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Early complications after partial pancreatic resections and benign pancreatic tumours were analysed. 276 patients with pancreatic tumours were treated in the years 1979-1997. In 77 cases radical operation was performed. 65 patients underwent Whipple and 12--Traverso-Longmire pancreatoduodenectomy. Malignant tumour was found in 55 cases and 22 were benign. In 4 patients tumour's resection along with invaded portal vessels and portal confluence reconstruction was performed. These were the first cases with vessels resection operated in Poland. There were 2 post-operative deaths observed in that group. Complications in our material were as follows: pancreatico-jejunal anastomosis fistulae, haemorrhage from ulcers in gastro-jejunal anastomosis, diffuse peritonitis, haemorrhage from pancreatic stump vessels, ileus, acute renal insufficiency, pneumonia and myocardial infarct. Mortality in whole group was 11%. In the last 5 years due to our growing experience and some technical modifications mortality fell to 4.4%.

Results of the operative treatment of Vater's papilla carcinoma in fifteen cases were analysed. Eleven patients had pancreatoduodenectomy according to Whipple, four had only local excision of Vater's papilla along with the tumour. All four had early recurrence and were re-operated by Whipple method. In our experience only radical pancreatoduodenectomy with regional lymphadenectomy, preferably Whipple type, gives chance of achieving the radical cure.

Since 1993 during pancreatic resection routine intraoperative portography has been employed. Thus we are able to establish infiltration engaging portal vein and its branches. Facilitating decision making about resectability of the tumor. 29 portographies were performed. In eight cases malignant infiltration on portal vein was established. Because of that in seven cases no radical resection was undertaken.

Fluxes of radiation, sensible and latent heat, and fluxes of heat and salt within the upper layer of the ocean were calculated on the basis of measurements carried out in the area of the Norwegian-Atlantic and West Spitsbergen Currents during summer 2000. The sea surface radiation balance was calculated from direct measurements of downward and upward short-wave (solar) radiation, the net radiation fluxes and sea surface temperature. The daily doses of radiation energy reaching and leaving the sea surface were also estimated. To calculate the vertical heat fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer the bulk parameterisation method was used. In most cases, the calculated heat fluxes were rather low, the average sensible heat flux was c. 10 W m-2, and the latent heat flux about one order of magnitude higher; this is what could be expected in summer. Salt fluxes to the air in the process of aerosol production are very small and can be neglected. In summer the highest quantities of heat and salt are exchanged during mixing with surrounding waters. According to our measurements, Atlantic Water on its northward course from about 70oN to 79oN loses about 100 TW of heat and 900 × 103 kg of salt. We thought it could be interesting to find out what happens to them. Some preliminary results of our investigation are presented here.

Model spectra of mass-specific absorption coefficients a*OM(λ) were established for 26 naturally occurring organic substances or their possible mixtures, capable of forming particulate organic matter (POM) in the sea. An algorithm was constructed, and the set of spectra of a*OM(λ) was used to determine the spectra of the imaginary part of the complex refractive index n'p(λ) characteristic of different physical types and chemical classes of POM commonly occurring in sea water. The variability in the spectra and absolute values of n'p for the various model classes and types of POM was shown to range over many orders of magnitude. This implies that modelling the optical properties of sea water requires a multi-component approach that takes account of the numerous living and non-living fractions of POM, each of which has a different value of n'p.

This paper is the second of two articles on the methodology ofthe remote sensing of the Baltic ecosystem. In Part~1 the authorspresented the set of DESAMBEM algorithms for determining themajor parameters of this ecosystem on the basis of satellitedata (see Wo/xniak et al.~2008 -- this issue). That article discussedin detail the mathematical apparatus of the algorithms. Part2 presents the effects of the practical application of the algorithmsand their validation, the latter based on satellite maps of selectedBaltic ecosystem parameters: the distributions of the sea surfacetemperature, the Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR)at the sea surface, the surface concentrations of chlorophyll~{it a}and the total primary production of organic matter.~Particularemphasis was laid on analysing the precision of estimates ofthese and other parameters of the Baltic ecosystem, determinedby remote sensing methods. The errors in these estimates turnedout to be relatively small; hence, the set of DESAMBEM algorithmsshould in the future be utilised as the foundation for the effectivesatellite monitoring of the state and functioning of the Balticecosystem.