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Purpose of reviewIncreasing wildfire size and severity across the western United States has created an environmental and social crisis that must be approached from a transdisciplinary perspective. Climate change and more than a century of fire exclusion and wildfire suppression have led to contemporary wildfires with more severe environmental impacts and human smoke exposure. Wildfires increase smoke exposure for broad swaths of the US population, though outdoor workers and socially disadvantaged groups with limited adaptive capacity can be disproportionally exposed. Exposure to wildfire smoke is associated with a range of health impacts in children and adults, including exacerbation of existing respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, worse birth outcomes, and cardiovascular events. Seasonally dry forests in Washington, Oregon, and California can benefit from ecological restoration as a way to adapt forests to climate change and reduce smoke impacts on affected communities.Recent findingsEach wildfire season, large smoke events, and their adverse impacts on human health receive considerable attention from both the public and policymakers. The severity of recent wildfire seasons has state and federal governments outlining budgets and prioritizing policies to combat the worsening crisis. This surging attention provides an opportunity to outline the actions needed now to advance research and practice on conservation, economic, environmental justice, and public health interests, as well as the trade-offs that must be considered. Scientists, planners, foresters and fire managers, fire safety, air quality, and public health practitioners must collaboratively work together. This article is the result of a series of transdisciplinary conversations to find common ground and subsequently provide a holistic view of how forest and fire management intersect with human health through the impacts of smoke and articulate the need for an integrated approach to both planning and practice.

In the Gulf of Maine area (GoMA), as elsewhere in the ocean, the organisms of greatest numerical abundance are microbes. Viruses in GoMA are largely cyanophages and bacteriophages, including podoviruses which lack tails. There is also evidence of Mimivirus and Chlorovirus in the metagenome. Bacteria in GoMA comprise the dominant SAR11 phylotype cluster, and other abundant phylotypes such as SAR86-like cluster, SAR116-like cluster, Roseobacter, Rhodospirillaceae, Acidomicrobidae, Flavobacteriales, Cytophaga, and unclassified Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria clusters. Bacterial epibionts of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium fundyense include Rhodobacteraceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Cytophaga spp., Sulfitobacter spp., Sphingomonas spp., and unclassified Bacteroidetes. Phototrophic prokaryotes in GoMA include cyanobacteria that contain chlorophyll (mainly Synechococcus), aerobic anoxygenic phototrophs that contain bacteriochlorophyll, and bacteria that contain proteorhodopsin. Eukaryotic microalgae in GoMA include Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, Prymnesiophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dictyochophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Eustigmatophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Synurophyceae, and Xanthophyceae. There are no records of Bolidophyceae, Aurearenophyceae, Raphidophyceae, and Synchromophyceae in GoMA. In total, there are records for 665 names and 229 genera of microalgae. Heterotrophic eukaryotic protists in GoMA include Dinophyceae, Alveolata, Apicomplexa, amoeboid organisms, Labrynthulida, and heterotrophic marine stramenopiles (MAST). Ciliates include Strombidium, Lohmaniella, Tontonia, Strobilidium, Strombidinopsis and the mixotrophs Laboea strobila and Myrionecta rubrum (ex Mesodinium rubra). An inventory of selected microbial groups in each of 14 physiographic regions in GoMA is made by combining information on the depth-dependent variation of cell density and the depth-dependent variation of water volume. Across the entire GoMA, an estimate for the minimum abundance of cell-based microbes is 1.7×10(25) organisms. By one account, this number of microbes implies a richness of 10(5) to 10(6) taxa in the entire water volume of GoMA. Morphological diversity in microplankton is well-described but the true extent of taxonomic diversity, especially in the femtoplankton, picoplankton and nanoplankton--whether autotrophic, heterotrophic, or mixotrophic, is unknown.

Employing ecological approaches to fisheries management or comprehensive marine spatial planning requires that species assemblage structure be accounted for. Fish and invertebrate spatial distributions from the National Marine Fisheries Service demersal trawl survey conducted in the Georges Bank--Gulf of Maine region were analyzed by bootstrapped principal component analysis ([PCA.sub.Btsp]) and normal PCA ([PCAN.sub.rml]). [PCA.sub.Btsp] produced confidence limits for eigenvalue stopping rules and for eigenvectors to identify significantly correlated species. Stopping rules identified the first six principal components (PCs) as relevant. Initially, summer and fall survey data from 1963 to 2006 were analyzed, but high eigenvector variation led to reductions in the species and time series used. Confidence interval variation was achieved through removal of highly migratory species and restriction of the time series. PC scores were mapped using inverse distance weighted interpolation to reveal multispecies spatial arrangements. Core areas of species groupings and overlapping zones of higher diversity can be delineated and, even under high fishing pressure with large compositional changes, the assemblages maintained robust spatial organization. This spatial organization could be employed to protect appropriate species groups and minimize bycatch. Careful analysis of survey data can help ensure area-based management schemes are consistent with ecological scales. L'utilisation d'approches ecologiques dans la gestion des peches ou la planification globale de l'espace maritime necessite la prise en compte de la structure des assemblages d'especes. Les repartitions spatiales des poissons et invertebres obtenues du leve au chalut de fond du National Marine Fisheries Service effectue dans la region de banc de Georges-golfe du Maine ont ete analysees par analyse en composantes principales avec auto-amorcage ([PCA.sub.Btsp]) et par analyse en composantes principales normal PCA ([PCAN.sub.rml]). La [PCA.sub.Btsp] a produit des limites de confiance pour les regles d'arret des valeurs propres et les vecteurs propres permettant de cerner les especes correlees significativement. Ces regles d'arret ont revele que les six premieres composantes principales (PC) etaient pertinentes. Les donnees estivales et automnales du leve pour la periode de 1963 a 2006 ont d'abord ete analysees, mais la forte variabilite des vecteurs propres a mene a la reduction du nombre d'especes et des series chronologiques utilises. Des variations dans les intervalles de confiance ont ete obtenues en retirant des especes tres migratoires et en restreignant les series chronologiques. Les notes des PC ont ete cartographiees par interpolation par l'inverse de la distance afin de deceler les distributions spatiales multi-especes. Les regions centrales de groupements d'especes et les zones de chevauchement peuvent etre delimitees. L'analyse des donnees de leve peut contribuer a une meilleure concordance des schemas de gestion bases sur la region et des echelles ecologiques. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Anthropogenic activities have been correlated with significant losses in marine biodiversity (Sala and Knowlton 2006). One contributor to this decline is that case-by-case evaluation of anthropogenic impacts in ocean [...]