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Originated in the 1960s, the ‘marine branch’ of Soviet, and later Russian, economic and social geography contributed to the diversification of geographical science and expanded its scope. The new branch was a product of the rapid growth of the marine economy and the country’s military infrastructure and settlement system starting to gravitate towards the world ocean. This article uses bibliographical and scientometric materials to explore the factors, features and priorities of the development of Russian post-Soviet human geography of the world ocean. Special attention is paid to the path dependence in the evolution of this branch of geography (associated with the established professional community, the fundamental research themes and the basic concepts) and the emergence of new growth poles within the scope of marine human geography. Although this subdiscipline showed a high degree of resilience in the first years after the demise of the USSR, it became marginalised from the scientific mainstream. The interest in marine studies revived only in the early 2000s, gaining momentum after a decade of desolation. The renaissance was due to new transboundary marine research, analyses of the geopolitical and geoeconomic aspects of the marine economy and close attention given to coastal border areas (particularly the prospects and risks of their socio-economic development within the continent-ocean dichotomy). The marine focus of Russia’s geostrategy will generate steady demand for national human geography of the world ocean, including its inevitable humanities component. Another trend is the involvement of human social geography in cross-branch geographical synthesis. The study also identifies Russian research and publication centre of excellence in marine human geography.

The first publications on the spatial diffusion of foreign direct investment (FDI) appeared in the 1970s-1990s. Since then, many of their provisions have been repeatedly criticised as outdated and inconsistent with empirical evidence of the current stage of globalisation. Previously, only examples of 'newcomers' to internationalisation were used to illustrate distinct phases in the expansion of transnational companies and their effort to first establish themselves in major economic centres, as the factor of gradually growing awareness of potential investors began to play an important role. This article aims to show the persistent character of FDI spatial diffusion patterns and their correlation with the existing hierarchy of cities. In our research, we used the example of Asian companies working in the Baltic states, Finland, Sweden and Denmark, newcomers to internationalisation, not affected by the 'neighbourhood effect', and contrasted them with Western European investors. We confirmed the validity of the hierarchical wavelike model of the FDI spatial diffusion with the dominance of metropolitan urban agglomerations. It was also found that mergers and acquisitions are dominant forms of FDI in developed countries. Their ascendancy leads both to a distortion of the geographical pattern of subsidiaries networks of investor companies and to the intention of investors to sell their assets in provinces and move their head offices closer to capital cities. Consequently, there is a simplification of the structure of businesses, which is typical of the earlier stages of the FDI spatial diffusion.

Bislang wurde das verstärkte Aufkommen von Finanzanlagen auf Wohnungsmärkten vorwiegend in Metropolen oder auf nationaler Ebene untersucht. Der Fokus lag dabei zumeist auf institutionellen Akteuren. Die Untersuchung von Finanzanlagenin Wohnraum in Städten unterhalb der Metropolebene und durch Privatpersonen wurde bislang vernachlässigt. In vorliegender Untersuchung stelle ich deshalb die Manifestation von Finanzanlagen auf den Wohnungsmärkten in einer Stadt abseits der Metropolebene in den Mittelpunkt und setze dabei auf einen Mixed-methods-Ansatz aus quantitativer Grundbuch- und Datenanalyse sowie qualitativen Experteninterviews. Der Beitrag zeigt auf, dass abseits der Metropolen die Nutzung von Wohnraum in ein Investitionsobjekt vorwiegend von privaten Akteuren vollzogen wird. Diese investieren weniger aus Spekulation und in Erwartung von Wertsteigerung, sondern zur privaten und familiären Vorsorge und vor allem zur Wertsicherung. Auch diese Form von Finanzanlagen in Wohnraum hat folgenschwere Auswirkungen auf andere Marktakteure. Der gesamte Wohnungsmarkt richtet sich sukzessive auf diesen neuen Investorentypus aus. Immobiliensind somit zunehmend zu einer Anlageform von Vielen geworden., So far, the increased emergence of financial investments on the housing markets has mainly been examined in metropolises or on a national level. Research focused primarily on institutional actors. The investigation of financial investments in housing space in cities below the metropolitan level and by individuals has so far been neglected. In the present study, I therefore focus on the manifestation of financial investments of private investors in housing markets outside the metropolises using a mixed-method approach of quantitative land register and data analysis as well as qualitative expert interviews. The paper shows that apart from the metropolises, the utilization of housing into an investment object is mainly carried out by private actors. They invest less out of speculation and in the expectation of an increase in value, but rather for private retirement or family provision and, above all, to secure value. This form of investment in housing also leads to serious consequences for other market players. The entire housing market is gradually focusing on this new type of investor. Real estate has therefore increasingly become a form of investment for many.

Die vorliegende Bachelorarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der nachhaltigen Quartiersentwicklung, einem jungen Forschungsfeld der Stadtgeographie, und dem Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Letztgenannter ist ein Klimaschutzinstrument aus dem Kyoto Protokoll, der die nachhaltige Entwicklung in Entwicklungsländern befördern soll. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob der CDM nachhaltige Entwicklung, unter den besonderen Gegebenheiten eines Quartiers (mit besonderem Entwicklungsbedarf), realisiert. Ziel ist es zu diskutieren, was ein Quartier und dessen nachhaltige Entwicklung definiert sowie den Einfluss des CDM in diesem Bereich. Die Fragestellungen werden auf Grundlage der Auswertung aktueller Fachliteratur und ergänzend durch ein Experteninterview diskutiert. Hierfür wird ein Fallbeispiel, das CDM-Projekt Kuyasa low-cost urban housing energy upgrade anhand eines Indikatorenkatalogs untersucht. Die Analyse führt zu dem Ergebnis, dass das Kuyasa-Projekt einen starken positiven Einfluss auf die Ortsbindung, Partizipation und ökomische Stärkung der Bewohner hat sowie auch teilweise zum Erlernen sozialer Normen anregt. Diese Indikatoren sind Ausdruck sozialer Kohäsion, d.h. des sozialen Zusammenhalts, die auf die Bildung von Sozialkapital schließen lassen - die wichtigste Voraussetzung für nachhaltige Quartiersentwicklung. Damit trägt der CDM, im Rahmen des Fallbeispiels, potentiell zur nachhaltigen Quartiersentwicklung bei. Es zeigt sich aber auch, dass es weiterer Forschung, unter anderem der Auswertung und dem Vergleich mehrerer CDM-Projekt(typen) bedarf, um eine belastbare Aussage über den CDM im Allgemeinen tätigen zu können., This bachelor thesis deals with the sustainable development of quarters, a young research field of urban geography, and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The latter is a cli- mate protection instrument of the Kyoto Protocol, which is to promote sustainable develop- ment in developing countries. It will be investigated whether the CDM realized sustainable development in the particular circumstances of a quarter (with special developmental needs). The aim is to discuss the definition of a quarter and its sustainable development as well as the the CDM's influence in this area. The discussion of these questions is based on the evaluation of current literature and supplemented by an expert interview. Therefore, a case study, the CDM project 'Kuyasa low-cost urban housing energy upgrade', is examined with the help of indicators.The analysis leads to the conclusion that the Kuyasa project has a strong positive impact on the residents' local binding, participation and economic status. It also partially stimulates them in learning social norms. These indicators are an expression of social cohesion, suggesting the formation of social capital - the most important requirement for sustainable development of quarters. Thereby the CDM potentially contributes to sustainable development of quarters within the framework of the case study. The analysis also emphasizes the necessity of further research, inter alia the evaluation and comparison of several CDM project (types), to make a reliable statement on the CDM in general.

Over the last three decades the supply of economic statistics has vastly improved. Unfortunately, statistics on regional price levels (sub-national purchasing power parities) have been exempt from this positive trend, even though they are indispensable for meaningful spatial comparisons of regional output, income, wages, productivity, standards of living, and poverty. To improve the situation, our paper demonstrates that a highly disaggregated and reliable regional price index can be compiled from data that already exist. We use the micro price data that have been collected for Germany's Consumer Price Index in May 2016. For the computation we introduce a multi-stage version of the Country- Product-Dummy method. The unique quality of our price data set allows us to depart from previous spatial price comparisons and to compare only exactly identical products. We find that the price levels of the 402 counties and cities of Germany are largely driven by the cost of housing and to a much lesser degree by the prices of goods and services. The overall price level in the most expensive region, Munich, is about 27 percent higher than in the cheapest region. Our results also reveal strong spatial autocorrelation.

Following the concept of refiguration of spaces proposed by KNOBLAUCH and LÖW (2017), in this article I emphasize interfaces for theory building, methods, and comparative research from an economic geography and regional economics perspective. Since the refiguration of spaces offers an abstract frame capable of grasping spatial relations of any order and across various scales, I will discuss the utilization of concepts of space in both subdisciplines by employing a textbook analysis. Moreover, I will include two examples of current economic phenomena where refiguration takes place. Namely, I will analyze the internationalization of companies and world trade interdependencies according to concepts of space, their implication on methods, and comparative research. In my findings, I show that the abstract frame of refiguration of spaces unlocks great potential if applied consistently. Economic geography has a great deal to offer for the micro-foundation in the refiguration of spaces, working with qualitative methods and forward-thinking concepts of space (e.g., relational or topical points of view for comparison). Regional economics allows for progress concerning the macro-foundation in the refiguration of spaces through the increased availability of regional or big data and advanced quantitative methods (e.g., manifold indexes capturing refiguration)., In Anlehnung an das von KNOBLAUCH und LÖW (2017) vorgeschlagene theoretische Rahmenwerk der "Refiguration von Räumen" hebe ich in diesem Beitrag Schnittstellen und Transfermöglichkeiten für Theoriebildung, Methoden und vergleichende Forschung aus einer wirtschaftsgeografischen und regionalökonomischen Perspektive hervor. Da die "Refiguration von Räumen" einen abstrakten Rahmen bietet, um räumliche Beziehungen beliebiger Ordnung und über verschiedene Maßstäbe hinweg zu erfassen, erläutere ich zunächst anhand einer Lehrbuchanalyse, wie in beiden Teildisziplinen grundlegende Raumkonzepte verwendet werden. Anschließend greife ich mit der Internationalisierung von Unternehmen und globalen Handelsverflechtungen zwei maßgebliche ökonomische Entwicklungen heraus, die für eine Betrachtung der Refiguration von Räumen prädestiniert sind, und analysiere die methodischen Implikationen und Möglichkeiten verschiedener Raumkonzepte für eine vergleichende Forschung. Ich zeige, dass der abstrakte Rahmen des Konzepts der "Refiguration von Räumen" bei konsistenter Anwendung erhebliche Potenziale für beide Subdisziplinen eröffnen kann. Wirtschaftsgeograf*innen haben für die Mikrofundierung der Refiguration von Räumen einiges zu bieten, da sie mit qualitativen Methoden und mannigfaltigen Raumkonzepten arbeiten (z.B. relationale oder topische Ansätze für eine vergleichende Forschung). Die Verwendung von Konzepten aus der Regionalökonomie erlaubt umgekehrt eine bessere Makrofundierung der Refiguration von Räumen" durch die zunehmende Verfügbarkeit von Big Data, von regionalisierten Daten und fortgeschrittenen quantitativen Methoden (z.B. komplexe Indizes).

Since its emergence in 2019, the worldwide spread of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has created a vast economic crisis as government lockdowns place considerable strain on businesses of all kinds – particularly those that rely on face-to-face contact, such as retail restaurants, and personal services. Given the recent emergence of the virus and lags in data collection and publication, the highest-quality fine-grained spatial datasets on economic behavior will not reflect virus-related impacts for at least a year. At the same time, in order to make evidence-based decisions on policies regarding continuing lockdown and/or re-opening policies, local governments and researchers need to understand neighborhood-level economic effects much sooner than that. This paper makes use of the point-level Chicago Business License dataset, which is updated on a weekly basis, to examine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on new business activity in the City of Chicago. The results indicate that on average, from March to September 2020, total monthly new business starts have declined by 33.4% compared to the monthly average of new starts in the City from January 2016 to December 2019. Food service and retail businesses have been hardest hit during this period, while chains of all types have seen larger average declines in new startup activity than independent businesses. These patterns demonstrate interesting intra-urban spatial heterogeneity; ZIP codes with the largest pandemic-related declines in new business activity tend to be have larger rates average rates of new business creation to begin with and also have less dense, diverse, and walkable built environments (defined in more detail below), while, interestingly, observed COVID-19 case rates do not appear to have an individually-significant impact on new business deficits.

Die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung von Kleinstädten wurde in der wirtschaftsgeographischen Forschung bisher unzureichend beleuchtet. Ein Grund dafür ist, dass Studien sich vor allem auf Großstädte fokussiert haben und kleinere Städte erst in den vergangenen Jahren mehr Aufmerksamkeit erhielten. Seit der Jahrtausendwende entwickelte sich die Gruppe der Kleinstädte in Deutschland hinsichtlich der Beschäftigten sehr positiv. Grundsätzlich muss die Annahme hinterfragt werden, dass städtische Größe automatisch zu wirtschaftlichem Erfolg führt. Nicht nur städtische Größe und somit Agglomerationsvorteile sind entscheidend, sondern auch andere Faktoren wie wirtschaftliche Struktur, Vernetzung, Innovation und lokale Strategien. Ein Fokus auf Innovationsdynamiken, die sich nicht nur im großstädtischen Umfeld entwickeln können, sondern auch in Kleinstädten entstehen, geht darüber hinaus auf den sogenannten urban bias in der Innovationsforschung ein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wirtschaftlichen Dynamiken und deren Einflussfaktoren für Kleinstädte auf der Basis von Studien, die sich seit der Jahrtausendwende mit diesem Städtetyp beschäftigten, diskutiert., To date, economic geographical research has not shed sufficient light on the economic development of small towns. One reason for this is that investigations have focused primarily on cities, small towns have only attracted more attention in recent years. Since 2000 small towns in Germany have developed very positively in terms of employment rates. The assumption that urban size automatically leads to economic success must be fundamentally challenged. It is not only urban size and agglomeration advantages that are decisive, but also other factors like economic structure, networking, innovation and local strategies. A focus on innovation impulses, which can develop in small towns as well as in city settings, also considers urban bias in innovation research. Based on studies since 2000 that have investigated this type of settlement, this article discusses economic trends and their influencing factors for small towns.

Spatial impacts of online shopping are discussed frequently in retail geography. Here, online shopping is mostly regarded as a central driver of competition for physical retailing and its locations, such as town centers or malls. Due to its high popularity, cross-channel shopping is sometimes considered to be a support for physical retailing. However, traditional retail location theory does not consider shopping channels other than in-store shopping. Furthermore, although online shopping is far too important to be neglected in examining consumer spatial shopping behavior, there is an obvious lack in the previous literature towards incorporating multi- and cross-channel shopping into store choice models. The present study aims to identify the main drivers of store choice on the basis that both in-store and online shopping alternatives are available, as well as the opportunity for cross-channel shopping. Taking into account previous literature on both physical store choice and multi-channel shopping, hypotheses on the impact of different shopping transaction costs (such as travel time, delivery charges, or uncertainty with respect to the stores' assortment) were derived. Based on a representative consumer survey, real past shopping decisions in three retail sectors (groceries, consumer electronics [CE], and furniture) were collected. The econometric analysis of empirical store choices was performed using a nested logit model which includes both physical and online stores. The results confirm several assumptions of classical retail location theory as well as previous findings from single-firm studies and stated choice experiments on multi-channel shopping behavior. Travel time to physical stores reduces consumer utility and store choice probability, respectively. Consumer sensitivity towards travel time decreases with decreasing purchase frequency of the desired goods. Delivery charges also decrease the likelihood of choosing a store. The impact of cross-channel integr

This study is a contribution to the discussion on the ethnic segregation cycle, through the examination of individuals' activity spaces - including residence and workplace - and from the perspective of social networks. Bridging social ties can be a key factor in higher minority inclusion and in breaking the vicious circle of segregation. We compare the spatial behaviour of two ethno-linguistic population groups living in Tallinn, Estonia's capital city (Estonian-speaking majority and Russian-speaking minority), each of which have co- and interethnic social networks, through the use of mobile positioning (call detail records) and call-graph data. Among our main findings, we show firstly that interethnic social networks are more common for the Russian-speaking minority population. The probability of having an interethnic network is related to the ethno-linguistic composition of the residential district concerned; districts with a higher proportion of residents from another ethnic group tend to favour interethnic networks more. Secondly, the activity space is related to the ethno-linguistic composition of the social networks. Spatial behaviour is most expansive for Estonian speakers with co-ethnic networks, and most constrained for Russian speakers with co-ethnic networks. At the same time, speakers of Estonian and Russian with interethnic networks show rather similar spatial behaviours: They tend to visit more districts where the proportion of people from the other ethno-linguistic group is higher. Interethnic networks are therefore related to spatial behaviour, which can indicate interethnic meeting points and locations, something that is regarded as being important in assimilation and segregation cycle theories.

A paradigm shift is taking place in spatial segregation research. At the heart of this shift is the understanding of the connectedness of spatial segregation in different life domains and the availability of new datasets that allow for more detailed studies on these connections. In this thematic issue on spatial underpinnings of social inequalities we will outline the foundations of the 'vicious circles of segregation' framework to shed new light on questions such as: What is the role of residential neighbourhoods in urban inequalities in contemporary cities? Have residential neighbourhoods lost their importance in structuring daily lives since important part of social interaction takes place elsewhere? How is residential segregation related to inequalities in other important life domains, in schools, at work and during leisure time? The vicious circles of segregation framework builds on the traditional approaches to spatial segregation, as well as on the emerging new research undertaken within the 'activity space approach' and 'longitudinal approach' to segregation. The articles in this thematic issue improve our understanding of how spatial segregation is transmitted from one life domain to another as people sort into residential neighbourhoods, schools, workplace and leisure time activity sites, and gain contextual effects by getting exposed to and interacting with other people in them.

This article explores the spatial structure and development of settlements comprising the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. Previous studies and database sources, which were never used before (the Federal Tax Service [FTS] database and SPARK-Interfax), are analysed to reveal factors in the economic development of metropolitan areas as well as to understand how settlements develop in Russia’s second-largest city agglomeration. The borders and composition of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration are brought up to date. Examining the population size of the settlements helps locate the 'growth belt' of the agglomeration. Lists of major enterprises of the city and the region make it possible to identify patterns in the economic development of the study area. The SPARK-Interfax database aids in clarifying relationships between spatial elements of the agglomeration (its core and satellites) in the distribution of revenues of economic agents. Data on the location of the largest retail stores - shopping malls and hypermarkets - are used to identify the main centres of commerce in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. A map chart has been drawn using 2GIS and Yandex Maps geoinformation services. An important step in agglomeration analysis is the identification of residential development hotspots. FTS data on property tax base are the main source of relevant information. FTS reports contain data on the number of residential buildings and units covered by the database. Further, FTS statistics is employed to trace income and job distribution across the study area. The current functions of settlement in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration have been determined. According to the findings, the spatial structure of the agglomeration has three groups of 'backbone centres'. The agglomeration includes a core, a population growth area ('growth belt'), commuting sources and recipients, and 'backbone centres'.

This article investigates social and spatial changes in the Athens metropolitan area between 1991 and 2011. The main question is whether social polarisation - and the contraction of intermediate occupational categories - unevenly developed across the city is related to the changing of segregation patterns during the examined period. We established that the working-class moved towards the middle and the middle-class moved towards the top, but the relative position of both parts did not change in the overall socio-spatial hierarchy. The broad types of socio-spatial change in Athens (driven by professionalisation, proletarianisation or polarisation) were eventually related to different spatial imprints in the city’s social geography. Broad trends identified in other cities, like the centralisation of higher occupations and the peripheralisation of poverty, were not at all present here. In Athens, changes between 1991 and 2011 can be summarised by (1) the relative stability and upward social movement of the traditional working-class and their surrounding areas, accounting for almost half of the city, (2) the expansion of traditional bourgeois strongholds to neighbouring formerly socially mixed areas - 25% of the city - and their conversion to more homogeneous middle-class neighbourhoods through professionalisation, (3) the proletarianisation of 10% of the city following a course of perpetual decline in parts of the central municipality and (4) the polarisation and increased social mix of the traditional bourgeois strongholds related to the considerable inflow of poor migrants working for upper-middle-class households.

In Spain, housing is one of the main axes of social inequality. Its position within Spain’s economic model and welfare system is key to understanding why its financialization at the beginning of the 21st century had such different consequences among residents as well as territorially. In this context, from 2001 to 2011, Madrid became one of the most segregated metropolitan areas in Europe. This article delves into how both housing and its location organise inequality in different social spheres and reproduce it over time. To this end, the geography of this inequality is analysed in different social residential trajectories, along with how segregation produces its own dynamics of inequality. The analysis is based on census data and applies a combination of factor and cluster analyses. The results reveal important processes of social residential marginalisation articulated by the interaction between high international immigration and the spatial manifestation of the housing bubble. The main socio-spatial result of this process is the disappearance of mixed social spaces in Madrid, previously located in the centre of the city. This dynamic produces opposite territories in terms of advantage and disadvantage in different spheres linked to social inequality such as education, health, leisure, care and even prejudice. In the process, impoverished immigrants disperse towards the neighbourhoods that concentrate the greatest disadvantages in each of these spheres.

Der Band untersucht die Raumbezüge diverser und alternativer Ökonomien im Spannungsfeld von wachstumsorientierten Institutionen und multiplen sozialökologischen Krisen. Die Beiträge greifen diesen Ansatz erstmals umfassend auf und eröffnen mit konzeptionellen und empirischen Fachbeiträgen aus der Geographie und deren Nachbardisziplinen verschiedene Perspektiven auf die Möglichkeiten, Forderungen und Kritiken einer sozialökologischen Transformation. Aktuelle Diskussionen zu Postwachstumsökonomien werden aus geographischer Sicht präzisiert und mit Fallstudien und Interviews aus Zivilgesellschaft, Planung und Politik ergänzt.

Cities have always been arenas of social and symbolic conflict. As places of encounter between different classes, ethnic groups, and lifestyles, cities play the role of powerful integrators; yet on the other hand urban contexts are the ideal setting for marginalization and violence. The struggle over control of urban spaces is an ambivalent mode of sociation: while producing themselves, groups produce exclusive spaces and then, in turn, use the boundaries they have created to define themselves. This volume presents major urban conflicts and analyzes modes of negotiation against the theoretical background of postcolonialism.

Coastal regions are territorial social systems whose socio-economic and innovative development is strongly influenced by the factor of coastalisation. The effect of movement to the sea determines the dynamics of settlement systems as well as their economic and infrastructure development. This holds for transport, logistics, information and communications, industrial, and other infrastructure. Coastal regions are so diverse that it is impossible to construct a development model that will fit all of them. One can speak only of general trends. This study focuses on identifying differences between the innovation systems of northern and southern coastal regions within the same country. The geographical scope of the study is four Russian coastal territories: Murmansk and Arkhangelsk in the Baltic Sea region and Rostov and Krasnodar in the Azov-Black Sea region. Methodologically, this study carries out a comparative assessment of heterogeneity of innovative development at municipal and interregional levels, using four groups of indicators: human capital, economic growth and clustering, innovation and digitalisation, and quality and standards of living. All these components are vital for regional innovative development. A statistical assessment is supplemented by a qualitative analysis of spatial patterns of innovation capital accumulation; the agglomeration factor is taken into account. It is shown that northern and southern coastal regions perform very differently on innovative development, the latter doing better than the former. Three main models of innovation generation, implementation, and accumulation of coastal regions are described. Each is associated with a different way to benefit from proximity to the sea. These are maritime activities, maritime transport, and the economic use of recreational, natural and climatic resources.

The paper investigates the influence of various demographic and social factors on the perception of well-being in Hungary. For the purpose of the analysis, various measures of subjective well-being have been developed, as dependent variables, using both narrower and broader set of items, and principal factor analysis was applied to construct normalised indices. Demographic predictors include gender, age, family composition, residence; sociological predictors contain education, labour market position, income and wealth as well as questions on health and religiosity. Hungary is an interesting case to study, given the well-known strong deficit in subjective well-being. The phenomenon is particularly motivating in the light of the official propaganda by the governing political forces on the country’s economic and social progress. Low level of subjective well-being is confirmed again, partly in international comparison, partly from the perspective of temporal change. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the data reveals that Hungarians seem to be markedly divided by age, residence and social status for higher or lower assessment of well-being. Regression models prove that material conditions have the strongest impact on subjective well-being, even if controlled for education and labour market position. The results on subjective-wellbeing raise questions for public policy in Hungary.

This paper explores different functions of co-presence for collaborative knowledge creation in the context of seed accelerator programs. Seed accelerators offer programs of three to six months to enhance the growth of early-stage start-ups through various means of training and organizational development. In this paper, seed accelerator programs are analysed as orchestrated sequences of different types of physical co-presence. By drawing on qualitative case study data, the paper identifies eight different ways in which physical co-presence is used during seed accelerator programs. Through these eight types of co-presence, the analysis reveals that physical co-presence unfolds unique social dynamics that are utilized in a carefully designed combination of presence and absence. It is shown that physical co-presence is a means to enact relational distance and to bridge this distance for the benefit of the entrepreneurial process. Therefore, this paper adds a new perspective on how co-presence is used to facilitate the generation of value through collaborative knowledge creation., Dieser Beitrag erkundet verschiedene Funktionen von Kopräsenz für das Gelingen von kollaborativer Wissensproduktion im Kontext von Seed-Accelerator-Programmen. Seed Accelerators bieten drei bis sechsmonatige Programme an, in denen das Wachstum von neu gegründeten Start-ups durch verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Firmenentwicklung beschleunigt werden soll. In diesem Beitrag werden Seed-Accelerator-Programme als orchestrierte Sequenzen aus verschiedenartiger physischer, gleichzeitiger Anwesenheit (Ko-Präsenz) analysiert. Aus einem qualitativen Fallstudiendesign heraus werden acht Formen von Ko-Präsenz identifiziert, auf denen die analysierten Programme beruhen. Weitergehend wird herausgearbeitet, wie diese acht Typen von Ko-Präsenz auf sozialen Dynamiken beruhen, die durch den Seed Accelerator mittels einer abgestimmten Kombination aus Ko- Präsenzen und Abwesenheiten erzeugt werden. Dadurch kann relationale Distanz überbrückt werden, um Wissen zu produzieren, das den Prozess der Unternehmensgründung erleichtert und beschleunigt. Konzeptionell wird eine neue Perspektive geboten, wie Ko-Präsenz genutzt werden kann, um kollaborative Wissensproduktion in Wert zu setzen.

In diesem Beitrag werden regionalisierte Indikatoren über ausländische Bevölkerung in Deutschland vorgestellt und analysiert, die für jede*n Interessierte*n in einem Internetportal zugänglich und auswertbar zur Verfügung stehen. Mittels INKAR online lassen sich Verteilungen von Indikatoren in Form von Karten oder Tabellen darstellen. Für alle Indikatoren sind Definitionen und Berechnungsmodi hinterlegt. Da es sich bei den Indikatoren nicht um Absolutzahlen, sondern meistens um Anteile handelt, ist für das Verständnis unverzichtbar, als Bezugsgrundlage die Referenzgrößen aus den entsprechenden Veröffentlichungen des Statistischen Bundesamtes hinzuzuziehen. Neben der regionalen Verteilung von Ausländern nach siedlungsstrukturellem Kreistyp - mit Fokus auf kreisfreie Großstädte - geht die Analyse insbesondere auf Wanderungsmobilität sowie Bildung, Beschäftigung und Einbürgerung als Integrationsanzeiger ein.

New Zealand’s agricultural landscape and exports have been reshaped by the massive growth of its wine industry in recent years. The article shows how the successful establishment of the country on a global wine market was driven by the exchange of capital, people, knowledge and technology. As a node in a global network, New Zealand’s wine industry can be conceptualised as a driver and as a result of globalisation processes.

In 1885 and 1889 Ravenstein published two seminal papers on the role of migration in changing population distribution. This article analyses the importance of internal migration for shaping the spatial population distribution of Germany in the last three decades. We use a time-series dataset of annual inter-county migration flows from the German population register for the years 1991 to 2017. Population density is used as proxy measure for settlement type as an alternative to the commonly used BBSR typology. Our findings show that around 3 percent of the population moves between counties each year, and that the efficacy of internal migration in redistributing population has declined since the 1990s. Our results are in line with other recent work stating that the re-urbanisation phase, which was prevalent during the 2000s, has ended and sub-urbanisation patterns have become more prominent since 2011. We show that internal migration indeed plays an important role in shaping the distribution of population, especially the movements of young adults and families along the rural-urban continuum. In the 1990s and 2000s, internal migration tended to be more important for shaping regional populations than international migration and natural population change. Notably, this ranking reversed in the last few years and natural population change even became positive for densely settled regions.

Investitionen aus den wachstumsstarken BRIC-Staaten (Brasilien, Russland, Indien und China) haben in den vergangenen Jahren in Deutschland stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Über das tatsächliche Ausmaß des Investitionsgeschehens und die mit den Unternehmen verbundenen Wirkungen liegen bislang aber nur sehr wenige Informationen vor. Das Buch nimmt dies zum Anlass, Strukturen, Strategien und Beschäftigungseffekte von BRIC-Direktinvestitionen sowie die Unternehmensverantwortung und Einstellung der Investoren gegenüber der Mitbestimmungspraxis zu analysieren und damit die konzeptionelle Debatte um ausländische Investoren um wichtige Aspekte zu erweitern., This study analyzes structures, strategies and effects on employment of direct investments from BRIC countries - and sets prejudices about foreign investment straight.

By drawing together widely dispersed yet central writings, the Berlin Reader is an essential resource for everyone interested in urban development in one of the most interesting and important metropolises in Europe. It provides scholars as well as students, journalists and visitors with an overview of the most central discussions on the tremendous changes Berlin experienced since the fall of the wall. It covers a wide range of issues, including inner city renewal, housing and the local economy, gentrification and other urban conflicts. The book breaks ground in two dimensions: first, by offering also non-German speakers an insight into the very controversial debates after reunification, and, second, by highlighting the ambivalent consequences of Berlin's urban transformation in the past decades.

Die Großwohnbauten, die während des Baubooms der 1960er- und 1970er-Jahre die schweizerische Siedlungslandschaft grundlegend veränderten, sind im Laufe der Jahre zunehmend in Verruf geraten. Doch wie gestalten sich - jenseits der weit verbreiteten Klischees - die Lebenswirklichkeiten in diesem Baubestand? Die Autorin richtet den Blick auf die Nachbarschaften von Hochhaussiedlungen in der Schweiz. Anhand von Hausbiografien untersucht sie die sozialräumlichen Dynamiken und beleuchtet, wie Vielfalt und Differenz im Wohnumfeld erfahren und (re-)produziert werden. Dadurch eröffnet sie neue Perspektiven auf den Umgang mit diesem gebauten Erbe und Formen des Zusammenlebens in heterogener werdenden Settings., About living in high-rises built during the construction boom years, the potency of social marginalization and the resilience of neighborhoods.

In the varieties of capitalism literature, Germany is understood as a monolithic model of a coordinated market economy. This analysis shows how institutions for configuring capital and labour at the national level are implemented at state and regional level. By focussing on the labour side this article gives a contribution to the investor dominated shareholder value discussion. It identifies a spatial distinction between capital and labour and concludes a variation of German Models instead of one German Model., In der Varieties-of-Capitalism-Literatur ist Deutschland ein klassisches Beispiel für eine koordinierte Marktwirtschaft. Die vorliegende Analyse zeigt, wie die nationalen institutio-nellen Größen Kapital und Arbeit auf Ebene der Bundesländer variieren. Dazu wird einerseits die räumliche Verteilung der börsennotierten Unternehmen für vier deutsche Leitindizes illustriert. Korrespondierend wird andererseits die Repräsentation der Arbeitnehmer in diesen Unternehmen mittels eines Index' veranschaulicht. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich eine Zwei-teilung: entweder gibt es besonders viele Firmen mit einer eher geringen durchschnittlichen Arbeitnehmerrepräsentation oder eher wenige Firmen und dafür eine vergleichsweise hohe Verankerung der Arbeitnehmervertretung. Auf subnationaler Ebene gibt es daher eine starke Variation innerhalb des idealisierten homogenen deutschen Modells.

Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich mit den Möglichkeiten und Limitierungen der Integration hochqualifizierter Zuwanderer in deutschen Städten. In Bezug auf die in diesem Sammelband aufgegriffene Gerechtigkeitsdebatte bedeutet Gerechtigkeit insbesondere, im lokalen Kontext Zugangsmöglichkeiten zu gesellschaftlichen Ressourcen und Gelegenheiten zu haben, die einen raschen Integrationsprozess ermöglichen. Eine zeitgerechte Stadt ist demnach eine, die Zugewanderten bereits nach kurzer Zeit den Zugang zu Integrationsressourcen und - Gelegenheiten und somit ein Gefühl der Anerkennung und des Heimisch-Werdens ermöglicht. Die Basis der Darstellungen bieten Interviews mit 55 Personen aus 26 verschiedenen Ländern. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Verlauf der Integrationsprozesse der hochqualifizierten Zuwanderer nicht nur davon abhängt, wie sie sich auf den neuen lokalen Kontext selbst einlassen können und wollen, sondern auch, wie sie "eingelassen" werden - sowohl seitens kommunaler Akteure als auch seitens der Bürger/innen., This paper is concerned with the opportunities and limitations affecting the integration of highly qualified immigrants in German cities. The subject of justice discussed by this volume is of particular relevance here, in that it is necessary to be able to locally access social resources and opportunities that enable a rapid process of integration. Accordingly, a temporally just city is one that provides immigrants with prompt access to integration resources and opportunities and thus allows them to develop to feel appreciated and at home. However, when considering highly mobile, international, highly qualified workers it is necessary to ask whether they have the time and whether they can and want to take the time to use the relevant opportunities (e.g. language courses, building up local networks) and thus experience appreciation and be accepted as belonging.

Regional development policy aims to cope with the challenge of spatial disparities. It is based on a smart combination of various critical capital assets in a region which functionally and spatially interact and which yield synergetic economic opportunities and promising challenges for innovation and progress. The present study regards sustainable territorial performance – as a manifestation of regional development – as the overarching principle for competitive advantages and economic growth in a system of regions, which is particularly induced by territorial capital, comprising human capital, infrastructural capital and social capital. In the long-standing tradition of regional development policy a wide variety of effective facilitators or drivers of accelerated spatial growth has been distinguished, for instance, industrial districts, growth poles, growth centers, industrial complexes, special economic zones, communication axes, and so forth. In the past decades, a new concept has been introduced, viz. economic-technological clusters. An avalanche of literature has been published on the conceptual, operational and policy foundation and relevance of this concept, especially in relation to previously developed regional growth concepts. In this paper, clusters will be regarded as the spatial foci of sustainable territorial performance strategies and synergetic actions by both public and private actors. The present paper aims to address the relevance of cluster concepts for an effective regional development policy, based on the above notion of territorial capital. It does so by introducing a new concept, viz. effective cluster, in which spatial-economic synergy, local/regional concentration of industry, and the supporting role of territorial capital are regarded as the main determinants of a highly performing cluster in a given territory. The effective cluster concept will be tested on the basis of a field study on the aviation and aerospace cluster ‘Dolina Lotnicza’

This study examines the impact of the determinants of new firm formation in New England at the county level from 1999 to 2009. Based on the Spatial Durbin panel model that accounts for spillover effects, it is found that population density and human capital positively affect single-unit firm births within a county and its neighbors. Population growth rate also exerts a significant positive impact on new firm formation, but most of the effect is from spatial spillovers. On the contrary, the ratio of large to small firm in terms of employment size and unemployment rate negatively influence single-unit firm births both within counties and among neighbors. However, there is no significant impact of local financial capital and personal income growth on new firm formation.