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Summary: This position statement is an update to the 2011 consensus statement of the Austrian Society of Cardiology (ÖKG) and the Austrian Society of Cardiac Surgery (ÖGTHG) for transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Due to a number of recently published studies, broadening of indications and recommendations of medical societies and our own national developments, the ÖKG and the ÖGHTG wish to combine the 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease with a national position paper and to focus on certain details for the application in Austria. Thus, this position statement serves as a supplement and further interpretation of the international guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients and is known to be associated with increased mortality. The administration of antegrade single-shot, up to two liters, histidine-tryptophane-ketoglutarate (HTK) solution for adequate electromechanical cardiac arrest and myocardial preservation during minimally invasive aortic valve replacement (MIAVR) is a standard procedure. We aimed to determine the impact of HTK infusion on electrolyte and acid–base balance. Methods In this retrospective analysis we reviewed data on patient characteristics, type of surgery, arterial blood gas analysis during surgery and intra-/postoperative laboratory results of patients receiving surgery for MIAVR at a large tertiary care university hospital. Results A total of 25 patients were included in the study. All patients were normonatremic at start of surgery. All patients developed hyponatremia after administration of HTK solution with a significant drop of serum sodium of 15 mmol/L (p Conclusions Acute hyponatremia during cardioplegia with HTK solution is isotonic and should probably not be corrected without presence of hypotonicity as confirmed by measurement of serum osmolality.

Background We previously identified preparation of the internal mammary artery as a risk factor significantly impairing antibiotic tissue penetration into the presternal subcutaneous tissue. We, therefore, adapted our dosing schema regarding preoperative timing to overcome this risk factor. Methods Eight patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting with a left internal mammary artery and vein grafts were included in this clinical trial. Cefazolin (4 g) was administered twice (3 hours and 1 hour) prior to skin incision and once during skin closure (2 g). Antibiotic concentrations were measured with subcutaneous microdialysis probes on both sternal sides. Results were directly compared with the previously published patient cohort receiving the standard schema (4 g cefazolin prior to skin incision and 2 g during closure). Results All patients (7 male, 1 female, 69 ± 7 years, 26.3 ± 3.9 kg/m2) survived the perioperative period. Mean area under the curve on the right and left sternal side was 117.0 ± 92.5 μg/mL and 114.5 ± 83.2 μg/mL, respectively (p = 0.95). This was well above the previously measured mean peak tissue concentrations without early preoperative antibiotic administration on the side of mammary artery harvesting (52.4 ± 48.5 μg/mL vs. 13.1 ± 5.8 μg/mL; p = 0.039). The %fT > minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus during the first 10 hours in presternal tissue was ≥ 70% but did not differ compared with standard schema. Conclusions Early, additional preoperative administration of cefazolin was able to significantly increase peak tissue concentrations during surgery compared with the standard protocol. No difference, however, could be achieved in the percentage of time during which the concentration exceeded the MIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Deep sternal wound infection is a severe complication after cardiac surgery. Insufficient antibiotic target site concentrations may account for variable success of perioperative prophylaxis. Therefore, we measured perioperative penetration of cefazolin and of linezolid into sternal cancellous bone after sternotomy in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) patients by in vivo microdialysis. METHODS: Nine patients underwent CABG using a skeletonized left internal mammary artery. Standard antibiotic prophylaxis consisted of 4 g cefazolin prior to skin incision and additional 2 g during skin closure. In addition, 600 mg of linezolid were administered prior to skin incision and after 12 h for study purposes. Two microdialysis probes were inserted into the sternal cancellous bone (left and right side) after sternotomy. RESULTS: First mean peak cefazolin and linezolid plasma concentrations were 273 ± 92 μg/ml and 22.1 ± 8.9 μg/ml, respectively. Mean peak concentrations of antibiotics in sternal cancellous bone on the left and right sternal side were 112 ± 59 μg/ml and 159 ± 118 μg/ml for cefazolin and 10.9 ± 4.0 μg/ml and 12.6 ± 6.1 μg/ml for linezolid, respectively. Cefazolin exceeded the required tissue concentrations for relevant pathogens by far, but linezolid did not gain effective tissue concentrations in all patients for some relevant pathogens. Mammary artery harvesting had no significant effect on antibiotic tissue penetration. CONCLUSIONS: Direct measurement of antibiotic concentration in sternal cancellous bone with in vivo microdialysis is technically demanding but safe and feasible. We could demonstrate sufficient antibiotic coverage with our standard cefazolin-dosing regimen in the sternal cancellous bone during cardiac surgery. Mammary artery harvesting had no clinically relevant effect on tissue penetration. Linezolid concentrations were not sufficient for some relevant pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]