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1. Joint 2D to 3D image registration workflow for comparing multiple slice photographs and CT scans of apple fruit with internal disorders

Author

Schut, Dirk Elias, Wood, Rachael Maree, Trull, Anna Katharina, Schouten, Rob, van Liere, Robert, van Leeuwen, Tristan, and Batenburg, Kees Joost

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Image and Video Processing
Abstract

A large percentage of apples are affected by internal disorders after long-term storage, which makes them unacceptable in the supply chain. CT imaging is a promising technique for in-line detection of these disorders. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how different disorders affect the image features that can be observed in CT scans. This paper presents a workflow for creating datasets of image pairs of photographs of apple slices and their corresponding CT slices. By having CT and photographic images of the same part of the apple, the complementary information in both images can be used to study the processes underlying internal disorders and how internal disorders can be measured in CT images. The workflow includes data acquisition, image segmentation, image registration, and validation methods. The image registration method aligns all available slices of an apple within a single optimization problem, assuming that the slices are parallel. This method outperformed optimizing the alignment separately for each slice. The workflow was applied to create a dataset of 1347 slice photographs and their corresponding CT slices. The dataset was acquired from 107 'Kanzi' apples that had been stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) storage for 8 months. In this dataset, the distance between annotations in the slice photograph and the matching CT slice was, on average, $1.47 \pm 0.40$ mm. Our workflow allows collecting large datasets of accurately aligned photo-CT image pairs, which can help distinguish internal disorders with a similar appearance on CT. With slight modifications, a similar workflow can be applied to other fruits or MRI instead of CT scans., Comment: 20 pages, 9 figures 13-Dec-2023 revision: The plan to make the paper part-one of a two-part series was cancelled. Therefore the title of this paper and the title in the reference to the part-two paper (Wood et al., 2023) were changed

Published
2023

9. Neonatal and maternal outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination: a population-based matched cohort study

Author

Lindsay, Laura, Calvert, Clara, Shi, Ting, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Taylor, Bob, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCabe, Ronan, McCowan, Colin, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Wood, Rachael, and Stock, Sarah J.

Published
2023
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10. A population-based matched cohort study of major congenital anomalies following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Calvert, Clara, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, Lindsay, Laura, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Taylor, Bob, Loane, Maria, Dolk, Helen, Morris, Joan, Auyeung, Bonnie, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Gibbons, Cheryl L., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, O’Leary, Maureen, McAllister, David, Shi, Ting, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Stock, Sarah J., and Wood, Rachael

Published
2023
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11. Changes in preterm birth and stillbirth during COVID-19 lockdowns in 26 countries

Author

Calvert, Clara, Brockway, Meredith (Merilee), Zoega, Helga, Miller, Jessica E., Been, Jasper V., Amegah, Adeladza Kofi, Racine-Poon, Amy, Oskoui, Solmaz Eradat, Abok, Ishaya I., Aghaeepour, Nima, Akwaowo, Christie D., Alshaikh, Belal N., Ayede, Adejumoke I., Bacchini, Fabiana, Barekatain, Behzad, Barnes, Rodrigo, Bebak, Karolina, Berard, Anick, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Brook, Jeffrey R., Bryan, Lenroy R., Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N., Campbell-Yeo, Marsha, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Connor, Kristin L., Cornette, Luc, Cortés, Sandra, Daly, Mandy, Debauche, Christian, Dedeke, Iyabode Olabisi F., Einarsdóttir, Kristjana, Engjom, Hilde, Estrada-Gutierrez, Guadalupe, Fantasia, Ilaria, Fiorentino, Nicole M., Franklin, Meredith, Fraser, Abigail, Gachuno, Onesmus W., Gallo, Linda A., Gissler, Mika, Håberg, Siri E., Habibelahi, Abbas, Häggström, Jonas, Hookham, Lauren, Hui, Lisa, Huicho, Luis, Hunter, Karen J., Huq, Sayeeda, KC, Ashish, Kadambari, Seilesh, Kelishadi, Roya, Khalili, Narjes, Kippen, Joanna, Le Doare, Kirsty, Llorca, Javier, Magee, Laura A., Magnus, Maria C., Man, Kenneth K. C., Mburugu, Patrick M., Mediratta, Rishi P., Morris, Andrew D., Muhajarine, Nazeem, Mulholland, Rachel H., Bonnard, Livia Nagy, Nakibuuka, Victoria, Nassar, Natasha, Nyadanu, Sylvester D., Oakley, Laura, Oladokun, Adesina, Olayemi, Oladapo O., Olutekunbi, Olanike A., Oluwafemi, Rosena O., Ogunkunle, Taofik O., Orton, Chris, Örtqvist, Anne K., Ouma, Joseph, Oyapero, Oyejoke, Palmer, Kirsten R., Pedersen, Lars H., Pereira, Gavin, Pereyra, Isabel, Philip, Roy K., Pruski, Dominik, Przybylski, Marcin, Quezada-Pinedo, Hugo G., Regan, Annette K., Rhoda, Natasha R., Rihs, Tonia A., Riley, Taylor, Rocha, Thiago Augusto Hernandes, Rolnik, Daniel L., Saner, Christoph, Schneuer, Francisco J., Souter, Vivienne L., Stephansson, Olof, Sun, Shengzhi, Swift, Emma M., Szabó, Miklós, Temmerman, Marleen, Tooke, Lloyd, Urquia, Marcelo L., von Dadelszen, Peter, Wellenius, Gregory A., Whitehead, Clare, Wong, Ian C. K., Wood, Rachael, Wróblewska-Seniuk, Katarzyna, Yeboah-Antwi, Kojo, Yilgwan, Christopher S., Zawiejska, Agnieszka, Sheikh, Aziz, Rodriguez, Natalie, Burgner, David, Stock, Sarah J., and Azad, Meghan B.

Published
2023
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12. Development and IND-enabling studies of a novel Cas9 genome-edited autologous CD34+ cell therapy to induce fetal hemoglobin for sickle cell disease

Author

Katta, Varun, O’Keefe, Kiera, Li, Yichao, Mayurathan, Thiyagaraj, Lazzarotto, Cicera R., Wood, Rachael K., Levine, Rachel M., Powers, Alicia, Mayberry, Kalin, Manquen, Garret, Yao, Yu, Zhang, Jingjing, Jang, Yoonjeong, Nimmagadda, Nikitha, Dempsey, Erin A., Lee, GaHyun, Uchida, Naoya, Cheng, Yong, Fazio, Frank, Lockey, Tim, Meagher, Mike, Sharma, Akshay, Tisdale, John F., Zhou, Sheng, Yen, Jonathan S., Weiss, Mitchell J., and Tsai, Shengdar Q.

Published
2024
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14. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting

Author

Ashorn, Per, Black, Robert E, Lawn, Joy E, Ashorn, Ulla, Klein, Nigel, Hofmeyr, G Justus, Temmerman, Marleen, Askari, Sufia, Ohuma, Eric O, Moller, Ann-Beth, Bradley, Ellen, Chakwera, Samuel, Hussain-Alkhateeb, Laith, Lewin, Alexandra, Okwaraji, Yemisrach B, Retno Mahanani, Wahyu, White Johansson, Emily, Lavin, Tina, Estevez Fernandez, Diana, Gatica Domínguez, Giovanna, de Costa, Ayesha, Cresswell, Jenny A, Krasevec, Julia, Blencowe, Hannah, Requejo, Jennifer, Moran, Allisyn C, Pingray, Veronica, Cormick, Gabriela, Gibbons, Luz, Belizan, José, Guevel, Carlos, Warrilow, Kara, Gordon, Adrienne, Flenady, Vicki, Sexton, Jessica, Lawford, Harriet, Paixao, Enny S., Rocha Falcão, Ila, Lima Barreto, Mauricio, Lisonkova, Sarka, Wen, Qi, Mardones, Francisco, Caulier-Cisterna, Raúl, Acuña, José, Velebil, Petr, Jirova, Jitka, Horváth-Puhó, Erzsébet, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, Sakkeus, Luule, Abuladze, Liili, Gissler, Mika, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Khalili, Narjes, A. Yunis, Khalid, Al Bizri, Ayah, Nakad, Pascale, Devi Karalasingam, Shamala, R Jeganathan, J Ravichandran, binti Baharum, Nurakman, Suárez-Idueta, Lorena, Barranco Flores, Arturo, Gonzalez Roldan, Jesus F, Lopez Alvarez, Sonia, van Dijk, Aimée E., Broeders, Lisa, Huicho, Luis, Quezada Pinedo, Hugo G, Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Tarazona Meza, Carla Estefania, Guzman-Vilca, Wilmer Cristobal, Olukade, Tawa O., Ali, Hamdy A., Alyafei, Fawziya, AlQubaisi, Mai, Alturk, Mohamad R, Kim, Ho Yeon, Cho, Geum Joon, Razaz, Neda, Söderling, Jonas, Smith, Lucy K, Kurinczuk, Jennifer J, Matthews, Ruth J, Manktelow, Bradley N, Draper, Elizabeth S, Fenton, Alan C, Lowry, Estelle, Rowland, Neil, Wood, Rachael, Monteath, Kirsten, Pereyra, Isabel, Pravia, Gabriella, Davis, Celina, Clarke, Samantha, Wu, Lee S.F., Yoshida, Sachiyo, Bahl, Rajiv, Grandi, Carlos, Labrique, Alain B, Rashid, Mabhubur, Ahmed, Salahuddin, Roy, Arunangshu D., Haque, Rezwanul, Shaikh, Saijuddin, Baqui, Abdullah H., Saha, Samir K., Khanam, Rasheda, Rahman, Sayedur, Shapiro, Roger, Zash, Rebecca, Silveira, Mariângela F., Buffarini, Romina, Kolsteren, Patrick, Lachat, Carl, Huybregts, Lieven, Roberfroid, Dominique, Zeng, Lingxia, Zhu, Zhonghai, He, Jianrong, Qui, Xiu, Gebreyesus, Seifu H., Tesfamariam, Kokeb, Bekele, Delayehu, Chan, Grace, Baye, Estifanos, Workneh, Firehiwot, Asante, Kwaku P., Boanmah-Kaali, Ellen, Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, Dewey, Kathryn G., Gyaase, Stephaney, Wylie, Blair J., Kirkwood, Betty R., Manu, Alexander, Thulasiraj, Ravilla D, Tielsch, James, Chowdhury, Ranadip, Taneja, Sunita, Babu, Giridhara R, Shriyan, Prafulla, Maleta, Kenneth, Mangani, Charles, Acevedo-Gallegos, Sandra, Rodriguez-Sibaja, Maria J., Khatry, Subarna K., LeClerq, Steven C., Mullany, Luke C., Jehan, Fyezah, Ilyas, Muhammad, Rogerson, Stephen J., Unger, Holger W., Ghosh, Rakesh, Musange, Sabine, Ramokolo, Vundli, Zembe-Mkabile, Wanga, Lazzerini, Marzia, Mohamed, Rishard, Wang, Dongqing, Fawzi, Wafaie W., Minja, Daniel T.R., Schmiegelow, Christentze, Masanja, Honorati, Smith, Emily, Lusingu, John P.A., Msemo, Omari A., Kabole, Fathma M., Slim, Salim N., Keentupthai, Paniya, Mongkolchati, Aroonsri, Kajubi, Richard, Kakuru, Abel, Waiswa, Peter, Walker, Dilys, Hamer, Davidson H., Semrau, Katherine E.A., Chaponda, Enesia B., Chico, R. Matthew, Banda, Bowen, Musokotwane, Kebby, Manasyan, Albert, Pry, Jake M., Chasekwa, Bernard, Humphrey, Jean, Shamim, Abu Ahmed, Christian, Parul, Ali, Hasmot, Klemm, Rolf D.W., Massie, Alan B., Mitra, Maithili, Mehra, Sucheta, Schulze, Kerry J., Shamim, Abu Amed, Sommer, Alfred, Ullah, Barkat, West, Keith P., Jr, Begum, Nazma, Chowdhury, Nabidul Haque, Islam, Shafiqul, Mitra, Dipak Kumar, Quaiyum, Abdul, Diseko, Modiegi, Makhema, Joseph, Cheng, Yue, Guo, Yixin, Yuan, Shanshan, Roro, Meselech, Shikur, Bilal, Goddard, Frederick, Haneuse, Sebastien, Hunegnaw, Bezawit, Berhane, Yemane, Worku, Alemayehu, Kaali, Seyram, Arnold, Charles D., Jack, Darby, Amenga-Etego, Seeba, Hurt, Lisa, Shannon, Caitlin, Soremekun, Seyi, Bhandari, Nita, Martines, Jose, Mazumder, Sarmila, Ana, Yamuna, R, Deepa, Hallamaa, Lotta, Pyykkö, Juha, Lumbreras-Marquez, Mario I., Mendoza-Carrera, Claudia E., Hussain, Atiya, Karim, Muhammad, Kausar, Farzana, Mehmood, Usma, Nadeem, Naila, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, Sajid, Muhammad, Mueller, Ivo, Ome-Kaius, Maria, Butrick, Elizabeth, Sayinzoga, Felix, Mariani, Ilaria, Urassa, Willy, Theander, Thor, Deloron, Phillippe, Nielsen, Birgitte Bruun, Muhihi, Alfa, Noor, Ramadhani Abdallah, Bygbjerg, Ib, Moeller, Sofie Lykke, Aftab, Fahad, Ali, Said M., Dhingra, Pratibha, Dhingra, Usha, Dutta, Arup, Sazawal, Sunil, Suleiman, Atifa, Mohammed, Mohammed, Deb, Saikat, Kamya, Moses R., Nakalembe, Miriam, Mulowooz, Jude, Santos, Nicole, Biemba, Godfrey, Herlihy, Julie M., Mbewe, Reuben K., Mweena, Fern, Yeboah-Antwi, Kojo, Bruce, Jane, Chandramohan, Daniel, Prendergast, Andrew, Idueta, Lorena Suárez, Hazel, Elizabeth, Erchick, Daniel J, Yargawa, Judith, Katz, Joanne, Lee, Anne C C, Diaz, Mike, Salasibew, Mihretab, Hayashi, Chika, and Borghi, Elaine

Published
2023
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16. Predictors of incomplete COVID-19 vaccine schedule among adults in Scotland: Two retrospective cohort analyses of the primary schedule and third dose

Author

Morrison, Kirsty, Cullen, Lucy, James, Allan B., Chua, Vera, Sullivan, Christopher, Robertson, Chris, Carruthers, Jade, Wood, Rachael, Jeffrey, Karen, MacDonald, Calum, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Rudan, Igor, Simpson, Colin R., McCowan, Colin, Vittal Katikireddi, Srinivasa, Grange, Zoe, Ritchie, Lewis, and Sheikh, Aziz

Published
2023
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19. Pregnancy outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection in periods dominated by delta and omicron variants in Scotland: a population-based cohort study

Author

Stock, Sarah J, Moore, Emily, Calvert, Clara, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hillman, Sam, Hopcroft, Lisa E M, Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, Lindsay, Laura, McLaughlin, Terry, Taylor, Bob, Auyeung, Bonnie, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Ritchie, Lewis D, Rudan, Igor, Simpson, Colin R, Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, and Wood, Rachael

Published
2022
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20. SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland

Author

Stock, Sarah J., Carruthers, Jade, Calvert, Clara, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Goulding, Anna, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, McLaughlin, Terry, Pan, Jiafeng, Shi, Ting, Taylor, Bob, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Auyeung, Bonnie, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Murray, Josie, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Vasileiou, Eleftheria, Sheikh, Aziz, and Wood, Rachael

Published
2022
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21. A population-based matched cohort study of early pregnancy outcomes following COVID-19 vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 infection

Author

Calvert, Clara, Carruthers, Jade, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Hillman, Sam, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, Goulding, Anna, Lindsay, Laura, McLaughlin, Terry, Moore, Emily, Pan, Jiafeng, Taylor, Bob, Almaghrabi, Fatima, Auyeung, Bonnie, Bhaskaran, Krishnan, Gibbons, Cheryl L., Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Murray, Josie, O’Leary, Maureen, Ritchie, Lewis D., Shah, Syed Ahmar, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Sheikh, Aziz, Stock, Sarah J., and Wood, Rachael

Published
2022
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22. Bioprocess optimisation improves identity and potency of olfactory ensheathing cells for neurologic regeneration

Author

Wood, Rachael Claire

Subjects
660.6
Abstract

The potential application of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) to spinal cord injury has been the focus of a lot of research over the past ten years. Currently there are many challenges associated with the use of these cells as a therapy. These include the inherent plasticity of the cells and the fact they are challenging to sustain in culture for prolonged periods due to poor survival and proliferation. They possess unique properties as they are able to support neuronal survival and facilitate the regeneration of severed axons and therefore overcoming these challenges would be a step towards developing a cell therapy for spinal cord injury. Initially rat models were used to determine culture conditions that enhance the protein expression of key OEC markers p75NTR and S100β. An increase in p75NTR expression was achieved by co-culturing the primary rat OECs with a conditionally immortalised immobilised human mucosal fibroblast cell line feeder layer. OECs cultured on feeders were found to adopt a more spindle-like appearance compared with cells cultured on laminin which adopted an enlarged morphology. This morphological change is significant as spindle-shaped OECs are associated with neural regeneration function. Conditioned media collected from the human feeders resulted in an increase in Thy1.1 protein expression, an undesirable marker, with no increase in p75NTR expression and co-culture of primary OECs with mouse feeders (Ms3T3) gave similar results to co-culture with human feeders. It was determined that OECs benefit from the cell to cell contact and not necessarily trophic factors present in the media. The best culture conditions for primary rat OECs were found to be Ms3T3 feeders with DMEM/F12 Glutamax media. Testing with conditionally immortalised human OEC cell lines found contrasting results where an increase in S100β was observed when cells were cultured on laminin and lower levels of expression observed during feeder co-culture. Similarly to primary rat OECs, conditioned media from human mucosal fibroblasts was detrimental to S100β expression. The best culture conditions for human OECs were found to be laminin coated wells with DMEM/F12 Glutamax media. These data sets show that care has to be taken when translating animal models to studies with human cells as the data does not always correlate. Studies continued to characterise optimum culture conditions for the conditionally immortalised human OEC cell line. MACS purification technology was used to remove Thy1 positive cells from the polyclonal population. Although this removal was successful, it was found that the complete removal of Thy1 from the population does not ensure Thy1 is not present in the future population. After 5 days in culture Thy1 was being expressed in the Thy1 negative population. Time point staining determined that Thy1 turns on and off during time in culture and the removal of Triton X from the staining protocol is vital to visualising the presence of this protein. This time point study also revealed p75NTR is not a stable marker for OECs as turns off over time in culture. Further study towards understanding the role Thy1 and p75NTR take in OEC function would be beneficial to development of an OEC cell therapy for spinal cord injury. After the identification of optimum culture conditions for enhanced p75NTR and S100β expression, co-culture with neurons was carried out in order to determine if these conditions would link to an improvement in functional support. Neurite length was measured after 5 days of co-culture and was normalised against the number of neurites and neurons, which is an established method of relating the behaviour of the neurons to functional response after implantation. It was found that conditions that related to higher expression of p75NTR and S100β (laminin coated wells, standard media, shorter time in culture) led to longer and more numerous neurites. From this it can be established that levels of p75NTR and S100β expression are good predictive tools for the extent to which OECs can support neural regeneration in culture. The next step would be to relate the expression of these markers to the myelination of neurons. Thy1 expression was not found to be related to neurite extension and purified populations of negative and positive Thy1 OECs resulted in longer neurites than the original mixed population. This could be due to lateral inhibition but further work is required to confirm this theory. Results described in this thesis have demonstrated that caution needs to be applied when scaling rat studies to human cell work. It has also shown that the method and timing of detecting protein expression can be vital to the results observed. These are key aspects that need to be considered in order to fully characterise cell populations, especially one as variable as OECs. The methods used in this work showed an increase in p75NTR and S100β expression led to longer neurites extended from neurons. Further work should be carried out in order to fully understand the interaction between OECs and neurons and to explain the potential lateral inhibition pattern observed.

Published
2018

23. High K-isomers in the A = 170-190 region

Author

Wood, Rachael and Walker, Philip

Subjects
530
Abstract

An experiment to gather spectroscopic information on a newly discovered isomer in Hf was performed using the ISOLDE facility at CERN. Protons from the PSBooster were incident on a Ta/W/Ir target and fluorination using a CF 4 leak allowed the 184 Hf to be extracted from the ion source. The beam was then accelerated to 30 keV and mass separated using the General Purpose Separator (GPS). The data was analysed but it was found that the method used to produce the beam introduced too much contamination for the isomer to be positively identified. It was possible, however, to verify the successful production of 184 Hf. 184 Another experiment was performed at ANU, Canberra, this time to look at a high-lying isomer in 173 Ta. A 10 B − beam was produced using the Multi-Cathode SNICS ion source. The beam was then accelerated to 68 M eV in the 14UD pelletron. This 10 B − beam was then incident on a 168 Er target and the CAESAR Array, which surrounds the target, was used to detect γ rays from the reaction products. The isomer was positively identified and its decay γ rays were measured to be E = 351 keV , 604 keV and 835 keV . The half-life of this isomer was measured to be 148 ns with K π = 21/2 − and f ν = 18.1, 19.3 and 12.5. Information about the structure above the isomer was also gathered, along with g K values associated with these bands. Multi-quasiparticle Nilsson-model calculations were performed in order to understand the observed structures, and a consistent interpretation was found.

Published
2018

24. COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccinations in 2·57 million people in Scotland (EAVE II): a prospective cohort study

Author

Agrawal, Utkarsh, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Mulholland, Rachel H, Azcoaga-Lorenzo, Amaya, Amele, Sarah, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Vasileiou, Eleftheria, Grange, Zoe, Shi, Ting, Kerr, Steven, Moore, Emily, Murray, Josephine L K, Shah, Syed Ahmar, Ritchie, Lewis, O'Reilly, Dermot, Stock, Sarah J, Beggs, Jillian, Chuter, Antony, Torabi, Fatemah, Akbari, Ashley, Bedston, Stuart, McMenamin, Jim, Wood, Rachael, Tang, Ruby S M, de Lusignan, Simon, Hobbs, F D Richard, Woolhouse, Mark, Simpson, Colin R, Robertson, Chris, and Sheikh, Aziz

Published
2021
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26. The implementation and impact of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for Down's syndrome into antenatal screening programmes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Author

Sebire, Elinor, Rodrigo, Chithramali Hasanthika, Bhattacharya, Sohinee, Black, Mairead, Wood, Rachael, and Vieira, Rute

Subjects
DOWN syndrome, MEDICAL screening, PRENATAL diagnosis, ABORTION, PREGNANCY outcomes
Abstract

Background: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a widely adopted maternal blood test that analyses foetal originating DNA to screen for foetal chromosomal conditions, including Down's syndrome (DS). The introduction of this test, which may have implications for important decisions made during pregnancy, requires continual monitoring and evaluation. This systematic review aims to assess the extent of NIPT introduction into national screening programmes for DS worldwide, its uptake, and impact on pregnancy outcomes. Methods and findings: The study protocol was published in PROSPERO (CRD42022306167). We systematically searched MEDLINE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Embase for population-based studies, government guidelines, and Public Health documents from 2010 onwards. Results summarised the national policies for NIPT implementation into screening programmes geographically, along with population uptake. Meta-analyses estimated the pooled proportions of women choosing invasive prenatal diagnosis (IPD) following a high chance biochemical screening result, before and after NIPT was introduced. Additionally, we meta-analysed outcomes (termination of pregnancy and live births) amongst high chance pregnancies identified by NIPT. Results demonstrated NIPT implementation in at least 27 countries. Uptake of second line NIPT varied, from 20.4% to 93.2% (n = 6). Following NIPT implementation, the proportion of women choosing IPD after high chance biochemical screening decreased from 75% (95% CI 53%, 88%, n = 5) to 43% (95%CI 31%, 56%, n = 5), an absolute risk reduction of 38%. A pooled estimate of 69% (95% CI 52%, 82%, n = 7) of high chance pregnancies after NIPT resulted in termination, whilst 8% (95% CI 3%, 21%, n = 7) had live births of babies with DS. Conclusions: NIPT has rapidly gained global acceptance, but population uptake is influenced by healthcare structures, historical screening practices, and cultural factors. Our findings indicate a reduction in IPD tests following NIPT implementation, but limited pre-NIPT data hinder comprehensive impact assessment. Transparent, comparable data reporting is vital for monitoring NIPT's potential consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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27. Research priorities of endometriosis patients and supporters in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Author

Ellis, Katherine and Wood, Rachael

Abstract

Background Aims Methods and Materials Results Conclusions In New Zealand, an estimated 10% of women and people presumed female at birth have endometriosis, a disease characterised by the presence of tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, outside of the uterus.The purpose of this study was to characterise the research priorities of New Zealand endometriosis patients and their support networks in alignment with an Australian study. This will allow researchers to be able to ensure their research aligns with closing research gaps prioritised by those who directly experience the impacts of the disease.There were 1262 responses to an online Qualtrics survey advertised through Endometriosis New Zealand's social media accounts and mailing list to reach endometriosis patients and their support networks.Overall, the highest research priorities for surgically or radiologically confirmed endometriosis patients, clinically suspected endometriosis patients, chronic pelvic pain patients, and their parents, partners, family members and friends were the management and treatment of endometriosis, followed by understanding endometriosis' cause, and improved capacity to diagnose endometriosis earlier. The key differences between the priorities of symptomatic participants and supporters were that symptomatic participants placed a significantly higher priority on understanding the cause of endometriosis, and supporters placed a significantly higher priority on improving the diagnosis of endometriosis.There is alignment between the ranking of general research priority areas for endometriosis in Australasia, allowing for clear priorities for future research teams to structure their work around patient‐centredness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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30. Zeros of the weight two Eisenstein Series

Author

Wood, Rachael and Young, Matthew P.

Subjects
Mathematics - Number Theory, 11F11
Abstract

We develop some of the finer details of the location of the zeros of the weight two Eisenstein series. These zeros are the same as the zeros of the derivative of the Ramanujan delta function., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures. v2: added and corrected references

Published
2013
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35. Using administrative data to evaluate national policy impacts on child and maternal health: a research framework from the Maternal and Child Health Network (MatCHNet)

Author

Stewart, Emma, primary, Brophy, Sinead, additional, Cookson, Richard, additional, Gilbert, Ruth, additional, Given, Joanne, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Harron, Katie, additional, Leyland, Alastair, additional, Pearce, Anna, additional, Wood, Rachael, additional, and Dundas, Ruth, additional

Published
2023
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36. Changing child health surveillance in Scotland : an exploration of the impact on preventive health care of pre-school children

Author

Wood, Rachael Jane, Campbell, Harry, Cunningham-Burley, Sarah, Chalmers, Lyn, and Pollock, Allyson

Subjects
362.19892, child, surveillance, screening, health promotion
Abstract

The health service provides a Child Health Programme (CHP) to all children to help them attain their health and development potential. Core elements include screening, immunisations, growth and development surveillance, health promotion advice, and parenting support. The surveillance/advice/support components (known as Child Health Surveillance CHS) are delivered through a series of universally offered child health reviews mainly provided by Health Visitors (HVs) supplemented by additional support as required. Scottish policy issued in 2005 led to considerable changes to the CHP. The number of CHS reviews was substantially reduced to enable more intensive support of children who required it. A three category indicator of need was introduced at the same time to facilitate the identification of children requiring enhanced support. This thesis aims to explore the shift to more targeted provision of CHS that occurred from 2005 onwards, and to examine the impact of this on the preventive health care provided to pre-school children. The specific objectives are: · To describe the development of professional guidance on the CHP and how this has been adopted into Scottish policy. · To compare the CHP provided in Scotland to that offered in other high income countries. · To examine the impact of the changes to CHS on the coverage of universally offered child health reviews. · To explore, following the changes to CHS, which factors are associated with children being identified as in need of enhanced CHP support. · To assess the impact of the changes to CHS on the totality of preventive care provided to pre-school children by HVs and General Practitioners (GPs). The key methods used are literature review, policy analysis, and analysis of routine health data. Selected findings include the following: · All the high income countries studied provide the same basic elements as the Scottish CHP but the detail of the different programmes varies considerably. Some of the variation may reflect the different needs of different populations, but much seems to reflect different approaches to evidence interpretation and policy making in different settings. · Not all children offered ‘universal’ child health reviews actually receive them. Children from deprived areas are less likely to receive their reviews. Inequalities in review coverage have remained unchanged after the changes to CHS. · Many factors, including those reflecting infant and maternal health and family social risk, are associated with being identified by HVs as needing enhanced CHP support. The threshold at which children are identified as needing enhanced support varies between areas across Scotland. · GP provision of child health reviews has reduced after the changes to CHS as would be expected. Recorded GP provision of other preventive care consultations is uncommon and has not changed. Currently available routine data do not allow trends in the totality of HV provided care to be examined. In summary, the Child Health Programme makes an important contribution to supporting young children and their families but it is a complex service and considerable uncertainty about aspects of its content and delivery remain.

Published
2013

38. Uptake of infant and preschool immunisations in Scotland and England during the COVID-19 pandemic: An observational study of routinely collected data

Author

McQuaid, Fiona, Mulholland, Rachel, Sangpang Rai, Yuma, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Bedford, Helen, Cameron, J. Claire, Gibbons, Cheryl, Roy, Partho, Sheikh, Aziz, Shi, Ting, Simpson, Colin R., Tait, Judith, Tessier, Elise, Turner, Steve, Villacampa Ortega, Jaime, White, Joanne, and Wood, Rachael

Subjects
England -- Health aspects, Scotland -- Health aspects, Infants -- Care and treatment, Immunization -- Demographic aspects -- Social aspects, Preschool children -- Care and treatment, Pediatric research, Biological sciences
Abstract

Background In 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic and lockdown control measures threatened to disrupt routine childhood immunisation programmes with early reports suggesting uptake would fall. In response, public health bodies in Scotland and England collected national data for childhood immunisations on a weekly or monthly basis to allow for rapid analysis of trends. The aim of this study was to use these data to assess the impact of different phases of the pandemic on infant and preschool immunisation uptake rates. Methods and findings We conducted an observational study using routinely collected data for the year prior to the pandemic (2019) and immediately before (22 January to March 2020), during (23 March to 26 July), and after (27 July to 4 October) the first UK 'lockdown'. Data were obtained for Scotland from the Public Health Scotland 'COVID19 wider impacts on the health care system' dashboard and for England from ImmForm. Five vaccinations delivered at different ages were evaluated; 3 doses of '6-in-1' diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B vaccine (DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB) and 2 doses of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. This represented 439,754 invitations to be vaccinated in Scotland and 4.1 million for England. Uptake during the 2020 periods was compared to the previous year (2019) using binary logistic regression analysis. For Scotland, uptake within 4 weeks of a child becoming eligible by age was analysed along with geographical region and indices of deprivation. For Scotland and England, we assessed whether immunisations were up-to-date at approximately 6 months (all doses 6-in-1) and 16 to 18 months (first MMR) of age. We found that uptake within 4 weeks of eligibility in Scotland for all the 5 vaccines was higher during lockdown than in 2019. Differences ranged from 1.3% for first dose 6-in-1 vaccine (95.3 versus 94%, odds ratio [OR] compared to 2019 1.28, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 1.18 to 1.39) to 14.3% for second MMR dose (66.1 versus 51.8%, OR compared to 2019 1.8, 95% CI 1.74 to 1.87). Significant increases in uptake were seen across all deprivation levels. In England, fewer children due to receive their immunisations during the lockdown period were up to date at 6 months (6-in-1) or 18 months (first dose MMR). The fall in percentage uptake ranged from 0.5% for first 6-in-1 (95.8 versus 96.3%, OR compared to 2019 0.89, 95% CI 0.86- to 0.91) to 2.1% for third 6-in-1 (86.6 versus 88.7%, OR compared to 2019 0.82, 95% CI 0.81 to 0.83). The use of routinely collected data used in this study was a limiting factor as detailed information on potential confounding factors were not available and we were unable to eliminate the possibility of seasonal trends in immunisation uptake. Conclusions In this study, we observed that the national lockdown in Scotland was associated with an increase in timely childhood immunisation uptake; however, in England, uptake fell slightly. Reasons for the improved uptake in Scotland may include active measures taken to promote immunisation at local and national levels during this period and should be explored further. Promoting immunisation uptake and addressing potential vaccine hesitancy is particularly important given the ongoing pandemic and COVID-19 vaccination campaigns., Author(s): Fiona McQuaid 1,*, Rachel Mulholland 2, Yuma Sangpang Rai 3, Utkarsh Agrawal 4, Helen Bedford 5, J. Claire Cameron 6, Cheryl Gibbons 6, Partho Roy 3, Aziz Sheikh 2, [...]

Published
2022
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39. Author Correction: SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination rates in pregnant women in Scotland

Author

Stock, Sarah J., Carruthers, Jade, Calvert, Clara, Denny, Cheryl, Donaghy, Jack, Goulding, Anna, Hopcroft, Lisa E. M., Hopkins, Leanne, McLaughlin, Terry, Pan, Jiafeng, Shi, Ting, Taylor, Bob, Agrawal, Utkarsh, Auyeung, Bonnie, Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal, McCowan, Colin, Murray, Josie, Simpson, Colin R., Robertson, Chris, Vasileiou, Eleftheria, Sheikh, Aziz, and Wood, Rachael

Published
2022
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40. 113 Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection in Scottish neonates 2020–2022: a national, population-based cohort study

Author

McQuaid, Fiona, primary, Goulding, Anna, additional, Lindsay, Laura, additional, Agrawal, Utkarsh, additional, Auyeung, Bonnie, additional, Calvert, Clara, additional, Carruthers, Jade, additional, Denny, Cheryl, additional, Donaghy, Jack, additional, Hillman, Sam, additional, Hopcroft, Lisa, additional, Hopkins, Leanne, additional, McCowan, Colin, additional, McLaughlin, Terry, additional, Moore, Emily, additional, Ritchie, Lewis, additional, Simpson, Colin R, additional, Taylor, Bob, additional, Fenton, Lynda, additional, Pollock, Louisa, additional, Gale, Chris, additional, Kurinczuk, Jennifer J, additional, Robertson, Chris, additional, Sheikh, Aziz, additional, Stock, Sarah, additional, and Wood, Rachael, additional

Published
2023
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42. Vaccine effectiveness for prevention of covid-19 related hospital admission during pregnancy in England during the alpha and delta variant dominant periods of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: population based cohort study

Author

Bosworth, Matthew L, primary, Schofield, Ryan, additional, Ayoubkhani, Daniel, additional, Charlton, Loes, additional, Nafilyan, Vahé, additional, Khunti, Kamlesh, additional, Zaccardi, Francesco, additional, Gillies, Clare, additional, Akbari, Ashley, additional, Knight, Marian, additional, Wood, Rachael, additional, Hardelid, Pia, additional, Zuccolo, Luisa, additional, and Harrison, Camille, additional

Published
2023
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43. Small babies, big risks: global estimates of prevalence and mortality for vulnerable newborns to accelerate change and improve counting

Author

Lawn, Joy E, primary, Ohuma, Eric O, additional, Bradley, Ellen, additional, Idueta, Lorena Suárez, additional, Hazel, Elizabeth, additional, Okwaraji, Yemisrach B, additional, Erchick, Daniel J, additional, Yargawa, Judith, additional, Katz, Joanne, additional, Lee, Anne C C, additional, Diaz, Mike, additional, Salasibew, Mihretab, additional, Requejo, Jennifer, additional, Hayashi, Chika, additional, Moller, Ann-Beth, additional, Borghi, Elaine, additional, Black, Robert E, additional, Blencowe, Hannah, additional, Ashorn, Per, additional, Lawn, Joy E, additional, Ashorn, Ulla, additional, Klein, Nigel, additional, Hofmeyr, G Justus, additional, Temmerman, Marleen, additional, Askari, Sufia, additional, Chakwera, Samuel, additional, Hussain-Alkhateeb, Laith, additional, Lewin, Alexandra, additional, Retno Mahanani, Wahyu, additional, White Johansson, Emily, additional, Lavin, Tina, additional, Estevez Fernandez, Diana, additional, Gatica Domínguez, Giovanna, additional, de Costa, Ayesha, additional, Cresswell, Jenny A, additional, Krasevec, Julia, additional, Moran, Allisyn C, additional, Pingray, Veronica, additional, Cormick, Gabriela, additional, Gibbons, Luz, additional, Belizan, José, additional, Guevel, Carlos, additional, Warrilow, Kara, additional, Gordon, Adrienne, additional, Flenady, Vicki, additional, Sexton, Jessica, additional, Lawford, Harriet, additional, Paixao, Enny S., additional, Rocha Falcão, Ila, additional, Lima Barreto, Mauricio, additional, Lisonkova, Sarka, additional, Wen, Qi, additional, Mardones, Francisco, additional, Caulier-Cisterna, Raúl, additional, Acuña, José, additional, Velebil, Petr, additional, Jirova, Jitka, additional, Horváth-Puhó, Erzsébet, additional, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, additional, Sakkeus, Luule, additional, Abuladze, Liili, additional, Gissler, Mika, additional, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, additional, Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, additional, Khalili, Narjes, additional, A. Yunis, Khalid, additional, Al Bizri, Ayah, additional, Nakad, Pascale, additional, Devi Karalasingam, Shamala, additional, R Jeganathan, J Ravichandran, additional, binti Baharum, Nurakman, additional, Suárez-Idueta, Lorena, additional, Barranco Flores, Arturo, additional, Gonzalez Roldan, Jesus F, additional, Lopez Alvarez, Sonia, additional, van Dijk, Aimée E., additional, Broeders, Lisa, additional, Huicho, Luis, additional, Quezada Pinedo, Hugo G, additional, Cajachagua-Torres, Kim N, additional, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, additional, Tarazona Meza, Carla Estefania, additional, Guzman-Vilca, Wilmer Cristobal, additional, Olukade, Tawa O., additional, Ali, Hamdy A., additional, Alyafei, Fawziya, additional, AlQubaisi, Mai, additional, Alturk, Mohamad R, additional, Kim, Ho Yeon, additional, Cho, Geum Joon, additional, Razaz, Neda, additional, Söderling, Jonas, additional, Smith, Lucy K, additional, Kurinczuk, Jennifer J, additional, Matthews, Ruth J, additional, Manktelow, Bradley N, additional, Draper, Elizabeth S, additional, Fenton, Alan C, additional, Lowry, Estelle, additional, Rowland, Neil, additional, Wood, Rachael, additional, Monteath, Kirsten, additional, Pereyra, Isabel, additional, Pravia, Gabriella, additional, Davis, Celina, additional, Clarke, Samantha, additional, Wu, Lee S.F., additional, Yoshida, Sachiyo, additional, Bahl, Rajiv, additional, Grandi, Carlos, additional, Labrique, Alain B, additional, Rashid, Mabhubur, additional, Ahmed, Salahuddin, additional, Roy, Arunangshu D., additional, Haque, Rezwanul, additional, Shaikh, Saijuddin, additional, Baqui, Abdullah H., additional, Saha, Samir K., additional, Khanam, Rasheda, additional, Rahman, Sayedur, additional, Shapiro, Roger, additional, Zash, Rebecca, additional, Silveira, Mariângela F., additional, Buffarini, Romina, additional, Kolsteren, Patrick, additional, Lachat, Carl, additional, Huybregts, Lieven, additional, Roberfroid, Dominique, additional, Zeng, Lingxia, additional, Zhu, Zhonghai, additional, He, Jianrong, additional, Qui, Xiu, additional, Gebreyesus, Seifu H., additional, Tesfamariam, Kokeb, additional, Bekele, Delayehu, additional, Chan, Grace, additional, Baye, Estifanos, additional, Workneh, Firehiwot, additional, Asante, Kwaku P., additional, Boanmah-Kaali, Ellen, additional, Adu-Afarwuah, Seth, additional, Dewey, Kathryn G., additional, Gyaase, Stephaney, additional, Wylie, Blair J., additional, Kirkwood, Betty R., additional, Manu, Alexander, additional, Thulasiraj, Ravilla D, additional, Tielsch, James, additional, Chowdhury, Ranadip, additional, Taneja, Sunita, additional, Babu, Giridhara R, additional, Shriyan, Prafulla, additional, Maleta, Kenneth, additional, Mangani, Charles, additional, Acevedo-Gallegos, Sandra, additional, Rodriguez-Sibaja, Maria J., additional, Khatry, Subarna K., additional, LeClerq, Steven C., additional, Mullany, Luke C., additional, Jehan, Fyezah, additional, Ilyas, Muhammad, additional, Rogerson, Stephen J., additional, Unger, Holger W., additional, Ghosh, Rakesh, additional, Musange, Sabine, additional, Ramokolo, Vundli, additional, Zembe-Mkabile, Wanga, additional, Lazzerini, Marzia, additional, Mohamed, Rishard, additional, Wang, Dongqing, additional, Fawzi, Wafaie W., additional, Minja, Daniel T.R., additional, Schmiegelow, Christentze, additional, Masanja, Honorati, additional, Smith, Emily, additional, Lusingu, John P.A., additional, Msemo, Omari A., additional, Kabole, Fathma M., additional, Slim, Salim N., additional, Keentupthai, Paniya, additional, Mongkolchati, Aroonsri, additional, Kajubi, Richard, additional, Kakuru, Abel, additional, Waiswa, Peter, additional, Walker, Dilys, additional, Hamer, Davidson H., additional, Semrau, Katherine E.A., additional, Chaponda, Enesia B., additional, Chico, R. Matthew, additional, Banda, Bowen, additional, Musokotwane, Kebby, additional, Manasyan, Albert, additional, Pry, Jake M., additional, Chasekwa, Bernard, additional, Humphrey, Jean, additional, Shamim, Abu Ahmed, additional, Christian, Parul, additional, Ali, Hasmot, additional, Klemm, Rolf D.W., additional, Massie, Alan B., additional, Mitra, Maithili, additional, Mehra, Sucheta, additional, Schulze, Kerry J., additional, Shamim, Abu Amed, additional, Sommer, Alfred, additional, Ullah, Barkat, additional, West, Keith P., additional, Begum, Nazma, additional, Chowdhury, Nabidul Haque, additional, Islam, Shafiqul, additional, Mitra, Dipak Kumar, additional, Quaiyum, Abdul, additional, Diseko, Modiegi, additional, Makhema, Joseph, additional, Cheng, Yue, additional, Guo, Yixin, additional, Yuan, Shanshan, additional, Roro, Meselech, additional, Shikur, Bilal, additional, Goddard, Frederick, additional, Haneuse, Sebastien, additional, Hunegnaw, Bezawit, additional, Berhane, Yemane, additional, Worku, Alemayehu, additional, Kaali, Seyram, additional, Arnold, Charles D., additional, Jack, Darby, additional, Amenga-Etego, Seeba, additional, Hurt, Lisa, additional, Shannon, Caitlin, additional, Soremekun, Seyi, additional, Bhandari, Nita, additional, Martines, Jose, additional, Mazumder, Sarmila, additional, Ana, Yamuna, additional, R, Deepa, additional, Hallamaa, Lotta, additional, Pyykkö, Juha, additional, Lumbreras-Marquez, Mario I., additional, Mendoza-Carrera, Claudia E., additional, Hussain, Atiya, additional, Karim, Muhammad, additional, Kausar, Farzana, additional, Mehmood, Usma, additional, Nadeem, Naila, additional, Nisar, Muhammad Imran, additional, Sajid, Muhammad, additional, Mueller, Ivo, additional, Ome-Kaius, Maria, additional, Butrick, Elizabeth, additional, Sayinzoga, Felix, additional, Mariani, Ilaria, additional, Urassa, Willy, additional, Theander, Thor, additional, Deloron, Phillippe, additional, Nielsen, Birgitte Bruun, additional, Muhihi, Alfa, additional, Noor, Ramadhani Abdallah, additional, Bygbjerg, Ib, additional, Moeller, Sofie Lykke, additional, Aftab, Fahad, additional, Ali, Said M., additional, Dhingra, Pratibha, additional, Dhingra, Usha, additional, Dutta, Arup, additional, Sazawal, Sunil, additional, Suleiman, Atifa, additional, Mohammed, Mohammed, additional, Deb, Saikat, additional, Kamya, Moses R., additional, Nakalembe, Miriam, additional, Mulowooz, Jude, additional, Santos, Nicole, additional, Biemba, Godfrey, additional, Herlihy, Julie M., additional, Mbewe, Reuben K., additional, Mweena, Fern, additional, Yeboah-Antwi, Kojo, additional, Bruce, Jane, additional, Chandramohan, Daniel, additional, and Prendergast, Andrew, additional

Published
2023
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45. Stillbirths: contribution of preterm birth and size-for-gestational age for 119.6 million total births from nationwide records in 12 countries, 2000 to 2020

Author

Okwaraji, Yemisrach Behailu, primary, Suarez Idueta, Lorena, additional, Ohuma, Eric, additional, Bradely, Ellen, additional, Yargawa, Judith, additional, Pingray, Veronica, additional, Cormick, Gabriela, additional, Flenady, Vick, additional, Gordon, Adrienne, additional, Horvath-Puho, Erzsebet, additional, Sorensen, Henrik T, additional, Abuladze, Lilli, additional, Sakkeus, Luule, additional, Karalasingam, Shamala Devi, additional, Jeganathan, J Ravichandran R, additional, Olukade, Tawa O, additional, Alyafei, Fawziya, additional, Barranco, Arturo, additional, Khalili, Narjes, additional, Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, additional, Van Dijk, Aimee E., additional, Broeders, Lisa, additional, Wood, Rachael, additional, Monteath, Kirsten, additional, Razaz, Neda, additional, Soderling, Jonas, additional, Yunis, Khalid, additional, Pereyra, Isabella, additional, Pravia, Maria, additional, Lisonkova, Sarka, additional, Wen, Qi, additional, Smith, Lucy, additional, Matthews, Ruth J, additional, Lawn, Joy E, additional, and Blencowe, Hannah, additional

Published
2023
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47. Parents without children : an exploratory study to investigate parents with learning disabilities experience of losing their child by adoption or to other care arrangements

Author

Wood, Rachael L.

Subjects
305.9
Abstract

Although the number of parents with learning disabilities is difficult to accurately assess, some researchers believe that the numbers of people becoming parents has increased in recent years, in part due to the effects of de-institutionalisation. However, the research literature in this area shows that the some parents with learning disabilities have been judged as having deficits in their parenting skills and that some parents are treated more harshly than non learning disabled parents by the child protection system and are more likely to have their children removed. Very little has been written about this experience from the perspective of the parents themselves. Although it is known that both consenting and non-consenting adoption has long lasting psychological effects, including feelings of loss and stigma on non-learning disabled birth parents. In particular parents who do not consent to the adoption of their children are thought to be a highly underepresented and disenfranchised group. This piece of research used an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to explore the experiences of parents with learning disabilities who have lost their children to fostering, adoption or other care arrangements. Six parents with learning disabilities were interviewed; this included five mothers and one father. From the (IPA) analysis of the interview data three super ordinate themes emerged. The first, 'issues related to identity and power' included the interview participants accounts of their how their learning disabled identity effected their access to power and knowledge and their relationship with others. The second 'being a parent' documented the participants' experience of parenthood, including parental self-concept and attacks on parenthood. The third theme 'losing the child' explored the participants' emotional reactions to their loss, their understanding of this event and how they accommodated to their changed circumstances. The parents generally did not appear to describe themselves as learning disabled, but their daily lives and experience of parenting were greatly affected by the power and control they felt others exerted over them. Parenthood gave them a valued identity outside of being learning disabled but this identity was subject to constant attack. This led to long term negative psychological consequences including feelings of loss, anger, guilt, self-blame and depression. It is hoped that this study will help services and professionals that assess and support parents with learning disabilities to understand the issues from the parents' perspective and provide them with support if their children are removed from their care.

Published
2002

48. Vulnerable newborn types:Analysis of population-based registries for 165 million births in 23 countries, 2000 to 2021

Author

Suárez-Idueta, Lorena, Yargawa, Judith, Blencowe, Hannah, Bradley, Ellen, Okwaraji, Yemisrach B., Pingray, Veronica, Gibbons, Luz, Gordon, Adrienne, Warrilow, Kara, Paixão, Enny S., Falcão, Ila Rocha, Lisonkova, Sarka, Wen, Qi, Mardones, Francisco, Caulier-Cisterna, Raúl, Velebil, Petr, Jírová, Jitka, Horváth-Puhó, Erzsebet, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, Sakkeus, Luule, Abuladze, Lili, Gissler, Mika, Heidarzadeh, Mohammad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Yunis, Khalid A., Al Bizri, Ayah, Karalasingam, Shamala D., Jeganathan, Ravichandran, Barranco, Arturo, Broeders, Lisa, van Dijk, Aimée E., Huicho, Luis, Quezada-Pinedo, Hugo Guillermo, Cajachagua-Torres, Kim Nail, Alyafei, Fawziya, AlQubaisi, Mai, Cho, Geum Joon, Kim, Ho Yeon, Razaz, Neda, Söderling, Jonas, Smith, Lucy K., Kurinczuk, Jennifer, Lowry, Estelle, Rowland, Neil, Wood, Rachael, Monteath, Kirsten, Pereyra, Isabel, Pravia, Gabriella, Ohuma, Eric O., and Lawn, Joy E.

Abstract

Objective To examine prevalence of novel newborn types among 165 million livebirths in 23 countries from 2000 to 2021. Design Population-based, multi-country analysis. Setting National data systems in 23 middle and high-income countries.Population Liveborn infants Methods Country teams with high-quality data were invited to be part of the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We classified livebirths by six newborn types based on gestational age information (preterm, PT, 90th centile) for gestational age, according to INTERGROWTH-21st standards. We considered small newborn types of any combination of preterm or SGA and Term+LGA was considered large. Time trends were analysed using three-year moving averages for small and large types.Main Outcome Measures Prevalence of six newborn types.Results We analysed 165,017,419 livebirths and the median prevalence of small types was 11.7% (highest in Malaysia (26%) and Qatar (15.7%)). Overall, 18.1% of newborns were large (T+LGA), and was highest in Estonia 28.8% and Denmark 25.9%. Time trends of small and large infants were relatively stable in most countries. Conclusions The distribution of newborn types varies across the 23 middle and high-income countries. Small newborn types were highest in West-Asian countries and large types in Europe. To better understand the global patterns of these novel newborn types, more information is needed especially from low- and middle- income countries.

Published
2023

49. Neonatal mortality risk for vulnerable newborn types in 15 countries using 125.5 million nationwide birth outcome records, 2000 to 2020

Author

Suárez-Idueta, Lorena, Blencowe, Hannah, Okwaraji, Yemisrach B., Yargawa, Judith, Bradley, Ellen, Gordon, Adrienne, Flenady, Vicki, Paixão, Enny S., Barreto, Maurício L., Lisonkova, Sarka, Wen, Qi, Velebil, Petr, Jírová, Jitka, Horváth-Puhó, Erzsebet, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, Sakkeus, Luule, Abuladze, Liili, Yunis, Khalid A., Al Bizri, Ayah, Barranco, Arturo, Broeders, Lisa, van Dijk, Aimée E., Alyafei, Fawziya, Olukade, Tawa O., Razaz, Neda, Söderling, Jonas, Smith, Lucy K., Draper, Elizabeth S., Lowry, Estelle, Rowland, Neil, Wood, Rachael, Monteath, Kirsten, Pereyra, Isabel, Pravia, Gabriella, Ohuma, Eric O., and Lawn, Joy E.

Abstract

Objective: To compare neonatal mortality associated with six novel vulnerable newborn types in 125.5 million livebirths across 15 countries, 2000 to 2020.Design: Population-based, multi-country study. Setting: National data systems in 15 middle and high-income countries.Methods: We used individual-level datasets identified for the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We examined the contribution to neonatal mortality of six newborn types combining gestational age (preterm, PT vs term, T) and size-for-gestational age (small (SGA, 90th centile)) according to INTERGROWTH-21st newborn standards. Newborn babies with PT or SGA were defined as small and T+LGA was considered as large. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and population attributable risks (PAR%) for the six newborn types. Main Outcome Measures Mortality of six newborn types Results Of 125.5 million livebirths analysed, risk ratios were highest amongst PT+SGA (median: 67.2, Interquartile Range, IQR, 45.6, 73.9), PT+AGA (median: 34.3, IQR, 23.9, 37.5), and PT+LGA (median: 28.3, IQR, 18.4, 32.3). At the population level, PT+AGA was the greatest contributor to newborn mortality (median PAR%: 53.7, IQR, 44.5, 54.9). Mortality risk was highest among newborns Conclusion Preterm newborn types were the most vulnerable, and associated with highest mortality, particularly with co-existence of preterm and SGA. As PT+AGA is more prevalent, it is responsible for greatest burden of neonatal deaths at population level.

Published
2023

50. Neonatal mortality risk for vulnerable newborn types in 15 countries using 125.5 million nationwide birth outcome records, 2000–2020

Author

Suárez‐Idueta, Lorena, Blencowe, Hannah, Okwaraji, Yemisrach B, Yargawa, Judith, Bradley, Ellen, Gordon, Adrienne, Flenady, Vicki, Paixao, Enny S., Barreto, Mauricio L., Lisonkova, Sarka, Wen, Qi, Velebil, Petr, Jírová, Jitka, Horváth‐Puhó, Erzsebet, Sørensen, Henrik Toft, Sakkeus, Luule, Abuladze, Liili, Yunis, Khalid A., Al Bizri, Ayah, Barranco, Arturo, Broeders, Lisa, van Dijk, Aimée E., Alyafei, Fawziya, Olukade, Tawa O., Razaz, Neda, Söderling, Jonas, Smith, Lucy K., Draper, Elizabeth S., Lowry, Estelle, Rowland, Neil, Wood, Rachael, Monteath, Kirsten, Pereyra, Isabel, Pravia, Gabriella, Ohuma, Eric O., Lawn, Joy E., Warrilow, Kara, Lawford, Harriet, Flores, Arturo Barranco, Roldan, Jesus Felipe Gonzalez, AlQubaisi, Mai, Ali, Hamdy A., Manktelow, Bradley N., Matthews, Ruth J., Fenton, Alan, Davis, Celina, Black, Bob, Katz, Joanne, and Erchick, Dan

Subjects
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLES, neonatal mortality, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE, preterm birth, size for gestational age, vulnerable newborn
Abstract

ObjectiveTo compare neonatal mortality associated with six novel vulnerable newborn types in 125.5 million live births across 15 countries, 2000–2020.DesignPopulation-based, multi-country study.SettingNational data systems in 15 middle- and high-income countries.MethodsWe used individual-level data sets identified for the Vulnerable Newborn Measurement Collaboration. We examined the contribution to neonatal mortality of six newborn types combining gestational age (preterm [PT] versus term [T]) and size-for-gestational age (small [SGA], 90th centile) according to INTERGROWTH-21st newborn standards. Newborn babies with PT or SGA were defined as small and T + LGA was considered as large. We calculated risk ratios (RRs) and population attributable risks (PAR%) for the six newborn types.Main outcome measuresMortality of six newborn types.ResultsOf 125.5 million live births analysed, risk ratios were highest among PT + SGA (median 67.2, interquartile range [IQR] 45.6–73.9), PT + AGA (median 34.3, IQR 23.9–37.5) and PT + LGA (median 28.3, IQR 18.4–32.3). At the population level, PT + AGA was the greatest contributor to newborn mortality (median PAR% 53.7, IQR 44.5–54.9). Mortality risk was highest among newborns born before 28 weeks (median RR 279.5, IQR 234.2–388.5) compared with babies born between 37 and 42 completed weeks or with a birthweight less than 1000 g (median RR 282.8, IQR 194.7–342.8) compared with those between 2500 g and 4000 g as a reference group.ConclusionPreterm newborn types were the most vulnerable, and associated with the highest mortality, particularly with co-existence of preterm and SGA. As PT + AGA is more prevalent, it is responsible for the greatest burden of neonatal deaths at population level.

Published
2023

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