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Renewable energy technology (RET) firms are key economic entities in the export of RET-related products and components, in which RET firms’ exports are affected largely by policy and market. Nonetheless, the effects of policy and market factors on RET firm-level export have never received attention from researchers. This study aims to fill the gap by taking a political economy approach to establish a structural equation model to analyze the path of political-economic factor-firms’ market orientation-based export. This study reveals that RET firms’ market-orientation-based export enhancement depends entirely on political forces. Particularly, two government intervention instruments, environmental policy and export promotion policy, were highlighted. However, the effects of renewable energy policies on the exports of RET firms through market orientation are negative and statistically significant. This study proves that the effects of inter-firm competition and market attractiveness on RET firms’ exports through their market orientation are negative and statistically significant and insignificant, respectively. Further, this study demonstrates that RET firms’ market orientation has a significant positive effect on their export performance. We conclude that in order to improve RET-related policy effectiveness and efficiency, it will be useful to consider firms’ heterogeneity in response to external factors. Additionally, a full mediation model in the academic investigation of the effects of various external factors, including public policies and market factors, on firm-level export, and the implementation of firm-level export-induced policy, taking into account firms’ managerial interpretations to external factors, should be considered.

This study explores how inflows of foreign direct investment (FDI) affect a country’s carbon dioxide (CO2) emission levels. To investigate this relationship, we use panel data (2002–2015) from the 28 subsectors of the Chinese manufacturing sector. We also perform panel framework analysis to verify the characteristics of the panel data before establishing the panel estimator meant to test the relationships between carbon dioxide emissions, FDI inflows, industrial GDP, industry openness, net domestic fixed capital stock and cleaner production. The results of the panel framework analysis suggest the need to eliminate dynamic panel bias and produce more efficient and consistent parameter estimates. To do so, we use System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimators with time dummies. Ultimately, the results of the analysis show that FDI is a positive predictor of environmental quality in the host country, which serves as evidence of the halo effect that FDI reduces CO2 emission levels. The study also finds evidence that industrial GDP and cleaner production improve environmental quality. However, the domestic capital stock has a negative effect on environmental quality. By showing that past carbon dioxide emissions significantly influence current emissions, our findings demonstrate the importance of consistency and persistence in efforts to reduce those emissions. Accordingly, we discuss some policy implications based on these results.

Impact of cations in a fermentation broth by calcium, potassium, or sodium hydroxide was investigated. Acid hydrolysate from lignocellulosics is generally neutralized with calcium hydroxide, which is an insoluble salt (known as gypsum) produced in the process. Also, adsorption of monosaccharides on gypsum surface caused the loss of saccharide. To replace calcium hydroxide, potassium or sodium hydroxide which have high water solubility are used. More glucose was obtained by potassium hydroxide neutralization (glucose yield, 29.6 g) or sodium hydroxide neutralization (glucose yield, 38.9 g) than calcium hydroxide neutralization (glucose yield, 18.1 g) which shows less adsorption on the insoluble salt surface. In fermentation with three yeasts ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Kluyveromyces marxianus , and Pichia stipitis ), the sodium ion acts as an inhibitor and does not ferment the acid hydrolysate. However, acid hydroxide neutralized with potassium hydroxide was well fermented within 24 h with more ethanol production than that neutralized with calcium hydroxide.

Previous studies have investigated how government policies on renewable energy technology (RET) affect economic performance at the industrial level. However, each firm in the RET industry is heterogeneous in terms of their capacities, resources, and the amount of public subsidies they receive. Considering the context in which public subsidies are provided to firms, this study econometrically investigates the effects of government policies on firms&rsquo, financial performance using panel data from the Korean RET industry. We consider the results of various panel framework tests, establish a panel vector autoregressive model in first differences, and test the dynamic relationships between firms&rsquo, financial performance, government subsidies (R&amp, D- and non-R&amp, D-related), firm size and age, and organizational slack, using a bias-corrected least squares dummy variable estimator. We find that R&amp, D-related subsidies positively affect firms&rsquo, financial performance in the long run. In the short run, there are bidirectional positive causal relationships between firms&rsquo, financial performance and organizational slack (and non-R&amp, D-related subsidy), and firm size and non-R&amp, D-related subsidy. A positive short-run relationship runs from R&amp, D-related subsidy to firms&rsquo, financial performance, from firm age to non-R&amp, D-related subsidy, and from firm size to firm age. Further, there are dynamic effects in all estimations, demonstrating that the dependent variables of the previous period enhance their values in the current period. The results provide some policy and strategic implications.

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) was made from oil palm trunk (OPT) with soda-anthraquinone pulping, chlorine dioxide bleaching, carboxymethylation, followed by mechanical grind-ing. Size of this CNF was 16-40 nm of width confirmed by TEM. To evaluate CNF from OPT as cosmetics raw materials for moisturizing component, water holding properties was compared with hyaluronic acid and collagen. CNF from OPT had better water holding property than collagen or hyaluronic acid whether phenoxyethanol was added as antiseptic or without additive. Keywords: Oil palm trunk, carboxymethylation, cellulose nanofibrils, water-holding property • 충북대학교 임산공학과 (Department of Forest Products and Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Korea) † 교신저자 (Corresponding Author): E-mail: soojshin@cbnu.ac.kr http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2016.48.2.091Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 48. No. 2, 2016, 91-98pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea 1. 서 론 셀룰로오스는 포도당 분자가 베타-1,4-결합에 의하여 만들어진 선형 고분자 물질이며, 지구상에 가장 널리 존재하는 유기물로 일반적으로 식물의 엽록체에서 광합성에 의해서 생성된 포도당의 연결체 고분자이지만 일부 박테리아가 포도당을 원료로 합성을 하기도 하고, 멍게의 껍질을 구성하는 동물성 셀룰로오스도 존재한다.

Corn stalk is the lignocellulosic biomass, which remain as leftover after harvesting. To use the corn stalk as raw material for paper industry, soda pulping was applied. In chemical compositional analysis, extractive contents of corn stalk (45.1%) was higher than hard-wood. With corn stalk pith, soda pulp yield was 25.3% at 10.6 Kappa number, but 39.5% yield with 14.8 Kappa number for corn stalk rind. Higher extractives content in pith is one of the reason for lower pulp yield than rind. Pith pulp fibers had higher fines content than rind pulp. Pith parenchyma cell was removed as fines during pulping or washing process, which caused the lower yield. To use the corn stalks as a raw material for paper making, de-pith process is essential for higher pulp yield and longer pulp length.Keywords: Corn stalk, soda pulp, Kappa number, morphological properties http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2015.47.6.073Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 47. No. 6, 2015, 73-80pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea

To use the African tulip tree (Spathodea campanulata) as raw material for chemical pulp-ing, soda and soda-AQ pulping was investigated. In chemical compositional analysis, lignin contents of African tulip (33.1%) was higher than other hardwood such as Yellow poplar (17.5%), Acacia (27.1%), or Eucalyptus (24.2%). Soda or soda-AQ pulping with African tulip tree resulted in yield at 43.4-44.8% with 29.5-34.5 Kappa number, pulping condition with 20-22% active alkali. Kappa number of African tulip tree pulp was quite higher than other tropical hardwood (Eucalyptus or Accacia) with less yield due to higher lignin content in wood. Fiber length and width of pulp from African tulip tree was similar to Accacia pulp and shorter than eucalyptus pulp.Keywords: African tulip, soda-AQ pulp, soda pulp, Kappa number http://dx.doi.org/10.7584/ktappi.2015.47.5.085Journal of Korea TAPPIVol. 47. No. 5, 2015, 85-90pISSN (Print): 0253-3200Printed in Korea 1. 서 론 지속적인 생산이 가능한 사회를 위하여 무분별한 벌목을 제한하여 펄프 제지 산업에서 필요한 원료 공급에 제한을 받고 있다. 또한 펄프 제지 분야 외 다른 용도와의 경쟁으로 펄프 제지 산업 원료 공급 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 계획적인 조림에 의한 지속적인 목재 생산, 또는 비목재 섬유를 이용하거나 버려지고 있는 자원을 이용함으로 이런 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 중국과 인도에서 대나무를 원료로 펄프

This study examines how the dynamic efficiency of public policy influences the export performance of bioenergy technologies in the short and long run using panel data over the 1995–2012 period for 16 countries that are members of the OECD. Various dynamic panel framework tests to check data characteristics are performed. The study found evidence of co-movement among the series, and set up the panel vector error correction mechanism to evaluate the short- and long-run Granger-causality between the following variables: dynamic efficiency of public policy, export, and environmental policy stringency. This study highlighted positive effects of the dynamic efficiency of public policy and environmental policy efforts on exports in both the short and long run. This study proposes policy considerations based on its results.

Soda-AQ pulp made from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) were bleached in element chlorine free (ECF) sequence. To reduce chlorine dioxide use, final peroxide bleaching was introduced. Prior to peroxide bleaching, different chelating chemicals were applied for comparative analysis in ISO brightness and viscosity. When using equal total chlorine dioxide usage (4.5%), bleached SCB pulp using chelate and hydrogen peroxide (DEDQP) was reached 86.8% (DTPA), 86.4% (EDTA) ISO brightness, whereas bleached pulp using only hydrogen peroxide (DEDP) reached at 81.2% ISO brightness. Viscosity of DEDQP bleached pulp was 25.6 cPs (DTPA), 25.2 cPs (EDTA), And DEDP bleached pulp was shown 18.0 cPs viscosity. Decreasing of transition metal by chelate process led to improvements in final brightness along with higher viscosity. Due to EDTA is 5-7 times cheaper than DTPA, EDTA is rec-ommended as chelating chemical prior to peroxide bleaching.Keywords: ECF bleaching, brightness, chlorine dioxide, sugarcane bagasse, chelate, hy-drogen peroxide

In acid hydrolysis process of biomass saccharification. neutralization of acid hydrolyzate is essential step, which resulted in dissolved cations in glucose solution. Impact of cations to Kluyveromyces marxianus in glucose solution was investigated focused on ethanol fermen-tation. Either potassium or sodium cations decreased the ethanol fermentation and glucose to ethanol conversion. Glucose consumption by K. marxianus was delayed by increasing potassium cation con-centration as completely consumed within 12 h in potassium cation 0.46 mol and 0.92 mol but within 24 h in potassium cation 1.38 mol. Also, ethanol fermentation process was slowed down with increasing concentration of the potassium sulfate. Fermentation of glucose solution to ethanol was more inhibited by sodium cation than potassium cation in glucose solution. Glucose was completely consumed within 24 h in sodium cation 0.95 mol. but at 1.90 mol or 2.84 mol in sodium cation could not finish the fermentation within 48 hour. Ethanol concentration was 22.26 g/L at low sodium cation in glucose solution with complete fermentation within 24 h. With increasing sodium cation in glucose solution, final ethanol concentration was reached at 14.10 g/L (sodium cation con) and 0.21 g/L (sodium cation con), which meant delaying of fermentation by sodium cations.Keywords: Kluyveromyves marxianus, ethanol fermentation, salt, sodium cation, potassium cation

This study explores the long- and short-term dynamic relationships between government policies and exports of renewable energy technologies (RETs) at the subsector level (biomass, wind, and solar energy technologies). This allows a more robust exploration of the relationships, in which differences in cost structures and maturity levels exist for different RETs, without losing the generality of the results. Dynamic panel econometric techniques are employed to analyze the relationships, using data of annual measures for 18 countries during 1992–2008. The vector error correction mechanism (VECM) is used to test the dynamic relationships among government policies, exports, and gross domestic product (GDP) for biomass and wind energy technologies, and the vector auto-regression (VAR) model, for solar energy technologies. The study indicates that each subsector has a unique path-dependent process, showing the presence of different positive feedback mechanisms based on interactions among technology-push policy, market-pull policy, exports, and/or GDP in the short and long run. We suggest some policy implications based on the results of this study.

This paper investigates the relationships among environmental regulation, export performance, and factor intensity, using panel data from South Korea's manufacturing sector (1991–2009). A panel vector autoregression (VAR) model in first differences tests the relationships among the variables, while considering the results of heterogeneous panel unit root and cointegration tests. Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimations help determine dynamic series relationships, and panel-causality tests are run based on the results of GMM estimations. There is evidence of a positive short-run linear causal relation running from environmental regulation to export performance, suggesting that environmental-protection expenditure may constitute a comparative advantage. The short-run linear causal relation from export performance to investment in activities related to environmental protection is insignificant.

This article investigates the causal relationship between public policies and exports of renewable energy technologies using panel data from 18 countries for the period 1991–2007. A number of panel unit root and cointegration tests are applied. Time series data on public policies and exports are integrated and cointegrated. The dynamic OLS results indicate that in the long run, a 1% increase in government R&D expenditures (RAD) increases exports (EX) by 0.819%. EX and RAD variables respond to deviations from the long-run equilibrium in the previous period. Additionally, the Blundell–Bond system generalized methods of moments (GMM) is employed to conduct a panel causality test in a vector error-correction mechanism (VECM) setting. Evidence of a bidirectional and short-run, and strong causal relationship between EX and the contribution of renewable energy to the total energy supply (CRES) is uncovered. CRES has a negative effect on EX, whereas EX has a positive effect on CRES. We suggest some policy implications based on the results of this study.

Based on the survey data, this study focused venture firms examines how organizational resources and capabilities along with its external environmental conditions have an effect on its strategy and performance. In particular, this article attempts, by performing a binary logistic regression analysis, to identify the venture-specific importance and priority of the factors that may influence firms` strategy patterns, with multiple regression analysis on the relationships between some variables included in the model. The survey was conducted from October 1, 2010 through October 30, 2010. The results of this study are the following. First, the more firms are exposed to high industry growth and low competitive intensity, the higher chance they get to pursuit aggressive strategy. And then a firm seeks aggressive strategy, when it has more technological resources and human resources. Third, environmental uncertainty, industry growth, technological resources, human resources, financial resources and marketing capabilities have positive effects on firm`s performance. But, competitive intensity has no direct influence firm`s performance. Finally, CEO competence directly influences firm`s performance, but the interaction. of CEO competence with other variables is not significant.