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Background: Calcium is a determinant of paravalvular leakage (PVL) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). This is based on a fixed contrast attenuation value while X-ray attenuation is patient-dependent and without considering frame expansion and PVL location. We examined the role of calcium in (site-specific) PVL after TAVI using a patient-specific contrast attenuation coefficient combined with frame expansion., Methods: 57 patients were included with baseline CT, post-TAVI transthoracic echocardiography and rotational angiography (R-angio). Calcium load was assessed using a patient-specific contrast attenuation coefficient. Baseline CT and post-TAVI R-angio were fused to assess frame expansion. PVL was assessed by a core lab., Results: Overall, the highest calcium load was at the non-coronary-cusp-region (NCR, 436 mm 3 ) vs. the right-coronary-cusp-region (RCR, 233 mm 3 ) and the left-coronary-cusp-region (LCR, 244 mm 3 ), p < 0.001. Calcium load was higher in patients with vs. without PVL (1,137 vs. 742 mm 3 , p = 0.012) and was an independent predictor of PVL (odds ratio, 4.83, p = 0.004). PVL was seen most often in the LCR (39% vs. 21% [RCR] and 19% [NCR]). The degree of frame expansion was 71% at the NCR, 70% at the RCR and 74% at the LCR without difference between patients with or without PVL., Conclusions: Calcium load was higher in patients with PVL and was an independent predictor of PVL. While calcium was predominantly seen at the NCR, PVL was most often at the LCR. These findings indicate that in addition to calcium, specific anatomic features play a role in PVL after TAVI., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Echocardiography.)

Objectives: To describe hemodynamic effects of iVAC2L mechanical circulatory support (MCS)., Background: MCS is increasingly used in the context of high-risk percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The effect of the pulsatile iVAC2L MCS on left ventricular loading conditions and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ) is unknown., Methods: This prospective single-arm two-center study included 29 patients who underwent high-risk PCI with iVAC2L MCS using simultaneous invasive pulmonary pressure monitoring and left ventricular pressure-volume analysis. Hemodynamic recordings were performed during steady state conditions with MCS off and on before and after PCI. Pressure-volume variations were analyzed to denote responders and non-responders., Results: The mean age was 74 (IQR: 70-81) years and the mean SYNTAX score was 31 ± 8.3. Left ventricular unloading with iVAC2L MCS was demonstrated in 22 out of 27 patients with complete PV studies. Patients with moderate or severe mitral regurgitation or presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) had higher filling pressures and volumes and were most responsive to iVAC2L unloading (9/10 patients with moderate or severe MR and 11/11 patients with ACS). Pulsatile MCS activation reduced MAP (-4%), SBP (-9%), ESP (-11%), ESV (-15%) and EDV (-4%) among responders but not among non-responders. Responders experienced significant reductions in afterload (Ea: -19%) with increases in stroke volume (+11%) and cardiac output (+11%)., Conclusions: Pulsatile iVAC2L MCS in patients with advanced coronary artery disease at high to prohibitive operative risk resulted in LV unloading and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption particularly in patients with ACS or significant MR with higher filling pressures at baseline., Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03200990., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Dr Van Mieghem is advisor and received research grant support from PulseCath B.V. He received institutional research grant support from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, Medtronic, Edwards Lifesciences, Daiichi Sankyo. Dr Bastos received personal fees from PulseCath BV. Dr Daemen received institutional grant/research support from Astra Zeneca, Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, ACIST Medical, Medtronic, Pie Medical, and ReCor medical, and consultancy and speaker fees from Abiomed, ACIST medical, Boston Scientific, ReCor Medical, PulseCath, Pie Medical, Siemens Health Care and Medtronic. Dr Schreuder is an employee of CD Leycom. Mr Malkin is an employee of PulseCath BV. The other authors report no conflicts., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Vessel Fractional Flow Reserve (vFFR) as assessed by three-dimensional quantitative coronary angiography has high correlation with pressure wire-based fractional flow reserve in both a pre- and post-PCI setting. The present study aims to assess the prognostic value of post-PCI vFFR on the incidence of target vessel failure (TVF), a composite endpoint of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization (TVR) at 5-year follow up., Methods: Post-PCI vFFR was calculated after routine PCI in a total of 748 patients (832 vessels) with available orthogonal angiographic projections of the stented segment., Results: Median age was 65 (IQR 55-74) years, 18.2% were diabetic, and 29.1% presented with stable angina. Median post-PCI vFFR was 0.91 (IQR 0.86-0.95). Vessels were categorized into tertiles based on post-PCI vFFR: low (vFFR <0.88), middle (vFFR 0.88-0.93), and upper (vFFR ≥0.94). Vessels in the lower and middle tertile were more often LADs and had smaller stent diameters (p<0.001). Vessels in the lower and middle tertile had a higher risk of TVF as compared to vessels in the upper tertile (24.6% and 21.5% vs. 17.1%; adjusted HR 1.84 (95%CI 1.15-2.95), p = 0.011, and 1.58 (95%CI 1.02-2.45), p = 0.040) at 5-years follow-up. Additionally, vessels in the lower tertile had higher rates of TVR as compared to vessels in the higher tertile (12.6% vs. 6.5%, adjusted HR 1.93 (95%CI 1.06-3.53), p = 0.033)., Conclusion: Lower post-PCI vFFR values are associated with a significantly increased risk of TVF and TVR at 5-years follow-up., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To study the safety and feasibility of a restrictive temporary-RV-pacemaker use and to evaluate the need for temporary pacemaker insertion for failed left ventricular (LV) pacing ability (no ventricular capture) or occurrence of high-degree AV-blocks mandating continuous pacing., Background: Ventricular pacing remains an essential part of contemporary transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). A temporary-right-ventricle (RV)-pacemaker lead is the standard approach for transient pacing during TAVI but requires central venous access., Methods: An observational registry including 672 patients who underwent TAVI between June 2018 and December 2020. Patients received pacing on the wire when necessary, unless there was a high-anticipated risk for conduction disturbances post-TAVI, based on the baseline-ECG. The follow-up period was 30 days., Results: A temporary-RV-pacemaker lead (RVP-cohort) was inserted in 45 patients, pacing on the wire (LVP-cohort) in 488 patients, and no pacing (NoP-cohort) in 139 patients. A bailout temporary pacemaker was implanted in 14 patients (10.1%) in the NoP-cohort and in 24 patients (4.9%) in the LVP-cohort. One patient in the LVP-cohort needed an RV-pacemaker for incomplete ventricular capture. Procedure time was significantly longer in the RVP-cohort (68 min [IQR 52-88.] vs. 55 min [IQR 44-72] in NoP-cohort and 55 min [IQR 43-71] in the LVP-cohort [p < 0.005]). Procedural high-degree AV-block occurred most often in the RVP-cohort (45% vs. 14% in the LVP and 16% in the NoP-cohort [p ≤ 0.001]). Need for new PPI occurred in 47% in the RVP-cohort, versus 20% in the NoP-cohort and 11% in the LVP-cohort (p ≤ 0.001)., Conclusion: A restricted RV-pacemaker strategy is safe and shortens procedure time. The majority of TAVI-procedures do not require a temporary-RV-pacemaker., (© 2021 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: To compare stent recoil (SR) of the thin-strut durable-polymer Zotarolimus-eluting stent (dp-ZES) and the ultrathin-strut bioabsorbable-polymer Sirolimus-eluting stent (bp-SES) in chronic total occlusions (CTOs) and to investigate the predictors of high SR in CTOs., Background: Newer ultrathin drug eluting stent might be associated with lower radial force and higher elastic recoil due to the thinner strut design, possibly impacting on the rate of in-stent restenosis and thrombosis., Methods: Between January 2017 and November 2019, consecutive patients with CTOs undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention were evaluated. Only patients treated with dp-ZES or bp-SES were included and stratified accordingly. Quantitative coronary angiography analysis was used to assess absolute SR, relative SR, absolute focal SR, relative focal SR, high absolute, and high relative focal SR., Results: A total of 128 lesions (67 treated with dp-ZES and 61 with bp-SES) in 123 patients were analyzed. Between bp-SES and dp-ZES no differences were found in absolute SR (p = .188), relative SR (p = .138), absolute focal SR (p = .069), and relative focal SR (p = .064). High absolute and high relative focal SR occurred more frequently in bp-SES than in dp-ZES (p = .004 and p = .015). Bp-SES was a predictor of high absolute focal SR (Odds ratio [OR] 3.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50-7.22, p = .003]. High-pressure postdilation and bp-SES were predictors of high relative focal SR (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.01-4.86, p = .047; OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.24-6.02, p = .012, respectively)., Conclusions: Both stents showed an overall low SR. However, ultra-thin strut bp-SES was a predictor of high absolute and high relative focal SR., (© 2021 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the added value and predictive power of the TAVIguide (Added Value of Patient-Specific Computer Simulation in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation) software in clinical practice., Background: Optimal outcome after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) may become more important as TAVR shifts toward low-risk patients. Patient-specific computer simulation is able to provide prediction of outcome after TAVR. Its clinical role and validation of accuracy, however, have not yet been studied prospectively., Methods: A prospective, observational, multicenter study was conducted among 80 patients with severe aortic stenosis treated with the Evolut R valve. Simulation was performed in 42 patients and no simulation in 38. A comparison between the valve size (decision 1) and target depth of implantation selected by the operator on the basis of multislice computed tomography and the valve size (decision 2) and target depth of implantation selected after simulation were the primary endpoints. Predictive power was examined by comparing the simulated and observed degree of aortic regurgitation., Results: Decision 2 differed from decision 1 in 1 of 42 patients because of predicted paravalvular leakage, and changes in valve type occurred in 2 of 42. In 39 of 42 patients, decisions 1 and 2 were similar. Target depth of implantation differed in 7 of 42 patients after simulation (lower in 4 and higher in 3). In 16 of 42 patients, simulation affected the TAVR procedure; in 9, the operator avoided additional measures to achieve the target depth of implantation, and in 7 patients, additional measures were performed. There was a trend toward a higher degree of predicted than observed aortic regurgitation (17.5 vs. 12 ml/s; p = 0.13)., Conclusions: Patient-specific computer simulation did not affect valve size selection but did affect the selection of the target depth of implantation and the execution of TAVR to achieve the desired target depth of implantation., (Copyright © 2020 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Quantitative aortography using videodensitometry is a valuable tool for quantifying paravalvular regurgitation after TAVI, especially in the minimalist approach - without general anaesthesia. However, retrospective assessment of aortograms showed moderate feasibility of assessment. We sought to determine the prospective feasibility of quantitative aortography after a protocol of acquisition., Methods and Results: This was a multicentre registry in Japan, Canada, the Netherlands and Germany including consecutive patients with Heart Team indication to undergo TAVI over a median period of 12 months. Operators performed final aortograms according to a pre-planned projection (either by CT or visually - Teng's rule). An independent core laboratory (Cardialysis) analysed all images for feasibility and for regurgitation assessment. From the four centres included in the present analysis, a total of 354 patients underwent TAVI following the acquisition protocol and all the aortograms were analysed by the core lab. The analyses were feasible in 95.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 93.2% to 97.5%) of the cases. This rate of analysable assessment was significantly higher than the feasibility in previous validation studies, such as in the RESPOND population (95.5% vs. 57.5%, p<0.0001). No differences were observed among different planning strategies (CT 96.5% vs. Teng's rule 93%, p=0.159; or Circle 98.5% vs. 3mensio 95.8% vs. Teng's rule 93%, p=0.247)., Conclusions: ASSESS-REGURGE showed a high feasibility of assessment of regurgitation with quantitative aortography with protocoled acquisition. This may be of great importance for quantifying regurgitation in TAVI procedures (optimisation, guidance of post-dilatation), and in future clinical trials, in order to address sealing features of novel devices for TAVI objectively. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03644784.