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Purpose Currently, there is no clear evidence to support any specific treatment as a principal therapy for stage IV gastric cancer outlet obstruction (GCOO) patients. This study evaluated the outcomes of palliative gastrectomies and survival prognostic factors in patients with stage IV resectable GCOO. Materials and methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 48 stage IV GCOO patients who underwent palliative gastrectomies between June 2010 and December 2019. Palliative gastrectomies were performed only in patients with resectable disease. Early surgical outcomes and prognostic factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results There were no specific risk factors for postoperative complications, except for being underweight. Severe postoperative complications developed in five patients, and most of the patients underwent interventional procedures and received broad-spectrum antibiotics for intra-abdominal abscesses. The multivariate survival analysis showed that palliative chemotherapy is a positive prognostic factor, while the specific type of hematogenous and lymphatic metastasis is a negative prognostic factor. Conclusions We recommend that the treatment method for stage IV GCOO should be selected according to each patient's physical condition and tumor characteristics. In addition, we suggest that palliative gastrectomies can be performed in stage IV resectable GCOO patients without unfavorable prognostic factors (types of hematogenous and lymphatic metastases).

Intersectionality analysis is the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities. Intersecting social identities may have an impact on the perception of burden by family caregivers of older persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction of social factors on the burden of caring for older adults with MCC. A total of 194 caregivers of older adults with MCC were recruited from Alberta and Ontario. Survey data were collected at two time points, six months apart. Additive and multiplicative models were analysed using a generalised linear model to determine the level of caregiver burden. Medium-high social interference (impact on social life) was associated with higher burden when adjusted for age, gender, education, and employment status. The overall results of the five-way interaction suggest that males in general had lower burden scores than females. Irrespective of their education and employment status, females had generally higher burden scores. These results add to the current body of literature, suggesting areas for further research to fill knowledge gaps, and promoting ideas for evidence-guided public health interventions that focus on caregivers.

Intersectionality analysis is the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities. Intersecting social identities may have an impact on the perception of burden by family caregivers of older persons with multiple chronic conditions (MCC). The purpose of this study was to explore the interaction of social factors on the burden of caring for older adults with MCC. A total of 194 caregivers of older adults with MCC were recruited from Alberta and Ontario. Survey data were collected at two time points, six months apart. Additive and multiplicative models were analysed using a generalised linear model to determine the level of caregiver burden. Medium-high social interference (impact on social life) was associated with higher burden when adjusted for age, gender, education, and employment status. The overall results of the five-way interaction suggest that males in general had lower burden scores than females. Irrespective of their education and employment status, females had generally higher burden scores. These results add to the current body of literature, suggesting areas for further research to fill knowledge gaps, and promoting ideas for evidence-guided public health interventions that focus on caregivers.

A novel way of achieving the well-known FSK(Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation was introduced and verified. A simple form of CMOS ring-oscillator, that is generating a GHz level of frequency, was used as a base frequency generator. With its fractal structure, a local change in the oscillator will yield a global frequency change, which is to serve for the FSK. A local change is done with different number of inverting amplifiers in the ring oscillator with a multiplexer. Depending on how many cell changes, the frequency shifts are controlled and can be selected. The measured frequency difference between the shifts was from 9.2% up to 22.5%, in GHz range in CMOS SPICE simulations. Layout for CMOS implementation is also included.

In this paper, a well-known bridge-circuit design for high-precision calibration using voltage controlled resistors is newly proposed. This circuit utilizes a valanced resistor ratio characteristic as a precision instrumental approach by controlling and tuning the resistance value of the resistors, that being replaced with passive resistors in a bridge circuit. Because the resistance of a resistor is controlled by an external voltage, the voltage value for balanced condition can be used to acquire the external or internal unbalanced condition. A 0.0001% change of a resistance on 50kΩ resistance generates approximately ±1μV change. It is verified through simulations that the proposed circuit using voltage controlled resistance in a bridge circuit Received (August 10, 2015), Review Request(August 11, 2015), Review Result(August 26, 2015) Accepted(September 16, 2015), Published(October 31, 2015) 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: cwy7468@hallym.ac.kr 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: kimsj4316@hallym.ac.kr 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: heoki@hallym.ac.kr (Corresponding Author) 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering and Research Institute of Informatic and Electronic Engineering Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: gmoon@hallym.ac.kr A Precision Calibration Technique for Integrated-Circuit Bridge Circuits with Voltage Controlled Resistors Copyright c 2015 HSST 482 can detect a difference of a ppm-level that is significantly low.

Background: Among childhood illnesses requiring surgery, inguinal hernia is the most common entity. Pediatric inguinal hernia has been traditionally operated through a small incision in the inguinal region. Contralateral metachronous inguinal hernia has been the topic of discussion in pediatric surgeon's domain for a long time. Many studies have been conducted to prevent it from occurring. Although patency of processus vaginalis is known to be the cause of metachronous inguinal hernia, it is difficult to know the status of contralateral processus vaginalis preoperatively when the patient is non-symptomatic. Recently, the introduction of laparoscopic surgery has facilitated the observation and surgery of contralateral inguinal hernia during scheduled surgery of unilateral hernia repair while the processus vaginalis is intact. The standard treatment for inguinal hernia is herniotomy. Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair has not been widely applied in Korea. The objective of this study was to analyze the accuracy of preoperative sonography results of inguinal lesion on the contralateral side in patients that needed laparoscopic operation of inguinal hernia. Methods: Data of 107 patients who received laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and evaluation by preoperative ultrasonography at Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital from 2011 to 2015 were analyzed. Results: Preoperative sonography for inguinal lesion had a sensitivity of 20.5%, a specificity of 95.2%, a positive predictive value of 75%, and a negative predictive value of 63.2%. Its accuracy was 64.5%. A total of 107 patients had no inguinal hernia recurrence or metachronous contralateral inguinal hernia. Conclusion: Ultrasonography performed prior to traditional pediatric herniotomy is not enough for accurate diagnosis of patency of processus vaginalis in our retrospective study. Multicenter prospective study is needed to estimate accuracy of sonographic diagnosis for patency of processus vaginalis.

RCS contribution of engine inlet structure to the overall RCS of an aircraft is mainly considered. Using MOM based full-wave numerical analysis method, RCS of target aircraft model is calculated for frequency and direction(horizontal, vertical angle) in monostatic condition. Related to the frequency characteristics of the engine inlet structure, RCS enhancements in front angular region can be seen at the specific frequency region.

A maximum likelihood (ML) approach is presented for estimating the mean of radar cross section (RCS) of a Swerling target in the presence of false measurements and its numerical solution methods are discussed. The ML approaches are based on the maximum likelihood probabilistic data association (ML-PDA) formulation. The numerical solution methods are evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations in terms of estimation accuracy and computational time.

In this paper, an approach of temporal certification system that can be easily added on current character-based certification system is newly introduced. This technique enhances the security of the password certification process by exploiting temporal information for each character's stroke timing, and using them as another feature of certification information, on top of character comparison process. There are three different temporal conditions: maximum, minimum and no-option. The maximum condition along with a time number (usually 0.2 second Received (June 16, 2015), Review Request(June 17, 2015), Review Result(July 17, 2015) Accepted(July 27, 2015), Published(August 31, 2015) 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: cwy7468@hallym.ac.kr 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: kimsj4316@hallym.ac.kr 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering , Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: heoki@hallym.ac.kr (Corresponding Author) 200-702 Dept. of Electronic Engineering and Research Institude fo Informatic and Electronic Engineering Hallym Univ., Hanllym-gil 1, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea email: gmoon@hallym.ac.kr A New Access Certification System with Temporal Key Stroke Information Copyright c 2015 HSST 46 or less) means that the next key input should be punched within the time limit, while the minimum condition means the next key stroke should be typed after the time lapse specified. With no-option condition chosen, user can punch the password without any timing constraints. Prototype was developed and tested with four number password case. In comparison with 104cases, this new approach increases the cases more than 10 digits, enhancing the security of the certification process. One big advantage of this new approach is that user can update his/her password only with different timing constraints, still keeping the same characters, that will enhance the security system management efficiency in a very simple way. Figures and pictures along with process flow are included for the validity of the idea.

Purpose: Although laparoscopic surgery in children has expanded in recent years. laparoscopic hernia repair in children is still debatable. We aimed to summarize and describe our results of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair and techniques among children. Methods: Between March 2011 and August 2013, 117 children (81 male, 36 female) underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair at the department of surgery. The clinical outcomes were collected retrospectively. Results: The mean follow-up period was 26.2 months. Thirteen patients were ex-premature infants and a contralateral patent processus vaginalis (PPV) was present in 44 of the 110 unilateral inguinal hernia patients. There were two postoperative complications (transient hydrocele, umbilical port site infection). The mean operative time was 47 minutes. Recurrence, metachronous hernia, and testicular atrophy were not observed during the follow-up period. Conclusion: Our preliminary experiences suggest that the laparoscopic purse-string suture of internal inguinal opening of the hernia sac could be an effective and reliable alternative for management of pediatric inguinal hernia.

An approach is presented for simultaneously estimating target states and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the framework of the probabilistic multiple hypothesis tracking (PMHT). The approach, named PMHT-S, utilises the expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm to obtain the maximum a posteriori estimates of target states and SNR's of multiple targets in the presence of false measurements. The missing data of the EM algorithm consists of measurement-to-target assignments as well as a set of fictitious geometric and signal strength measurements each associated with a target under the hypothesis that the target has been undetected. This formulation creates new algorithmic approaches for solving PMHT problems such that information on missed targets may be exploited. It is shown that the auxiliary function of the PMHT-S is additively separable as the sum of a function of target states and a function of target SNR's. The pair, as a result, can be independently maximised in each EM iteration to update target states and SNR's. The computational advantage of the separation is substantial even for a small number of targets. Explicit expressions of the auxiliary function of the PMHT-S are given. Monte Carlo simulations were performed to assess estimation performance of the PMHT-S for target tracking examples.

To date, there is no convincing evidence regarding the benefits of non-curative gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. In the present study, we reviewed the outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for incurable gastric carcinoma and evaluated the prognostic significance of non-curative gastrectomy. Between 2004 and 2011, a total of 197 patients undergoing elective surgery for incurable gastric carcinoma were divided into the gastric resection and non-resection groups. Patient survival was compared between the two groups, and the prognostic significance of non-curative gastrectomy was investigated using multivariate analysis. Overall, 162 (82.2 %) patients underwent non-curative gastrectomy with morbidity and mortality of 21.0 and 1.2 %, respectively. The median survival of patients undergoing non-curative gastrectomy was significantly longer than that of patients without gastrectomy (12.4 vs. 7.1 months, p = 0.003). Patients who received postoperative chemotherapy also showed significantly better survival than those without chemotherapy (13.2 vs. 4.3 months, p

In this paper, modeling and design of a distributed detection system are considered for an active sonar sensor network. The sensor network has a parallel configuration and it consists of a fusion center and a set of receiver nodes. A system with two receiver nodes is considered to investigate a theoretical aspect of design. To be specific, AND rule and OR rule are considered as the fusion rules of the sensor network. For the fusion rules, it is shown that a threshold rule of each sensor node has uniformly most powerful properties. Optimum threshold for each sensor is obtained that maximizes the probability of detection given probability of false alarm. Numerical experiments were also performed to investigate the detection characteristics of a distributed detection system with multiple sensor nodes. The experimental results show how signal strength, false alarm probability, and the distance between nodes in a sensor field affect the system detection performances.

The local search in tracking with a phased array radar can be characterized in terms of the events that can occur in the search and the probabilities of those events. In predicting the event probabilities, it is required to evaluate the expectation of a product of target detection probabilities for repeated beam-positioning in the local search. In this paper, we present a model of the local search and derive an expression for the expectation of the detection-probability product. An expression of angular measurement accuracy of target detection is also presented. Evaluation of the expressions requires numerical integration, which is computationally expensive. Approximations to the expressions are presented in analytic form, which are fairly accurate.

Background and Objectives Proper patient selection for multi-organ resection in T4 gastric carcinoma remains controversial. Our aim was to investigate which patients might benefit from multi-organ resection. Methods Among 1,775 consecutive patients receiving gastric cancer surgery, 71 had adjacent organ invasion. Short- and long-term surgical outcomes and associations between clinicopathological factors and overall survival were investigated. Results Forty-seven patients underwent curative surgery with multi-organ resection, and 24 underwent non-curative surgery, with or without multi-organ resection. Postoperative morbidity and mortality rates were 31.7% and 3.3%, respectively. Patients receiving curative surgery via multi-organ resection survived longer than those without (MST, 31.5 months vs. 19.1 months, P = 0.046). Multi-organ resection did not affect survival when performed in non-curative surgery. N3 lymph node metastasis was an independent prognostic factor for poor outcome (HR = 3.89, 95% CI = 1.40–10.83) in curatively resected patients; patients with N3 lymph node metastasis showed similar survival to patients receiving non-curative surgery. Conclusion Multi-organ resection should be performed only when no incurable factors are present, and R0 resection is most likely. Multi-organ organ resection does not, however, seem to be effective in patients with N3 lymph node metastasis, even when curative resection is performed. J. Surg. Oncol. 2009;100:115–120. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A new version of the well-known FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation technique for telecommunication system was proposed and verified. A simple form of ring oscillator with three inverters was adopted for the basic frequency generator. The frequency shift was realized using a ring oscillator composed of nine inverters. CMOS multiplexers were used to select one of two different oscillators, i.e., to shift between two different frequencies. Simulations were performed for the verification.

GHz level ultra high speed clock generation and distribution for synchronization becomes a very important technical issue in chip and SoC applications. This paper proposes a novel way of CMOS GHz cellular oscillator/distributor networks with inherent insensitivities to supply-voltage and temperature fluctuations. Simulation results prove that maximun clock skew is limited within ~1% of a system clock period, given 3% of power supply and/or 5% of temperature fluctuations. This technique can thus be used for a low skew clock distribution in a few GHz speed VLSI and SoC systems design. The SPICE simulations are carried out with 3V, 0.5μm CMOS N-well process parameters to prove the novelity as well as the validity of the idea. Layout is also included for the future chip fabrication.

IL-1beta is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with multiple biological effects and is a potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, and IL-1RN has been shown to be associated with enhanced IL-1beta production in vitro. Recently, it was reported that the pro-inflammatory genotypes, IL-1B -31 C/+ and IL-1RN *2/*2, were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer in a Caucasian population. We tested the association between the polymorphisms and 190 gastric cancer, 117 duodenal ulcer, and 172 healthy subjects as controls in the Korean population. The allele frequency of IL-1B -31 C was more prevalent in Korean (51%) than in Caucasian (30%), while the frequency of IL-1RN *2 allele was less in Korean (6%) than in Caucasian (27%). Using the IL-1B TT genotype as a reference group, the CC genotype was not associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer or duodenal ulcer in the Korean population (odds ratios (OR)=0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.50-1.64; OR=0.72, 95% CI=0.36-1.46, respectively). Similarly, IL-1RN*2 was not a risk genotype for either gastric cancer or duodenal ulcer. No association was recognized on the haplotype analysis of the two genes, either. Our results did not support the previous report that IL-1B -31 C/IL-1RN*2 polymorphisms were associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. The lack of association with duodenal ulcer also suggested that the polymorphisms were not directly related to the acid-secreting capability.

Laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) is a challenging surgical procedure that has substantial technical difficulties and complications. In this study, we investigated risk factors for morbidity and mortality after LTG, and the learning curve associated with postoperative morbidity. Prospectively constructed data of 203 patients undergoing LTG between 2004 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze risk factors for postoperative morbidity. The Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) technique was used to assess the learning curve. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after LTG was 18.7 and 1.5 %, respectively. Of 38 patients with postoperative morbidity, 7 (3.4 %) were managed with reoperation, 8 (4.0 %) with radiologic or endoscopic intervention, and 23 (11.3 %) with a conservative treatment. Of local complications, gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common (12 patients), followed by anastomosis leakage (9 patients) and intra-abdominal abscess (9 patients). Respiratory complication was the most common of the systemic complications. There were 17 cases (8.4 %) of complications exceeding grade III severity, of which anastomosis leakage was the most common. CUSUM analysis showed that postoperative morbidity reached a plateau after around 45 cases. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that old age (over 65 years of age) and surgical experience (

A distinctive aspect of a phased array radar is that its beam can be positioned repeatedly, if necessary, in an allocation for a track update. When the first beam of the allocation fails to detect a return, a local search process is enforced by successively positioning the beam toward the predicted target position and its neighborhood until a successful track update is made. The local search can be characterized in terms of the events that can occur in the process and the probabilities of those events. In predicting the event probabilities, it is required to evaluate the expectation of a product of target detection probabilities of successive illuminations. In this paper, approximate but analytic and efficient expressions are presented for the expectation of a product of detection probabilities and angular measurement accuracy of detection for repeated beam-positioning.

Parameter optimization for agile beam radar tracking is considered to minimize radar resources that are required to maintain a target under track. The parameters to be optimized include the track-revisit interval as well as the sequence of pairs of target signal strengths and detection thresholds associated with successive illumination attempts in each track-revisit. The cost to be minimized is the radar energy resources required per unit time over a given number of track-revisits. This formulation is compared to the optimization problem where the cost is the total radar resources required over a specified tracking period.

This paper investigates contour control of mechatronic servo systems using chaotic neural networks (CNNs). For controlling the trajectories of a X-Y table, control system uses direct adaptive control strategy with modified chaotic neural networks. The proposed controller demonstrates accurate tracking of the planned contour path and also shows excellent performance on convergence and final error comparing with recurrent neural network (RNN) controller.

Purpose: A Krukenberg tumor is an ovarian tumor of a signet-ring cell type. This tumor arises more commonly in young women, and the prognosis is poor. The primary focus of this tumor is often found at gastrointestinal malignancy, especially gastric cancer. We tried to identify the clinical characteristics of this tumor, and in that regard, this report might be helpful. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the 61 patients with Krukenberg tumors, who had been diagnosed at our hospital from 1994 to 2002, and retrospectively analyzed the clinical features. Results: The age distribution ranged from 15 to 59 years, and the mean age was 41 years. The most common symptom was a lower abdominal mass (). Fourty-two cases () showed bilateral ovarian involvement, and the size of this tumor was variable, but in 24 cases () the size was cm for the largest diameter. Among 54 cases, 40 cases had ascites, and the volume of ascites was variable. The median survival of the 61 patients was 10 months, and Krukenberg tumor developed 19.7 months after the primary operation. The median survival durations of recurrence patterns were 20 months for the Krukenberg tumor alone, and 7 months for the Krukenberg tumor with peritoneal seeding. Conclusion: In young women treated with a gastrectomy, especially one for an advanced tumor, closed observation with abdominal ultrasonography or computed tomography to detect a Krukenberg tumor is recommended. The patient with a Krukenberg tumor alone has a better prognosis than one with a Krukenberg tumor combined peritoneal seeding. We will have to consider more progressive treatment for the patient with a Krukenberg tumor alone.

Purpose: E-cadherin and CD44H have been shown to play a role in the progression and the metastasis of tumors. This study evaluated the clinical correlations between expression of E-cadherin and CD44H and various clinicopathologic factors and the value of expressions of E-cadherin and CD44H as prognostic factors in Borrmann type IV gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: In 122 patients with Borrmann type IV gastric cancer, we performed the immunohistochemical stainings for E-cadherin and CD44H. We analyzed the correlation between the expressions of E-cadherin and CD44H and lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, perineural invasion, histologic type, lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, stage, and peritoneal dissemination, and survival. Results: There were no correlations between reduced expression of E-cadherin and CD44H and lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, perineural invasion, histologic type, lymph node metastasis, depth of invasion, and stage. However, there was a significant correlation between lymph node metastasis and the lymphatic invasion (P=0.022). There was also a significant correlation between the peritoneal dissemination and CD44H expression (P=0.005). The 5-year survival rate was correlated with CD44H expression expression (P=0.026), peritoneal dissemination (P

Purpose: The most important prognostic factors in gastric cancer is the depth of invasion of the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis. The nodal staging of the 5th edition of the Union Internationale Contrala Cancrums (UICC) TNM classification in 1997 was changed based on the number of metastatic lymph node. We attempted to evaluate the prognostic significance of N2 group metastasis in pT3pN1 gastric cancer patients by comparing two different nodal staging systems. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was made for 352 gastric cancer patients who underwent curative resection, including D2 dissection, from 1991 to 1997 at Asan Medical Center. A clinicopathologic comparison between two groups by using a nodal staging systems was summarized into a table. Cumulative survival rates were calculated by using the Kaplan-Meier method. The difference between the two groups was evaluated by using the log rank test with SPSS 11.5 for Windows Results: There were no statistical differences in clinicopathologic factors. However, there was a significant difference in survival rate between the two groups (P=0.0009). This suggests that N2 group metastasis in pT3pN1 gastric cancer patients has a clinical significance for predicting prognosis. Conclusion: Our results suggest a possibility of prognostic significance of N2 group metastasis. Therefore, anatomical location of the lymph node should be described.

Purpose: Neuroendocrine carcinomas of the stomach account for only about of all gastric tumors. The prognosis of this disease is very poor compared with the common type of gastric adenocarcinoma. The purpose of this retrospective study was to review the clinicopathologic features of 18 cases of this unusual gastric tumor and to establish a treatment strategy for this tumor. Materials and Methods: Excluding 2 cases of non-curative resection and 1 case of operative mortality, 18 cases of typical neuroendocrine carcinoma who had curative resection from January 1991 to December 2000 at Asan Medical Center were analyzed; 6841 gastric cancer patient were treated surgically during the same period. Results: The mean age at the time of diagnosis was 58.6 years (range: yr). Sixteen patients were male, and two were female. Eleven tumors () developed in the lower part of the stomach, three () in the middle part, and three () in the upper part. One tumor involved the entire stomach. Eight cases () were Borrmann type 2, and six case () were Borrmann type 3. The mean tumor size was 6.94 cm (range: cm). Nine cases () showed recurrence of the disease, and eight of them died within 20 months. Of the nine recurred cases, 7 cases () showed liver metastasis. The mean disease-free interval was 6.8 months (range: months) after surgical resection, and the mean survival was 17.9 months (range: months) for recurrence cases. One patient with liver metastasis was treated with a liver-wedge resection just after diagnosis and was still alive for 37.5 months postoperatively. There were 9 deaths after the median follow- up period of 40 months (range: months). Conclusion: Gastric neuroendocrine carcinomas frequently recur at the liver, even in early stage cancer, and have a poor prognosis. We experienced a case of successful control of hepatic metastasis by surgical resection and a case of a small cell carcinoma which was successfully controlled with systemic chemotherapy.

As the result of a fecal examination performed in October 1978 on 320 middle and high school students of Hapcheon, Korea, we found 2 cases of Rhabditis nematodes in 16-year old high school girls. Rhabditis nematodes isolated from their feces were cultured at 30 degrees C by a filter paper culture method. After careful observation of male and female adults, we confirmed them as Rhabditis elongata Schneider, 1866 on the morphological basis of the male genitalia, and the papillae and measurements of various parts of the worm bodies.