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An environmentally friendly triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is fabricated from a natural rubber (NR)-Ag nanocomposite for harvesting mechanical energy from human motions. Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized with two different capping agents are added to NR polymer for improving dielectric constant that contributes to the enhancement of TENG performance. Dielectric constant is modulated

Azo dyes are used for silk textile manufacture, where their decolorization and detoxication are necessary after initial dying in the craft industry. The bio-decolorization efficiency of Streptomyces coelicoflavus CS-29 toward commercial azo blue and red dyes was investigated, analyzing the degradation and adsorption of dye molecules. S. coelicoflavus CS-29 showed reductions of 70% and 51% in red and blue dyes, respectively, after seven days. Morphological observation by light microscopy showed that dye molecules were adsorbed onto S. coelicoflavus CS-29 cell surface to form a dense cell pellet. Moreover, peroxidase and laccase activity were detected as extracellular enzymes, but no azo-reductase was detected. From the enzymatic activity, changes of dye profiles in HPLC showed differences between control dyes (untreated dyes) and metabolized products of dyes treated with S. coelicoflavus CS-29. The presence of main functional azo groups (-N=N-) in both blue and red silk dyes was indicated by FTIR analysis, in the untreated azo dyes. The azo bonds seemed to disappear in metabolites after S. coelicoflavus CS-29 treatment and other functional groups were changed compared to the control dyes. The treated dyes showed no significant effect on seed germination, root length, and shoot length of mung beans during phytotoxicity analysis. The red dyes showed a more negative effect on shoot lengths than the blue dyes. The overall results showed that S. coelicoflavus CS-29 is an effective and promising tool for the treatment of dye contaminated wastewater and the permanent elimination of recalcitrant commercial azo dye pollutants.

A new oxa-bridged seven-membered ring analog, hypoxylonone (

Endophytic bacteria refer to bacteria which promote plant growth via direct and indirect mechanisms. Three endophytic bacteria isolated from Jerusalem artichoke exhibited plant growth induction and inulin production. These bacteria had functions of fructan degradation and synthesis from inulinase and levansucrase, respectively.

A new α-pyrone derivative, namely annulopyronoate (1), together with the known isobenzofuranone, diphenyl ether, sesquiterpene, phenolic and diketopiperazine derivatives (2–12) were isolated from a filamentous fungus Annulohypoxylon stygium SWUF09-030. The structures were determined by analysis of spectroscopic and MS data. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by comparison of experimental and calculated Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 3–5 and 7 exhibited both anti-proliferative effects against HeLa, HT29, HCT116, MCF-7 and Vero cell lines and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.

Two new furan derivatives, annulofurans A-B (

Drought is more concerned to be a huge problem for agriculture as it affects plant growth and yield. Endophytic bacteria act as plant growth promoting bacteria that have roles for improving plant growth under stress conditions. The properties of four strains of endophytic bacteria were determined under water deficit medium with 20% polyethylene glycol. Bacillus aquimaris strain 3.13 showed high 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase production; Micrococcus luteus strain 4.43 produced indole acetic acid (IAA). Exopolysaccharide production was high in Bacillus methylotrophicus strain 5.18 while Bacillus sp. strain 5.2 did not show major properties for drought response. Inoculation of endophytic bacteria into plants, strain 3.13 and 4.43 increased height, shoot and root weight, root length, root diameter, root volume, root area and root surface of Jerusalem artichoke grown under water limitation, clearly shown in water supply at 1/3 of available water. These increases were caused by bacteria ACC deaminase and IAA production; moreover, strain 4.43 boosted leaf area and chlorophyll levels, leading to increased photosynthesis under drought at 60 days of planting. The harvest index was high in the treatment with strain 4.43 and 3.13 under 1/3 of available water, promoting tuber numbers and tuber weight. Inulin content was unchanged in the control between well-watered and drought conditions. In comparison, inulin levels were higher in the endophytic bacteria treatment under both conditions, although yields dipped under drought. Thus, the endophytic bacteria promoted in plant growth and yield under drought; they had outstanding function in the enhancement of inulin content under wellwatered condition.

The fungus Biscogniauxia whalleyi SWUF13-085 from the Graphostomataceae family was studied for potential anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents. A diverse array of natural products was identified. Six of which were undescribed compounds, including xylariterpenoids L-N, (1R,2S,6R,7S)-1,2-dihydroxy-α-bisabolol, 6-[(1R)-1-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-propenyl]-4-methoxy-3-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one and (1R*,4S*,5S*,7S*,10R*)-guaia-11 (12)-en-7,10-diol. Several of the isolated compounds such as bergamotene, guaiane and phthalide derivatives showed activity in both the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells with IC50 values in the range of 2.48–10.82 μg/mL and anti-proliferation against HeLa cells with IC50 values in the range of 8.64–31.16 μg/mL. While compounds such as cerebrosides A and C only exhibited inhibitory effects on NO production with IC50 values in the range of 4.45–10.28 μg/mL.

Two new furan derivatives, annulofurans A-B (1–2), together with six known compounds were isolated from Annulohypoxylon spougei fungus. The structures were determined based on NMR and mass spectrometry data. The absolute configurations of annulofurans A-B were determined by Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) experiment and comparisons with the experimental ECD spectra of synthesized stereoisomers. The evaluation of the effects on radish and ruzi grass radicle elongation by the isolated compounds showed that annulofuran A affected radicle elongation of ruzi grass. The known 2-hydroxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester (7) had significant effects against both radish and ruzi grass radicle elongation, which were comparable to the commercial herbicide, glyphosate.

Barium ferrite (BFO) is a class of hard magnetic materials which is technologically important for many applications. Likewise, bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural cellulose with a unique nanostructure and properties. Particularly, magnetic BC membrane, produced by incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) in the BC structure, has recently been a research focus of many research groups. In this work, BFO NPs and BC/BFO nanocomposites were fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis. The BFO NPs could be fabricated only when the synthesis temperature reached 290 °C, with the faceted plate-like shape. Increasing the synthesis temperature gradually changed the magnetic properties from paramagnetic to superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic. Maximum Ms, Mr and Hc of 43 emu/g, 21 emu/g, and 1.6 kOe, respectively, were found. For BC/BFO nanocomposites, the hydrothermal synthesis conditions were limited by the stability of BC, i.e., 150 – 210 °C (for 1 h), or 1 – 7 h (at 190 °C). Using the higher temperature or time resulted in disintegration or decomposition of BC. It was found that very small NPs were coated on the BC nanofibers but the BFO phase was not observed by XRD. However, the magnetic measurement showed the hysteresis loops for the nanocomposites synthesized at 190 °C for 3 – 7 h. The observation of the hysteresis loops could be attributed to a small fraction of BFO in the nanocomposite that cannot be detected by XRD. The BC/BFO nanocomposite membranes were demonstrated for their magnetic attraction, flexibility, and lightness, which make them potential uses for flexible information storage or lightweight magnets. publishedVersion

A new α-pyrone derivative, namely annulopyronoate (

Hybrid nanocomposites of bacterial cellulose (BC) and magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are of interest due to their potential for novel applications. Magnetic NPs are typically synthesized by co-precipitation since it is facile, enabling control of their size and distribution. This work investigates the effect of using different starting reactants (Fe(II) and Fe(III) salts) in the fabrication and control of the properties of BC/iron oxide nanocomposites. It was found that the choices of starting reactants are not important for synthesizing NPs outside of the BC networks. However, the starting reactants do affect the formation of NPs when they are synthesized in the BC network. Significant differences in the morphologies, sizes, crystal structures, and magnetic phases of NPs occurs when in this environment. The nanopores of BC networks in some instances force the aggregation of the NPs, either within the pores, or on the surfaces of the fibrils. Nanocomposites synthesized from Fe(II) sulfate and Fe(III) chloride were found to exhibit the highest magnetization. These nanocomposites have potential for flexible sensors, actuators, or electromagnetic shielding. Nanocomposites from Fe(II) acetate and Fe(III) chloride, though exhibiting lower magnetization, preserve a porous structure. Thus, they have potential as adsorbents or for wound healing applications.

Developing sorbent materials for the removal of oil spills has become an attractive research topic in recent years for its impact on environmental and ecological concerns. The sorbents should be light, low cost, oil selective, environmentally friendly, mechanically robust, easily collected and recyclable, as well having high absorption capacities. Here, magnetic carbon nanofiber (MCF) aerogels have been developed from bacterial cellulose-based nanocomposites as efficient and recyclable oil sorbents. The MCF aerogels comprise a 3D interconnected structure of carbon nanofibers, with very high porosity, decorated with uniformly dispersed magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), with an Fe/Fe3O4 core-shell structure. The MCF aerogels exhibit very high magnetization (>100 emu g-1), compared to other previously reported magnetic aerogels, due to the Fe core/Fe3O4 shell NPs, but additionally with an ultralow density of only 7 mg cm-3. Furthermore, the MCF aerogel is highly compressible up to 90% strain and instantly returns to the original shape after release without any plastic deformation. It is also highly durable, up to 100 compressive stress-strain cycles. As for oil sorbents, the MCF aerogel can absorb oils directly without any post-surface treatment, due to its hydrophobic/oleophilic property. The absorption capacities are in the range of 37-87 g/g for various types of oils and organic solvents. These values are comparably large amongst magnetic carbon aerogels. Additionally, due to their large magnetization, the MCF aerogels can be easily manipulated during oil absorption and collected via external magnetic fields, which is beneficial for avoiding direct contact with possible hazardous solvents. They can then be recycled several times by dissolution with hardly any reduction in absorption capacity. This work has demonstrated that environmentally friendly biomass-derived MCF aerogels could be candidates for the absorption and recycling of oils and organic solvents from wastewater.

Bacterial cellulose (BC)/Fe3O4 aerogels were fabricated by a simple immersion of BC hydrogels in commercially available ferrofluid solution followed by freeze-drying. The BC/Fe3O4 aerogels were converted into carbon nanofiber (CNF)/Fe3O4 aerogels by pyrolysis at 600 °C. With our fabrication methods, the Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were effectively impregnated and homogeneously distributed in the nanostructures of BC and CNF. The average diameters of the BC and CNF nanofibers were found to be about 79.3 ± 14.1 nm and 56.7 ± 13.6 nm, respectively. Increasing the ferrofluid concentration resulted in a nonlinear increase of Fe3O4 NPs loaded into the BC and CNF structure, but the functional groups were not affected. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of CNF/Fe3O4 was larger than those of BC/Fe3O4 and increased with the amount of impregnated Fe3O4 NPs. The maximum magnetization in our work was larger than literature values, with the highest Ms of 82.9 emu/g approaching the bulk value of Fe3O4. The materials presented could be used as pollutant absorbers for wastewater treatment. We have demonstrated the capability of using magnetic CNF aerogels in absorbing a common dye pollutant from water. The dye was absorbed efficiently, and the aerogels were easily magnetically removed from the solution and are reusable.

The chromatographic separation of Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke) flowers led to the isolation of twenty three compounds (1-23). They were characterized into four classes, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarins and chromones, based primarily on the analysis of spectral data including IR, 1D and 2D NMR (1H, 13C, COSY, NOSEY, HMQC, and HMBC). The antiproliferative activity against colon cancer cell lines HT29 and HCT116, cytotoxicity against Vero cells and antimicrobial activity against E. Faecium ATCC 51559, P. aeruginosa PAO1, A. Baumannii ATCC 19606, K. Neumoniae ATCC 700603 and M. tuberculosis H37Ra (TB) were evaluated. Feradiol (9) exhibited a significant growth inhibitory effect against both cell lines (IC50 values of 3.93 ± 0.52 and 6.02 ± 0.33 μg/mL at 72 h respectively). The ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid (1) and β-sitostenone (14) exhibited weak antimicrobial activity against E. faecium with the same MIC values in the range of 6.25–12.50 μg/mL. In addition, 14 showed weak anti-TB with a MIC of 25.00 μg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical constituents and their biological activities from H. tuberosus L. flowers.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) could interact synergistically because PSB solubilize sparingly available phosphorous compounds into orthophosphate that AMF can absorb and transport to the host plant. Little is known about the interactions between these two groups in terms of promoting Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus L., which is widely planted by farmers because of its high inulin content. Production depends mainly on synthetic fertilizers as source of plant nutrients. This study aimed to isolate and characterize PSB and investigate the effects of co-inoculation of AMF and PSB on plant performance and inulin accumulation. Isolate UDJA102x89-9, identified as Klebsiella variicola (KV), showed phosphate-solubilizing ability and produced high amounts of several organic acids in vitro and of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The experiment combined KV and two AMF species (Glomus multisubtensum (GM) and Rhizophagus intraradices (RI)). Co-inoculation of KV with RI, in combination with rock phosphate, showed the largest increases in plant growth and tuber inulin content, compared both to an unfertilized and fertilized control. This result would reveal whether the phosphate solubilization and IAA property of the PSB in vitro played a significant role in changing plant growth and production, and the available P was subsequently taken up and transported to plant roots by AMF. The high combined effect may have the potential for use by farmers in the future as a biofertilizer for inulin production by Helianthus tuberosus L.

The bioactive packaging polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/starch films were prepared by incorporating combined antioxidant agents i.e. extracted spent coffee ground (ex-SCG) and citric acid. Effect of citric acid content on chemical compatibility, releasing of antioxidant, antibacterial activities, and physical and mechanical properties of PVA/starch incorporated ex-SCG (PSt-E) films was studied. The results of ATR-FTIR spectra showed that antioxidant agents of ex-SCG can penetrate into the film and the ester bond of blended films by citric acid was also observed. The presence of ex-SCG increased efficiency of antioxidant release and antimicrobial activity. The PSt-E film incorporated 30 wt% citric acid showed minimum inhibitory concentration against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The incorporation of ex-SCG and citric acid into film showed a synergistic effect on antibacterial activity. The water resistance and kinetic moisture sorption improved with incorporation of citric acid. The tensile strength and biodegradability of samples were in range of 5.63–7.44 MPa and 65.28–86.64%, respectively. Based on this study, PSt-E film incorporated 30 wt% citric acid can be applied as novel food packaging materials.

A newly proposed idea for the fabrication of white magnetic paper is presented. These papers are fabricated from a layered composite of bacterial cellulose (BC) sheets. Magnetic BC sheets are prepared by the incorporation of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) in the BC structure (MBC). White BC sheets were formed by the impregnation of ZnO NPs in the BC nanofibrils (ZBC), and then forming a ZBC/MBC/ZBC sandwich structure. This structure was then hot-pressed to obtain white magnetic paper. The fabricated magnetic BC paper exhibits a ‘whiteness’ of over 80%, with a high reflectance of over 70% in the visible spectral range. XRD and SEM analysis confirmed the presence of the BC, CoFe2O4 and ZnO phases in the white magnetic paper. The whiteness of the paper is improved further with a higher concentration of ZnO NPs, but at the cost of a reduction in the mechanical properties. Magnetic hysteresis was observed in the fabricated white magnetic paper with a saturation magnetization of ∼20 emu g−1, comparable to the literature values for black magnetic papers. The white magnetic paper was demonstrated to exhibit flexibility and foldability just like regular paper sheets but can also be distinguished by subjecting it to an external magnetic field. This gives potential for its use as security paper or in anti-counterfeiting applications.

The endophytic bacteria isolated from the leaves, stems, tubers and roots of Helianthus tuberosus L. (Jerusalem artichoke) were studied and characterized. The isolated endophytes were clustered by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) technique and identified by 16 S rRNA sequencing to demonstrate bacteria diversity, mainly in Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium, Curtobacterium. The proportions of endophytes exhibited colonization (from most to least) in stems, leaves, roots and tubers. The more isolates had ACC (1 aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase and nitrogen fixation, the less they showed phosphate and potassium solubilization. Antifungal activity was exhibited only in Bacillus, while many isolates had stress tolerance in polyethylene glycol. Six endophytic bacteria were recolonized into 2 varieties of Jerusalem artichoke (HEL65 and JA102xJA89) and showed increases in height, root and stem weight, and tuber number. The potential local endophyte, Pantoea ananatis 4.14 responded to the tuber by increasing inulin content, which is a valued product of Jerusalem artichoke.

Endophytic fungi (EPF) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) symbioses can promote the growth and productivity of several types of plants. This work aimed to investigate the effect of co-inoculation of an EPF Exserohilum rostratum NMS1.5 and an AMF Glomus etunicatum UDCN52867 g.5 on the growth and yields of sunchoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) compared to the effects of full-dose and half-dose chemical fertilizer (15–15–15) under field conditions. Several plant growth parameters of the co-inoculated plants were significantly higher than the other treatments. Remarkably, such an effect was relatively equal to that of the full-dose chemical fertilizers. Moreover, the co-inoculation of EPF and AMF significantly improved the tuber yield production, even better than the use of a chemical fertilizer. This is the first report to show that plant growth promoting effects of the co-inoculation of EPF and AMF were exceptionally greater than those of the chemical fertilizer. Therefore, our EPF and AMF could potentially be used as a biofertilizer for promoting the growth and yield of sunchoke in the fields.

Helianthus tuberosus L. (sunchoke or Jerusalem artichoke) has been widely applied in food and industrial products. Due to its economical benefits, sunchoke has been of great interest in many areas. Therefore, the aims of this study were to isolate fungal endophytes from sunchoke and screen for their ability to produce IAA, GA3 and other plant growth-promoting (PGP) agents. Among a total of 126 isolates, 4 most effective PGP strains were identified as C. gloeosporioides CPS3/5, G. cingulate NMS1.4, E. rostratum NMS1.5 and Xylariaceae sp. KKL3. In the pot experiments, several plant growth parameters such as plant height, diameter of stem, SPAD chlorophyll content, plant biomass, plant root growth, the number of tubers and tuber inulin content in sunchoke inoculated with these fungal endophytes were significantly higher than those of the uninoculated controls. Outstandingly, E. rostratum NMS1.5 exhibited the best performance on promoting growth and yield of sunchoke. Interestingly, strain NMS1.5 is the first member of E. rostratum that is beneficial to plant growth without causing any negative effects. This study suggested that our fungal endophytes can be effective plant growth promoters for use as biofertilizers for sunchoke production.

Magnetic membranes based on bacterial cellulose (BC) nanocomposites have been extensively researched. However, most magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) incorporated in the BC matrix were focused on soft magnetic phases, which limited the extensive use of magnetic BC membranes. Therefore, this work proposes a method to fabricate hard magnetic membrane based on the BC matrix and magnetically hard phase barium ferrite (BFO) NPs. The nanocomposites showed the peaked tensile strength and modulus at the low concentration of BFO whereas the magnetization increased drastically with the BFO content. They also demonstrate the high flexibility up on bending and the sensitivity to external magnetic fields. Furthermore, unlike other magnetic BC membranes, the BC/BFO nanocomposites exhibited the hard magnetic properties, i.e. they could retain their magnetic attraction after being magnetized by a permanent magnet. These properties open the possibility to employ these materials in various fields, such as information storage, anti-couterfeit or electromagnetic shieldings.

In this study, 10 wt% sugarcane bagasse fiber-reinforced starch foam composites were prepared with different oregano essential oil (OEO) contents in the range of 2–8 wt% to improve the antimicrobial effectiveness of bioactive packaging. FT-IR analysis confirms that OEO penetrates into starch foam composite. From the result of antimicrobial activity, the incorporation of 8 wt% OEO in starch foam composite achieves the minimum inhibitory concentration against Escherichia-coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus-aureus (S. aureus). OEO is more effective against S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) than E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). The water absorption capacity and hygroscopicity of foam composite decrease with increasing OEO content. The lowest monolayer value is observed in starch foam composite containing 8 wt% OEO. The soil biodegradation rate and flexural strength of samples slightly decrease with increasing OEO content. As a result, starch foam composite containing OEO can be applied as bioactive packaging to preserve foods.

Drought is more concerned to be a huge problem for agriculture as it affects plant growth and yield. Endophytic bacteria act as plant growth promoting bacteria that have roles for improving plant growth under stress conditions. The properties of four strains of endophytic bacteria were determined under water deficit medium with 20% polyethylene glycol.

The ongoing search for anti-cancer agents from microorganisms led to the isolation of four new compounds including 6-ethyl-8-hydroxy-4

The ongoing search for anti-cancer agents from microorganisms led to the isolation of four new compounds including 6-ethyl-8-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (1), 6-ethyl-7,8-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one (2), (3S)-3,4-dihydro-8-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-methylisocoumarin (3) and (3S)-3,4-dihydro-5,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methylisocoumarin (4), together with eleven known compounds (5–15) from Xylaria sp. SWUF09-62 fungus. The chemical structures were deduced from IR, 1D and 2D NMR, and MS data. The absolute configurations of 3 and 4 were determined by ECD experiment. Compounds 2 and 4 indicated possible chemo-prevention and chemo-therapeutic properties, exhibited anti-inflammatory properties by reducing nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (IC50 = 1.57 ± 0.25 and 3.02 ± 0.27 μg/mL) and cytotoxicity against HT29 cells (IC50 = 16.46 ± 0.48 and 97.78 ± 7.14 μg/mL).

Due to its increasing economical values, sunchoke is widely planted including in Northeast Thailand where insufficient water supply recurs. This work then aimed to investigate the efficiency of 5 different AMF species to enhance growth of sunchoke under drought stress conditions. Factorial experiments in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were conducted with four replications under two conditions, a well-watered (WW) and a drought stress (DS). This result showed that Rhizophagus irregularis BM-2 g1, Glomus hoi KKU g3 and Rhizophagus aggregatus BM-3 g3, were the best AMF to enhance the growth and yield of sunchoke. We found that Glomus etunicatum UDCN52867 g5 less affected the growth of sunchoke when compared to the other Glomus spp. in this work. Different AMF species belonging to Glomales affected different plant growth parameters at different levels. This suggested a variety of plant growth promoting functions of Glomus spp. Moreover, Acaulospora mallea KKU-NBP-SB-2, isolated from Eucalyptus plants, did not significantly enhance the growth and yield of sunchoke under both WW and DS conditions. This suggested that plant-AMF symbiosis is a species-specific interaction. Detailed mechanisms of AMF and an application of a combination of AMF species with different functions to enhance sunchoke growth are worth investigating.

The thermo-alkali-stable xylanase from Myceliophthora thermophila BF1-7 was purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified using a procedure including ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration and ion exchange chromatographies. The xylanase was purified to 77.1-fold apparent homogeneity with a recovery yield of 7.48% and maximum specificity was obtained as 2.31 U mg −1 protein. The purified xylanase appeared as a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a molecular mass of approximately 14 kDa. Xylanase was most active at pH 12.0 and retained 55% of the original activity in the pH range of 9.0–12.0 after incubation at 4 °C for 24 h. The optimal temperature of the xylanase was 50 °C and it retained more than 77% and 56% of its original activity after heating at 50 °C for 30 and 60 min, respectively. Xylanase was inhibited by Hg 2+ and stimulated by Mg 2+ , Cu 2+ , Ag + , Zn 2+ , ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at 1 mM. The K m and V max values of the purified xylanase were 9.67 mg/mL and 5.38 μmol/min/mg, respectively. The purified xylanase only showed activity on xylan and hydrolyzed beechwood xylan to yield mainly xylotetraose and xylobiose as end products which suggesting that it was an endo-xylanase.