% vs. 3.8-7.1%, RR 3.17; p < 0.01). Group NO showed a trend toward faster recovery of motor deficits (p = 0.067) and pain (p = 0.074). Also, the proportion of regular smokers differed significantly from the numbers of known smokers of the same age (62.4% vs. 30.2%, RR 2.0; p = 0.01). Obesity plus smoking showed a significantly negative impact on motor deficits postoperatively (p = 0.015) and at discharge (p = 0.025), as well as on pain values (p = 0.037) and on analgesic consumption (p = 0.034) at 6 weeks follow-up. The negative impact of obesity and smoking on the occurrence of lumbar disc herniation could be demonstrated for individuals aged 25 or younger. Furthermore, a trend to earlier recovery of motor deficits and significantly lower pain scales for non-obese and non-smoking patients could be shown.

This video demonstrates the step-by-step surgical technique for a less invasive cervical unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (cervical ULBD). This technique allows surgeons to address bilateral cervical pathology while minimizing approach-related complications.1 In the video, we present the case of a 72-yr-old female patient with a past medical history of C3-C4 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion who presented in clinic with persistent posterior spinal cord compression and signal change. The patient had bilateral hand numbness, weakness, poor dexterity, and a positive Hoffman's sign. The patient was treated via a C3-C4 less invasive cervical ULBD using a mobile 3-dimensional (3D) C-arm (Ziehm Vision RFD 3D®, Nürnberg, Germany) combined with 3D computer navigation. Patient consent was obtained prior to performing the procedure. Contrary to anterior techniques, posterior cervical approaches avoid potential dysphasia, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and adjacent segment degeneration. Furthermore, the less invasive cervical ULBD results in decreased pain and postoperative narcotic usage, shorter hospital stays and fewer infections compared to open approaches, as well as a lower risk for postlaminectomy kyphosis and deformity, since it requires less muscle disruption and bony removal. Additionally, the use of total 3D navigation facilitates the workflow and minimizes radiation exposure., (Copyright © 2020 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.)

Alterations to the biochemical composition of the intervertebral disc (IVD) are hallmarks of aging and degeneration. Methods to assess biochemical content, such as histology, immunohistochemistry, and spectrophotometric assays, are limited in their ability to quantitatively analyze the spatial distribution of biochemical components. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy is a biochemical analysis method that can yield both quantitative and high-resolution data about the spatial distribution of biochemical components. This technique has been largely unexplored for use with the IVD, and existing methods use complex analytical techniques that make results difficult to interpret. The objective of the present study is to describe an FTIR microscopy method that has been optimized for imaging the collagen and proteoglycan content of the IVD. The method was performed on intact and discectomized IVDs from the sheep lumbar spine after 6 weeks in vivo in order to validate FTIR microscopy in healthy and degenerated IVDs. FTIR microscopy quantified collagen and proteoglycan content across the entire IVD and showed local changes in biochemical content after discectomy that were not observed with traditional histological methods. Changes in collagen and proteoglycans content were found to have strong correlations with Pfirrmann grades of degeneration. This study demonstrates how FTIR microscopy is a valuable research tool that can be used to quantitatively assess the local biochemical composition of IVDs in development, degeneration, and repair., Competing Interests: Roger Härtl is a consultant for AO Spine, Brainlab, Depuy‐Synthes and Lanx, and received research funding from Baxter. Lawrence J. Bonassar is a consultant for Fidia Pharmaceuticals and 3DBio Corp., (© 2020 The Authors. JOR Spine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.)

This video demonstrates the step-by-step surgical technique for the minimally invasive laminotomy for contralateral "over-the-top" foraminal decompression. This technique allows for excellent decompression with clearance of the contralateral recess and foramen. In the video, we present the case of a 51-yr-old female patient with a past medical history of left L5-S1 microdiscectomy who presented in clinic with residual/recurrent foraminal disc herniation at L5-S1 compressing the left L5 nerve root. The patient had left lower extremity pain in the left hip and thigh that radiated down the front and side of the leg, as well as tingling and numbness in the left foot. The patient was treated via a L5-S1 microdiscectomy using a portable intraoperative computed tomography scanner, (Airo®, Brainlab AG, Feldkirchen, Germany), combined with 3-dimensional (3D) computer navigation. Patient consent was obtained prior to performing the procedure. The main advantage of this technique is the direct "over-the-top" trajectory to the foraminal pathology that minimizes the need of facet joint resection. The use of 3D navigation facilitates surgical planning and further minimizes facet joint compromise. Particularly, the inferior facet contralateral to the approach side as well as its outer capsular surroundings can be preserved. Recent biomechanical studies have shown that "over-the-top" decompression produces significantly less instability than a traditional open midline laminectomy., (Copyright © 2019 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.)

This paper provides a detailed report of Global Neurosurgery 2019: A Practical Symposium held January 18-19, 2019, at Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA. The meeting convened an international faculty and audience, leaders in the world of global neurosurgery (GNS), and junior faculty and residents beginning their contribution to the field. Remote access for the symposium was provided to include faculty practicing in developing countries. The goal of the symposium was to present the state of the union of GNS initiatives worldwide, to use this forum as a means to centralize resources and converge parallel efforts, and to identify the largest areas of need and successful means of advancing training and care in these areas. The meeting also served as a conduit for the presentation of funding and training opportunities for junior faculty and trainees looking for avenues to gain support and mentorship in pursuing academic and clinical endeavors globally., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sagittal alignment is an important consideration in spine surgery. The literature is conflicted regarding the effect of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MI-TLIF) on sagittal parameters and the role of expandable cage technology., Objective: To compare lordosis generated by static and expandable cages and to determine what factors affect postoperative sagittal parameters., Methods: Preoperative regional lordosis (RL), segmental lordosis (SL), and posterior disc height (PDH) were compared to postoperative values in single-level MI-TLIF performed using expandable or static cages. Patients were stratified based on preoperative SL: low lordosis (<15 degrees), moderate lordosis (15-25 degrees), and high lordosis (>25 degrees). Regression analyses were conducted to determine factors associated with postoperative SL and PDH., Results: Of the 171 patients included, 111 were in the static and 60 in the expandable cohorts. Patients with low preoperative lordosis experienced an increase in SL and maintained RL regardless of cage type. Those with moderate to high preoperative lordosis experienced a decrease in SL and RL with the static cage, but maintained SL and RL with the expandable cage. Although both cohorts showed an increase in PDH, the increase in the expandable cohort was greater. Preoperative SL was predictive of postoperative SL; preoperative SL, preoperative PDH, and cage type were predictive of postoperative PDH., Conclusion: Expandable cages showed favorable results in restoring disc height and maintaining lordosis in the immediate postoperative period. Preoperative SL was the most significant predictor of postoperative SL. Thus, preoperative radiographic parameters and goals of surgery should be important considerations in surgical planning., (Copyright © 2019 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.)

Innovative technology and techniques have revolutionized minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) within the past decade. The introduction of navigation and image-guided surgery has greatly affected spinal surgery and will continue to make surgery safer and more efficient. Eventually, it is conceivable that fluoroscopy will be completely replaced with image guidance. These advancements, among others such as robotics and virtual and augmented reality technology, will continue to drive the value of 3-dimensional navigation in MIS. In this review, we cover pertinent features of navigation in MIS and explore their evolution over time. Moreover, we aim to discuss the key features germane to surgical advancement, including technique and technology development, accuracy, overall health care costs, operating room time efficiency, and radiation exposure., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: RH is a consultant for Ulrich, Brainlab, DePuy-Synthes, and has royalties from Zimmer. The other authors have no disclosures., (© The Author(s) 2020.)

Study Design: Systematic review., Objective: To date there is no consensus among surgeons as to what defines an MIS-TLIF (transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion using minimally invasive spine surgery) compared to an open or mini-open TLIF. This systematic review aimed to examine the MIS-TLIF techniques reported in the recent body of literature to help provide a definition of what constitutes the MIS-TLIF, based on the consensus of the majority of surgeons., Methods: We created a database of articles published about MIS-TLIF between 2010 and 2018. We evaluated the technical components of the MIS-TLIF including instruments and incisions used as well the order in which key steps are performed., Results: We could identify several patterns for MIS-TLIF performance that seemed agreed upon by the majority of MIS surgeons: use of paramedian incisions; use of a tubular retractor to perform a total facetectomy, decompression, and interbody cage implantation; and percutaneous insertion of the pedicle-screw rod constructs with intraoperative imaging., Conclusion: Based on this review of the literature, the key features used by surgeons performing MIS TLIF include the use of nonexpandable or expandable tubular retractors, a paramedian or lateral incision, and the use of a microscope or endoscope for visualization. Approaches using expandable nontubular retractors, those that require extensive subperiosteal dissection from the midline laterally, or specular-based retractors with wide pedicle to pedicle exposure are far less likely to be promoted as an MIS-based approach. A definition is necessary to improve the communication among spine surgeons in research as well as patient education., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: RH has received funding from AOSpine, Brainlab, DePuy Synthes, Lanx, and the Carol and Grace Hansen Spinal Research Foundation. The other authors have no personal, financial, or institutional interest in any of the drugs, materials, or devices described in this article., (© The Author(s) 2019.)

Background: In patients with symptomatic lumbar stenosis undergoing lateral transpsoas approach for lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) surgery, it is not always clear when indirect decompression is sufficient in order to achieve symptom resolution. Indirect decompression failure (IDF), defined as "postoperative persistent symptoms of nerve compression with or without a second direct decompression surgery to reach adequate symptom resolution," is not widely reported. This information, however, is critical to better understand the indications, the potential, and the limitations of indirect decompression., Objective: The purpose of this study was to systematically review the current literature on IDF after LLIF., Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed. We included randomized controlled trials and prospective, retrospective, case-control studies, and case reports. Information on sample size, demographics, procedure, number and location of involved levels, follow-up time, and complications were extracted., Results: After applying the exclusion criteria, we included 9 of the 268 screened articles that reported failure. A total of 632 patients were screened in these articles and detailed information was provided. Average follow-up time was 21 months. Overall reported incidence of IDF was 9%., Conclusion: Failures of decompression via LLIF are inconsistently reported and the incidence is approximately 9%. IDF failure in LLIF may be underreported or misinterpreted as a complication. We propose to include the term "IDF" as described in this article to differentiate them from complications for future studies. A better understanding of why IDF occurs will allow surgeons to better plan surgical intervention and will avoid revision surgery., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Roger Härtl is a consultant for Ulrich, Brainlab, DePuy-Synthes, and he has royalties from Zimmer. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (© The Author(s) 2019.)

Study Design: Technical note, retrospective case series., Objective: Lumbar stenosis can be effectively treated using tubular unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD). For multilevel stenosis, a multilevel ULBD through separate, alternating crossover approaches has been described as the "slalom technique." To increase efficacy, we introduced this approach with 2 microscopes simultaneously., Methods: We collected data on 13 patients, with multilevel lumbar stenosis, operated at our institution between 2015 and 2016 by the aforementioned technique. We assessed surgical time (ST), estimated blood loss (EBL), complications, and revision surgeries. Furthermore, we provide a stepwise instruction for performing the tandem microscopic slalom technique in a safe and efficient manner., Results: The mean age of the patients was 68 ± 8 years. The ST per level was 68 ± 19 minutes with an EBL per level of 39 ± 30 mL. We had no intraoperative complications and none of our patients required a revision surgery during a mean follow-up of 12 months., Conclusions: We have shown that this technique is feasible and can be performed safely for multisegmental lumbar spinal stenosis with minimal tissue trauma and low EBL. Furthermore, randomized controlled studies with a larger sample size may be necessary to drive any final conclusions., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests: The author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Roger Härtl receives consultant fees from DePuy Synthes, Brainlab, and Ulrich and royalties from Zimmer Biomet., (© The Author(s) 2019.)

Tissue-engineered approaches for the treatment of early-stage intervertebral disc degeneration have shown promise in preclinical studies. However, none of these therapies has been approved for clinical use, in part because each therapy targets only one aspect of the intervertebral disc's composite structure. At present, there is no reliable method to prevent intervertebral disc degeneration after herniation and subsequent discectomy. Here, we demonstrate the prevention of degeneration and maintenance of mechanical function in the ovine lumbar spine after discectomy by combining strategies for nucleus pulposus augmentation using hyaluronic acid injection and repair of the annulus fibrosus using a photocrosslinked collagen patch. This combined approach healed annulus fibrosus defects, restored nucleus pulposus hydration, and maintained native torsional and compressive stiffness up to 6 weeks after injury. These data demonstrate the necessity of a combined strategy for arresting intervertebral disc degeneration and support further translation of combinatorial interventions to treat herniations in the human spine., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.)