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7. Review of EEF Projects. Summary of Key Findings

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom), Sheffield Institute of Education (SIoE), Demack, Sean, Maxwell, Bronwen, Coldwell, Mike, Stevens, Anna, Wolstenholme, Claire, Reaney-Wood, Sarah, Stiell, Bernadette, and Lortie-Forgues, Hugues

Abstract

This document summarises key findings from the quantitative strands of a review of the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) evaluations that had reported from the establishment of EEF in 2011 up to January 2019. The quantitative strands summarised include meta-analyses of effect sizes reported for attainment outcomes and descriptive analyses of cost-effectiveness and attrition. Additionally, descriptive univariate analyses of the explanatory variables used in the review are summarised. Complete findings can be found in the main report. The review conducted qualitative interviews to explore perceptions on effective scale-up and developed and piloted an IPE quality measure, and these are reported separately. [For "Review of EEF Projects. Evaluation Report," see ED625480. For "Review of EEF Projects. Technical Annex," see ED625484. For "Review: Scale-Up of EEF Efficacy Trials to Effectiveness Trials," see ED625479. For "Review: EEF Implementation and Process Evaluation (IPE) Quality Pilot," see ED625478.]

Published
2021

8. Review of EEF Projects. Evaluation Report

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom), Sheffield Institute of Education (SIoE), Demack, Sean, Maxwell, Bronwen, Coldwell, Mike, Stevens, Anna, Wolstenholme, Claire, Reaney-Wood, Sarah, Stiell, Bernadette, and Lortie-Forgues, Hugues

Abstract

This report presents findings from exploratory, descriptive meta-analyses of effect sizes reported by the first 82 EEF evaluations that used a randomised controlled trial (RCT) or clustered RCT impact evaluation design published up to January 2019. The review used a theoretical framework derived from literature with five overarching themes to group explanatory variables: (1) Intervention; (2) Implementation & fidelity; (3) Theory & evidence; (4) Context; and (5) Evaluation design. Meta-analyses of effect sizes reported for intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses of primary attainment outcomes, ITT analyses of secondary attainment outcomes and free school meals (FSM) subsample analyses of primary or secondary attainment outcomes are reported. Effect sizes reported for psychological outcomes were also examined but not included in the meta-analyses because of the distinct and diverse nature of these outcomes. Also presented are findings from trial/evaluation-level descriptive analyses of cost effectiveness of interventions and overall pupil-level attrition. [For "Review of EEF Projects. Summary of Key Findings," see ED625481. For "Review of EEF Projects. Technical Annex," see ED625484. For "Review: Scale-Up of EEF Efficacy Trials to Effectiveness Trials," see ED625479. For "Review: EEF Implementation and Process Evaluation (IPE) Quality Pilot," see ED625478.]

Published
2021

9. Review: Scale-Up of EEF Efficacy Trials to Effectiveness Trials

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom), Sheffield Institute of Education (SIoE), Maxwell, Bronwen, Stiell, Bernadette, Stevens, Anna, Demack, Sean, Coldwell, Mike, Wolstenholme, Claire, Reaney-Wood, Sarah, and Lortie-Forgues, Hugues

Abstract

The aim of this review was to support the Education Endowment Foundation (EEF), other funders, and developers and deliverers scaling-up interventions by undertaking, for the seven effectiveness trials that had been completed by 2019: (1) a quantitative comparison of effect sizes at the efficiency and effectiveness stages; and (2) a qualitative analysis of interviews with developers and deliverers who have been engaged in scale-up from an EEF efficacy trial to an effectiveness trial, to identify any models, supporting structures, and programme features that either support or hinder intervention scale-up to large numbers of schools. The findings indicate that the there is scope for a more systematic and evidence-based approach to supporting developers to scale-up their interventions that includes greater clarity around what is necessary to reduce or change to implement at scale, builds on evidence on effective approaches to training trainers and CPD for direct implementers, and highlights the need for robust quality assurance of training and implementation. Funders may also wish to consider in more depth how an 'effectiveness trial' should be defined, including whether it is appropriate to change the target group. [For "Review of EEF Projects. Evaluation Report," see ED625480. For "Review: EEF Implementation and Process Evaluation (IPE) Quality Pilot," see ED625478.]

Published
2021

10. Review: EEF Implementation and Process Evaluation (IPE) Quality Pilot

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom), Sheffield Institute of Education (SIoE), Maxwell, Bronwen, Stevens, Anna, Demack, Sean, Coldwell, Mike, Wolstenholme, Claire, Reaney-Wood, Sarah, Stiell, Bernadette, and Lortie-Forgues, Hugues

Abstract

The Education Endowment Foundation (EEF)'s mission is to break the link between family income and educational achievement. This is achieved through summarising the best available evidence in plain language, generating new evidence of 'what works' to improve teaching and learning, and supporting teachers and school leaders to use research evidence to maximise the benefit for young people. Evidence of what works to raise attainment is primarily generated through randomised controlled trials commissioned by the EEF. These trials include a quantitative impact evaluation to estimate the effect on pupils' attainment (and, in some cases, other outcomes) and an implementation and process evaluation (IPE). This report presents an IPE quality measure and pilots it using data coded in the Review of EEF Projects (Demack et al., 2021) from the 79 EEF trial reports that incorporated IPEs and had been published up to January 2019. [For "Review of EEF Projects. Evaluation Report," see ED625480. For "Review: Scale-Up of EEF Efficacy Trials to Effectiveness Trials," see ED625479.]

Published
2021

11. Tranexamic acid versus placebo to prevent bleeding in patients with haematological malignancies and severe thrombocytopenia (TREATT): a randomised, double-blind, parallel, phase 3 superiority trial

Author

Estcourt, Lise J, McQuilten, Zoe K, Bardy, Peter, Cole-Sinclair, Merrole, Collins, Graham P., Crispin, Philip J., Curnow, Elinor, Curnow, Jennifer, Degelia, Amber, Dyer, Claire, Friebe, Adam, Floro, Lajos, Grand, Effie, Hudson, Cara, Jones, Gail, Joseph, Joanne, Kallmeyer, Charlotte, Karakantza, Marina, Kerr, Paul, Last, Sara, Lobo-Clarke, Maria, Lumley, Matthew, McMullin, Mary F, Medd, Patrick G., Morton, Suzy M., Mumford, Andrew D., Mushkbar, Maria, Parsons, Joseph, Powter, Gillian, Sekhar, Mallika, Smith, Laura, Soutar, Richard, Stevenson, William S., Subramoniapillai, Elango, Szer, Jeff, Thomas, Helen, Waters, Neil A., Wei, Andrew H., Westerman, David A., Wexler, Sarah A., Wood, Erica M., Stanworth, Simon J., Abioye, Adrienne, Afghan, Rabia, Ai, Sylvia Ai, Akanni, Magbor, Alajangi, Rajesh, Alam, Usmaan, Al-Bubseeree, Bahaa, Alderson, Sophie, Alderson, Craig, Ali, Sayed, Ali, Kabir, Alighan, Rookmeen, Allam, Rebecca Allam, Allen, Tania, Al-Sakkaf, Wesam, Ames, Kate, Anderson, Jacqueline, Andrews, Colin, Angel, Ann-Marie, Anlya, Manuela Anlya, Ansari, Farah, Appleby, Rowan, Arnold, Claire, Asbjornsdottir, Hulda, Asfaw, Biruk, Atkins, Elissa, Atkinson, Leela, Aubrey, Clare, Ayesha, Noor, Babbola, Lola, Badcock, David, Badcock, Samuel, Baggio, Diva, Bailiff, Ben, Baines, Kizzy, Baker, Holly, Baker, Victoria, Ball, Lindsay, Ball, Martin, Balquin, Irwin, Banks, Emma, Banos, George, Barnett, Jaytee, Barrie, Claire, Barron, Claire, Barton, Rebecca, Bason, Nina, Batta, Bindu, Bautista, Dianne, Bayley, Angela, Bayly, Emma, Baynes, Fionnuala, Bazargan, Ali, Bazeley, Rachel, Beadle, Yvonne, Beardsmore, Claire, Beattie, Kate, Bedford, Caroline, Behal, Rachna, Behan, Daniel, Bejan, Lilihna, Bell, Sarah, Bell, Karen, Bell, Louise, Bell, Kaitlyn, Benjamin, Reuben, Bennett, Sam, Benson, Gary, Benson, Warwick, Bent, Cameron, Bergin, Krystal, Berry, Alex, Besenyei, Stephanie, Besley, Caroline, Betteridge, Scott, Beveridge, Leigh, Bhattacharyya, Abir, Billen, Annelies, Bilmon, Ian, Binns, Emma, Birt, Mark, Bishop, David, Blanco, Andrea, Bleby, Lisa, Blemnerhet, Richard, Blombery, Piers, Blyth, Emily, Blythe, Nicola, Boal, Lauren, Boden, Ali, Bokhari, Syed W.I., Bongetti, Elisa, Booth, Stephen, Borley, Jayne, Bowen, David, Bowers, Dawn, Boyd, Stephen, Bradley, Sarah, Bradman, Helen, Bretag, Peta, Brillante, Maria, Brockbank, Rachel, Brough, Yasmin, Brown, Ellen, Brown, Jo, Brown, Eleanor, Brown, Claire, Brown, Jenny, Brown, Susan, Browning, Joe, Brownsdon, Alex, Bruce, David, Brydon-Hill, Ruth, Buckwell, Andrea, Burgess, Dannielle, Burke, Glenda, Burley, Kate, Burney, Claire, Burns, David, Burrows, Samuel, burton, Kieran, Butler, Jason, Cambalova, Lenka, Camozzi, Maria C., Campbell, Philip, Campfield, Karen, Campion, Victoria, Cargo, Catherine, Carmona, Julia, Carney, Dennis, Casan, Joshua, Cashman, Helen, Catt, Lorraine, Cattell, Michael, Cavill, Megan, Chadbone, Rachel, Chaganti, Sridhar, Chai, Yee, Chai, Khai Li, Chang, Joshua, Chapman, Judith, Chapman, Oliver G., Chapter, Tamika, Charlton, Andrew, Chau, Celina, Chauhan, Saleena, Chavda, Nikesh, Chen, Frederick, Chen, Melody, Chen, Meng Xi, Chen, Melanie, Chen, Melissa, Cheok, Kathleen, Cheung, Mai, Chidgey, Luke, Chmielokliec, Karolina, Choi, Philip, Choi, Jae, Chok, Anne, Chopra, Ruchika, Christopherson, Louise, Chu, Vicky, Chua, Chong Chyn, Chudakou, Pavel, Chugh, Vidushi, Chung, Chi, Clark, Erin, Clarke, Peter, Clarke, Kathleen, Clay, Jennifer, Clayton, Laura, Clements, Mitch, Clemmens, Jonathan, Clifford, Ruth, Collett, Dave, Collins, Maia, Collyer, Emily, Connolly, Maureen, Cook, Mark, Coombs, Sarah, Coppell, Jason, Cornwell, Sophie, Corrigan, Claire, Coughlin, Elizabeth, Couling, Jennifer, Cousins, Tony, Cowan, Catriona, Cox, Christine, Cox, Catherine, Coyle, Luke, Craig, Emily, Creasey, Thomas, Croan, Laura, Croft, Jane, Crosbie, Nicola, Crowe, Josephine, Crowther, Helen, Crozier, Jane, Culleton, Naomi, Cullis, Jonathan, Cumming, Anita, Cummins, Michelle, Cunningham, Adam, Curley, Cameron, Curtis, Samantha, Cuthbert, Robert, Cuthill, Kirsty, Dahahayake, Dinusha A, Dang, Amy, Davies, Marc, Davies, Ceri, Dawson, Emily, Day, Tom, De Abrew, Kanchana, De Lavallade, Hugues, De Silva, Neelaskshi, Dean, Georgina, Deane, Christopher, Demosthenous, Lisa, Desai, Amisha, Desborough, Michael, Devanny, Ian, Dhanapal, Jay, Dhani, Sundip, Di Martino, Vicky, Dickens, Emmy, DiCorleto, Carmen, Dinnett, Louise, Dirisan, Divya, Dixon, Karen, Dixon, Kiri, Doal, Inderjit, Dobivh, J, Docanto, Maria, Doecke, Helve, Donaldson, David, Donaldson, Kylee, Donohoe, Carrie, Douglas, Ashley, Doung, Stephen, Downer, Susan, D'Rozario, James, Drummond, Malcolm, Drummond, Mark, Drummond, Samantha, Drysdale, Elizabeth, D'Souza, Ross, D'Souza, Eugene, Dunn, Alex, Dutton, David, Dyson, Martin, Ediriwicurena, Kushani, Edleston, Sharon, Edwards, Dawn, Edwards, Morgan, Edwards, Anita, Eise, Nicole, Ellis, Steven, Ellis, Hayley, Elmonley, Shareef, Enstone, Rosemarie, Eordogh, Agnes, Erb, Sharon, Evans, Shannon, Evans, Megan, Ewing, Joanne, Eyre, Toby, Facey, Adam, Fammy, Mina, Farman, Jon, Farnell, Rachel, Favero, Laura, Fay, Keith, Ferguson, Karen, Fernon, Laura, Filshie, Robin, Finnegan, Damian, Fisher, Lisa, Flanagan, Asia, Fleck, Emma, Fletcher, Simon, Flora, Harpreet, Flower, Catherine, Fodor, Ioana, Foley, Heather, Folland, Emma, Folorunso, Comfort, Forbes, Molly, Fordwor, Katrina, Foster, Polly, Fox, Vanessa, Fox, Thomas, Francis, Olesya, Fryearson, Louise, Fuery, Madonna, Fung, Jiin, Furtado, Michelle, Galloway-Browne, Leanne, Gamble, Louise, Gamgee, Jeanette, Ganapathy, Arundathi, Gardner, Hayley, Gardner, Clare, Gasmelsheed, Noha, Gately, Amy, Gaynor, Lynda, Gebreid, Alex, Geffens, Ruth, George, Rachel, Gertner, Aniko, Ghebeh, Manar, Ghirardini, Emanuela, Giddings, Melainie, Gillett, Sandra, Gillett, Karen, Giri, Pratyush, Glass, Chris, Glewis, Sarah, Gooding, Sarah, Gordon, Olivia, Gordon, Joanne, Gottlieb, David, Gowda, Koushik, Gower, Elysie, Gray, Nicola, Grayer, Jo, Greaves, Elaine, Greenaway, Sally Anne, Greenfield, Graeme, Greenwood, Matthew, Gregory, Gareth, Griffin, James, Griffith, Julia, Griffith, James, Griffiths, Lindsey, Grzegrzolka, Paulina, Gu, Yisu, Guest, Jo, Guinai, Rosanna, Gullapalli, Veena, Gunolr, A., Guo, Lina, H, Wayne, Hagua, Sophia, Haile, Senait, Hall, Richard, Hamdollah-Zadeh, Maryam, Hanif, Zahra, Hanlon, Kathleen, Hann, Nicholas, Hanna, Ramez, Hannah, Guy, Hapuarachchi, Sameera, Hardman, Jacinta, Hardy, Alison, Harris, Anthony, Harris, Kylie, Harrison, Beth, Harrison, Simon, Harrison, Lea-Anne, Harrop, Sean, Harvey, Caroline, Hatcliffe, Faye, Hawking, Jo, Hawkins, Matthew, Hayden, Janet, Hayman, Michelle, Haynes, Elizabeth, Heaney, Nicholas, Hebbard, Andrew, Hempton, Jenny, Hendunneti, Sasanka, Henry, Maeve, Heywood, Jonathan, Hildyard, Catherine, Hill, Lydia, Hilldrith, Annette, Hitev, Petar, Hiwase, Smita, Hiwase, Devendra, Hoare, Chris, Hodge, Renate, Holloway, Amy, Holt, Chloe, Holton, Kelly, Homer, Lauren, Horne, Gillian, Horvath, Noemi, Hotong, Linda, Houdyk, Kristen, Houseman, Katy, Hoxhallari, Ilda, Hsu, Hannah, Hsu, Nina, Huang, Gillian, Hudson, Kerryn, Hufton, Melanie, Hughes, Timothy, Hughes, Siobhan, Hurley, Kate, Huxley, Rosie, Ibitoye, Temitope, Ibrouf, Abubaken, Inam, Farha, Indran, Tishya, Ingham, Karen, Innes, Calum, Irvine, David, Jaafar, Sarah, Jain, Manish, Jameson, Laura, Janjua, Pardeep, Jarvis, Rebecca, Jatheendran, Abirami, Javed, Abbie, Jen, Sheila, Jobanpura, Shailesh, Jobson, Irene, John, Deborah, Johns, Sophie, Johnston, Amanda, Jones, Hollie, Jones, Francesca, Joniak, Karolina, Jovanovic, Michael, Jovic, Anita, Joyce, Lauren, Judd, Andrew, Kakarlamudi, Sudhakar, Kakaroubas, Nick, Kalita, Maggie, Kam, Shirly, Kan, Julie, Kandle, P, Kanellopoulos, Alex, Kao, Chien, Kaparou, Maria, Kartsios, Charamlampos, Katsioulas, Vicki, Kaye, Russell, Keen, Katie, Kelly, Richard, Kelly, Pauline, Kelly, Donna, Kelly, Melanie, Kennedy, Glen, Kennedy, Nola, Kenny, Angela, Kenworthy, Zoe, Kerridge, Ian, Kesavan, Murali, Khafizi, Angelika, Khakwani, Muhammad, Khalid, Amna, Khamly, Kate, Khan, Anjum, Khan, Dalia, Khan, Mojid, Khan, Lubna, Khoo, Mona, Khwaja, Asim, Kim, Grace, King, Andrew, King, Vicky, King, Donna, Kinsella, Francesca, Kipp, David, Kirandeep, Pachoo, Kirui, Laura C., Kishore, Bhuvan, Knectlhi, Christopher, Knot, Amy, Knot, Armit, Ko, Cathy, Kolaric, Caitlin, Koo, Ray, Kotadia, Mary, Kothari, Jaimal, Kottaridis, Panagiotis D., Kuiluinathan, Gajan, Kulasekararaj, Austin, Kwan, John, Kwok, Marwan, Kwok, Phillip, Kwok, Fiona, Laane, Kristiina, Lad, Deena, Laird, Jennifer, Lam, Ada, Lane, Mary, Lanenco, Monica, Lang, Susan, Langridge, Alex, Langton, Catherine, Lannon, Michelle, Latif, Annie, Latimer, Maya, Latter, Ruth, Lau, I-Jun, Lawless, Sarah, Lawless, Theresa, Leach, Mike, Leaney, Sarah, Leary, Heather, Leavy, James, LeBlanc, Abbey, Lee, Vivienne, Lee, Edwin, Lee, Jenny, Lee, Tamara, Leischkie, Marian, Leitinger, Emma, Leon, Christopher, Leonard, Jayne, Lewis, David, Lewis, Ian, Lewis, Tania, Lim, Daniel, Littlewood, Kelly, Liu, Dara, Loh, Joanna, Lokare, Anand, Lomas, Oliver, Lovell, Richard, Lowe, Theresa, Lowry, Lisa, Lubowiecki, Marcin, Lumb, Rebecca, Lynch, Gail, Macaulay, Amanda, MacDonald, Lyndsey, MacDonald-Burn, Jill, Macmillan, Margaret, Maddock, Karen, Mahaliyana, Tomas, Mahon, Cassandra, Maidment, Alison, Maier, Susie, Mairos, Michelle, Majid, Mahseeman, Mak, Ka L, Mak, Anne, Malendrayogau, Arunthrthy, Malham, Hana, Malyon, Felicity, Mandadapu, Vineela, Mandel, Laura, Mant, Sarah, Manton, Ruth, Maouche, Nadjoua, Maqbool, Muhammad G., Marchant, Gregory, Marinho, Mariana, Marks, David, Marner, Mike, Marr, Helen, Marshall, Gillian, Martin, Siobhan, Martin, Abigail, Marzolini, Maria, Mason, Kiara, Massie, Jonathan, Masson, Rebecca, Mathavan, Vidya, Mathew, Siju, Mathie, Judith, Mattocks, Lehenta, Maybury, Bernard, Mayer, Georgina, McAlister, Chyrelle, McAllister, Jo, McConnell, Stewart, McCracken, James, McCullagh, Liz, McCulloch, Rory, Mcdermott, Christopher, Mcdonald, Kerian, McGinniss, Laura, McGurk, Fiona, McIlwain, Jessica, McIver, Kirsten, Mckay, Pam, McKenna, Lorraine, Mclornan, Donal, McMahon, Coalon, McNeice, Linda, McNeill, Susan, McNickle, Molly, McQueen, Fiona, McRae, Simon, McTaggart, Bobby, Mehew, Jenny, Mehra, Varnn, Melly, Michelle, Menichelli, Tara, Micklethwatte, Ken, Mihailescue, Loredana, Mijovic, Aleksander, Millband, Hannah, Miller, Lucy, Millien, Samuel T., Milnthorpe, James, Minson, Adrian, Molnar, Eva, Monsour, Marc, Moody, Mary, Moon, Rebecca, Moore, Sally, Moore, Katy, Morgan, Kelly, Morralley, Rebecca, Morris, Denise, Morris, Kirk, Morrison, Nicole, Moss, Merinda, Mughal, Muhammad, Muir, Paul, Mukkath, David, Mulla, Aasiyu, Mulligan, Stephen, Mullings, Joanne, Mulqueen, Angela, Muluey, Caitlin, Murdoch, Sarah, Murrani, Sura, Murthy, Vidhya, Musngi, Jimmy, Mustafa, Nadreen, Mynes, Tracey, Nalpantidis, Anastasios, Nandurkar, Harshal, Nardone, Linda, Nasari, Latifa, Nash, Monica, Naylor, Georgina, Ngu, Loretta, Nguethina, Melissa, Nguyen, John, Nguyen, Joseph, Nichol, Wendy, Nicholls, Emma, Nicole, Catherine S., Nicolson, Phillip, Nielson, David, Nikolousis, Emmanouil, Nix, Georgina, Njoku, Rita, Norman, Jane, Norman, Amy, Norris, Phoebe, North, Daniel, Norwood, Megan, Notcheva, Gaynor, Novitzky-Basso, Igor, Nyaboko, Joseph, Nygren, Maria, Obu, Ingrid, O'Connell, Siobhan, O'Connor, Jody, O'Kelly, Deanna, O'Niell, Aideen, Ony, Jeremy, Oo, Kathy, Oo, April, Oppermann, Anne, Orr, Ruth, O'Sullivan, Mary, Page, Jennifer, Palfreyman, Emma, Paneesha, Shankaranarayana, Panicker, Shyam, Parbutt, Catherine, Parigi, Elesha, Paris, Gemma, Parker, Tracey, Parnell, Caroline, Parrish, Christopher, Parsons, Alex, Pasat, Mioara, Patel, Natasha, Patel, Vijay, Patel, Pooja, Patel, Chaya, Pati, Nalini, Patterson, Andrea, Paul, Lauren, Payet, Danielle, Payne, Elspeth, Peachey, Victoria, Pearson, Amanda, Peniket, Andy, Percy, Laura, Pereyra, Millicent, Pervaiz, Omer, Phalod, Gunjan D, Pham, Anh, Pho, Jason, Pickard, Keir, Pidcock, Michael, Piggin, Anna, Pishyar, Yalda, Pocock, Abigail, Pol, Ranjendres, Polzella, Paolo, Poolan, Sonia, Portingale, Vicki, Posnett, Claire, Potluri, Sandeep, Potter, Victoria, Pratt, Guy, Prodger, Catherine, Pueblo, Andres, Puliyayil, Anish, Puvanakumar, Pratheepan, Qadri, Abdul, Quach, Hang, Quinn, Michael, Rafferty, Mark, Rahman, Marzia, Raj, Kavita, Raj, Sonia, Rajendran, Ramina, Ramanan, Radha, Ramasamy, Karthik, Rampotas, Alexandros, Ranchhod, Natasha, Rashid, Sabia, Ratanjee, Sunita, Rathore, Gurpreet, Ratnasingam, Sumita, Rayat, Manjit, Rayner, Michael, Reddell-Denton, Rebecca, Redding, Nicola, Reddy, Udaya, Rehman, Atique, Rice, Carol, Riches, Iwona, Rider, Thomas, Riley, John, Rinaldi, Ciro, Roberts, Kayleigh, Roberts, Andrew, Robertson, Bryony, Robertson, Peter, Robinson, Dan, Robinson, Rebecca, Robjohns, Emma, Robledo, Laura, Rodrigues, Ana, Rofe, Chris, Roff, Bridie, Rogers, Rachel, Rolt, Jill, Rooney, Carmela, Rose, Kathy, Rose, Hannah, Ross, David, Rouf, Shahara, Rourke, Claire, Routledge, David, Ruggiero, Janet, Rule, Simon, Rumsey, Richard, Sagge, Cherry, Saldhana, Helen, Salisbury, Richard, Salisbury, Sarah, Salvaris, Ross, Sanders, Kay, Sangombe, Mirriam, Sanigorska, Anna, Santos, Kristine, Sarkis, Taylah, Sarma, Anita, Saunders, Natalie, Schmidt, Kara, Schmidtmann, Anja, Schumacher, Ann, Scorer, Tom Scorer, Scott, Asleigh, Seath, Ingrid, Sejman, Frances, Selim, Adrian, Shamim, Nadia, Shan, Jocelyn, Shanmuganathan, Naranie, Shanmugaranjan, Shaminie, Sharpe, Michelle, Sharpley, Faye, Shaw, Emma, Sheath, Cara, Sheehy, Oonagh, Shen, Vivian, Sherbide, Solomon, Sheridan, Mathew, Sheridan, Jane, Sheridon, Matthew, Shields, Tracy, Sim, Hau V, Sim, Shirlene, Sims, Matt, Singaraveloo, Lydia, Singh, Gurcharan, Singh, Jasmine, Sladesal, Shree, Sloan, Andrew, Slobodian, Peter, Smith, Sophie, Smith, Sarit, Smith, Claire, Smith, Alastair, Smith, Neil, Snowden, Katherine, Solis, Joel, Somios, Denise, Soo, Jade, Spanevello, Michelle, Spaulding, Madeleie, Spence, Laura, Spillane, Liz, Spiteri, Alisha, Sprigg, Naomi, Springett, Sally, Stafford, Lynn, Stainthorp, Katherine, Stark, Kate, Steeden, Louise, Stephen, Ella, Stephenson, Aisling, Stewart, Andrew, Stewart, Orla, Stobie, Emma, Stokes, Chelsea, Streater, Jacqui, Suddens, Charlie-Marie, Suntharalingam, Surenthini, Surana, Narinder, Sutherland, Robyn, Sutherland, Antony, Sutton, David, Sweeney, Connor, Sweet, Reilly, Szucs, Aniko P, Taheri, Leila E., Tailor, Hinesh, Tam, Constantine, Tambakis, George, Tamplin, Mary, Tan, Chee, Tan, Sui, Tan, Joanne, Tan, Zhi, Taran, Tatiana, Tarpey, Fiona, Taseka, Angela, Tasker, Suzy, Tatarczuch, Maciej, Tayabali, Sarrah, Taylor, Hannah, Taylor, Robert, Taylor, Melaine, Taylor-Moore, Ella, Teasdale, Lesley, Tebbet, Elizabeth, Tedjasepstra, Aditya, Tedjaseputra, Aditya, Tepkumkun, Oummy, Terpstra, Andrew, Thomas, Wayne, Thomas, Shanice, Thompson, Rachel, Thornton, Thomas, Thorp, Bronwyn, Thrift, Moi Yap, Thwaites, Phillipa, Timbres, Jasmine, Tindall, Lauren, Tiong, Ing Soo, Tippler, Nicole, Todd, Tony, Todd, Shirley, Toghill, Neil, Tomlinson, Eve, Tooth, Jacinta, Topp, M., Trail, Nicola, Tran, Nguyen, Tran, Elizabeth, Tran, Vi, Treder, Bona, Tribbeck, Michelle, Trochowski, Siobhan, Truslove, Maria, Tse, Tsun, Tseu, Bing, Tucker, David, Turner, Kelly, Turner, Dianne, Turner, Herleen, Turner, Gillian, Twohig, Julie, Tylee, Thomas, Uhe, Micheleine, Underhill, Lauren, V, Joanne, Van der Vliet, Georgina, Van Tonder, Tina, VanderWeyden, Carrie, Varghese, Jerry, Vaughan, Lachlan, Veale, David, Vickaryyous, Nicky, Vince, Kathryn, Von Welligh, Jacoba, Vora, Sona, Wadehra, Karan, Walker, Rebecca, Walker, Stephen, Wallace, Roslyn, Wallniosve, Stephanie, Wallwork, S., Walmsley, Zoe, Walters, Fiona, Wang, Joyce, Wang, Angela, Wang, Chen, Wanyika, Mercy, Warcel, Dana, Wardrobe, Katrina, Warnes, Kristian, Waterhouse, Christopher, Waterworth, Adam, Watson, Caroline, Watson, Edmund, Watts, Emily, Weaver, Emma, Weber, Nicholas, Webley, Kaytie, Welford, Anna, Wells, Matt, Westbury, Sarah, Westcott, Jackie, Western, Robyn, Weston, Julia, White, Jessica, White, Phillipa, Whitehead, Anna, Whitehouse, James, Wieringa, Samantha, Willan, John, Williams, Sandra, Williams, Bethany, Williamson, Stephanie, Willoughby, Brett, Wilmot, Gail, Wilmott, Rosalind, Wilson, Joanna, Wilson, Emma, Wilson, Suzy, Wilson, Heather, Wilson, Caroline, Wilson, Tanya, Wilton, Margaret, Wiltshire, Paula, Wincup, Joanne, Wolf, Julia, Wong, Henna, Wong, Cyndi, Wong, Daniel, Wong, Jonathan, Wong, Shi Qin, Wood, Sarah, Wood, Henry, Wooding, Jackie, Woolley, Kelly, Wright, Myles, Wynn-Williams, Roland, Yannakou, Costas, Yeoh, Zhi Han, Yeung, David, Young, Agnes, Yuen, Flora, Yuen, Agnes, Zaja, Oliver, Zhang, Xiao-Yin, and Zhang, Mei

Published
2025
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13. Review of EEF Projects. Technical Annex

Author

Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) (United Kingdom), Sheffield Hallam University (United Kingdom), Sheffield Institute of Education (SIoE), Demack, Sean, Maxwell, Bronwen, Coldwell, Mike, Stevens, Anna, Wolstenholme, Claire, Reaney-Wood, Sarah, Stiell, Bernadette, and Lortie-Forgues, Hugues

Abstract

This document provides supplementary statistical tables to support the review of Education Endowment Foundation (EEF) evaluations. This includes: (1) Descriptive (univariate) tables for all explanatory variables; (2) Tables for the meta-analyses of primary ITT effect sizes; (3) Tables for the meta-analyses of secondary ITT effect sizes; (4) Tables for the meta-analyses of FSM subsample primary / secondary effect sizes; (5) Tables for the analyses of cost effectiveness; and (6) Tables for the analyses of pupil-level attrition. The analyses of pupil-level attrition identified a clear (and expected) association with the type of primary ITT outcome that was used in a trial (i.e., commercial tests tended to have higher attrition compared with official/NPD outcomes). For this reason, a limited follow-on elaboration analysis was undertaken for the attrition analyses. Specifically, analyses were undertaken separately for trials that used a commercial and trials that used an official/NPD outcome. This resulted in additional tables: (7) Tables for the elaboration analyses of pupil-level attrition. [For "Review of EEF Projects. Evaluation Report," see ED625480. For "Review of EEF Projects. Summary of Key Findings," see ED625481.]

Published
2021

24. Mapping mental health finances in Ghana, Uganda, Sri Lanka, India and Lao PDR

Author

de Menil Victoria, Wood Sarah K, Raja Shoba, and Mannarath Saju C

Subjects
Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

Abstract Background Limited evidence about mental health finances in low and middle-income countries is a key challenge to mental health care policy initiatives. This study aimed to map mental health finances in Ghana, Uganda, India (Kerala state), Sri Lanka and Lao PDR focusing on how much money is available for mental health, how it is spent, and how this impacts mental health services. Methods A researcher in each region reviewed public mental health-related budgets and interviewed key informants on government mental health financing. A total of 43 key informant interviews were conducted. Quantitative data was analyzed in an excel matrix using descriptive statistics. Key informant interviews were coded a priori against research questions. Results National ring-fenced budgets for mental health as a percentage of national health spending for 2007-08 is 1.7% in Sri Lanka, 3.7% in Ghana, 2.0% in Kerala (India) and 6.6% in Uganda. Budgets were not available in Lao PDR. The majority of ring-fenced budgets (76% to 100%) is spent on psychiatric hospitals. Mental health spending could not be tracked beyond the psychiatric hospital level due to limited information at the health centre and community levels. Conclusions Mental health budget information should be tracked and made publically accessible. Governments can adapt WHO AIMS indicators for reviewing national mental health finances. Funding allocations work more effectively through decentralization. Mental health financing should reflect new ideas emerging from community based practice in LMICs.

Published
2010
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26. Management of early rheumatoid arthritis with disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs : guidelines, current practice and the role of community pharmacy

Author

Wood, Sarah, Hyrich, Kimme, Verstappen, Suzanne, and Steinke, Douglas

Subjects
methotrexate, DMARD, community, pharmacist, rheumatoid
Abstract

Background: Despite increasing evidence for the optimal pharmacological management of early rheumatoid arthritis (RA), there remains uncertainty concerning the most effective treatment regimen and in particular the role of combination disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARDs) in early disease. Optimising medicines use will contribute to their effectiveness and community pharmacists (CP) are well placed to support this. However, little is known about the role CP play in managing RA. Aims: 1) Investigate DMARD utilisation in early RA and outcomes associated with various treatment approaches; 2) Explore the current role of community pharmacists in RA management. Methods: Data from the Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Study (RAMS, 2008 to 2019), a large UK prospective study recruiting patients starting methotrexate (MTX) for the first time, were used in this thesis and included information on demographics, disease activity, and RA treatments captured at MTX start, and at 6 and 12 months thereafter. Patients were categorised as starting (1) MTX monotherapy or (2) MTX/other DMARD combination therapy. Patient characteristics at treatment start and outcomes after 6 months were compared. In parallel, a mixed methods study including a survey of UK based CP (n=84) and semi-structured interviews (n=9) was conducted. The survey was analysed using content analysis and simple proportions and thematic analysis was used to identify the key themes from the interviews. Results: Overall, most patients started MTX monotherapy (n=878, 72%), despite national guidelines recommending combination therapy. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was used with MTX in most instances of combination therapy. Younger age, higher physician disease severity rating, and lower MTX dose were associated with use of combination therapy over monotherapy; however, there was no association between initial treatment regimen and outcome at 6 months. In general, the CP survey found almost half rated their RA knowledge as good and provided counselling on MTX, largely focussing on safety, but less commonly on other DMARDs such as HCQ. Many barriers to increasing their role in RA management were found in interviews (e.g. lack of information, lack of funding, and prioritising more common conditions) but most felt confident with to provide MURs despite lack of RA knowledge. Conclusion: Rheumatologists did not follow national guidance for pharmacological management of early RA, but there was no difference in outcomes when they did, suggesting no advantage to more complex treatment regimens, which has implications for guideline developers and policy makers. There is a clear current role that CP play in the pharmacological management of RA however, this is focused on side-effect counselling and reducing practical barriers to taking medicines. There may be significant barriers to both the current and future role of CP in the management of RA and these include: a lack of access to clinical information, a perceived lack of knowledge and the fact that pharmacists perceive patients with RA to be a low priority compared to patients with other long-term conditions, but this research has highlighted a potential future and even expanded role for CP in supporting people with RA, if these barriers can be addressed.

Published
2021

28. The relative timing of VMO and VL in the aetiology of anterior knee pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Dixon John, Sweeting David, Smith Toby O, Chester Rachel, Wood Sarah, and Song Fujian

Subjects
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system, RC925-935
Abstract

Abstract Background Anterior knee pain (AKP) is a common musculoskeletal complaint. It has been suggested that one factor that may contribute to the presence of AKP is a delay in the recruitment of the vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO) relative to the vastus lateralis muscle (VL). There is however little consensus within the literature regarding the existence or nature of any such delay in the recruitment of the VMO within the AKP population. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the relative timing of onset of the VMO and VL in those with AKP in comparison to the asymptomatic population. Methods The bibliographic databases AMED, British Nursing Index, CINAHL, EMBASE, Ovid Medline, PEDro, Pubmed and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies comparing the timing of EMG onset of the VMO and VL in those with AKP versus the asymptomatic population. Studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria were independently assessed. Heterogeneity across the studies was measured. A meta-analysis of results was completed for those studies where adequate data was supplied. Where comparable methodologies had been used, results were pooled and analysed. Results Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria; one prospective and thirteen observational case control. Eleven compared VMO and VL EMG onset times during voluntary active tasks while four investigated reflex response times. All used convenience sampling and did not state blinding of the assessor. Study methodologies/testing and assessment procedures varied and there was considerable heterogeneity within individual samples. Whilst a trend was identified towards a delay in onset of VMO relative to the VL in the AKP population during both voluntary active tasks and reflex activity, a substantial degree of heterogeneity across the pooled studies was identified (I2 = 69.9–93.4%, p < 0.01). Conclusion Findings are subject to substantial and unexplained heterogeneity. A trend was demonstrated towards a delayed onset of VMO relative to VL in those with AKP in comparison to those without. However not all AKP patients demonstrate a VMO-VL dysfunction, and this is compounded by normal physiological variability in the healthy population. The clinical and therapeutic significance is therefore difficult to assess.

Published
2008
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29. Accuracy and precision of citizen scientist animal counts from drone imagery.

Author

Wood, Sarah A, Robinson, Patrick W, Costa, Daniel P, and Beltran, Roxanne S

Subjects
Animals, Fur Seals, Sea Lions, Humans, Ecosystem, Population Dynamics, Aircraft, Citizen Science, General Science & Technology
Abstract

Repeated counts of animal abundance can reveal changes in local ecosystem health and inform conservation strategies. Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), also known as drones, are commonly used to photograph animals in remote locations; however, counting animals in images is a laborious task. Crowd-sourcing can reduce the time required to conduct these censuses considerably, but must first be validated against expert counts to measure sources of error. Our objectives were to assess the accuracy and precision of citizen science counts and make recommendations for future citizen science projects. We uploaded drone imagery from Año Nuevo Island (California, USA) to a curated Zooniverse website that instructed citizen scientists to count seals and sea lions. Across 212 days, over 1,500 volunteers counted animals in 90,000 photographs. We quantified the error associated with several descriptive statistics to extract a single citizen science count per photograph from the 15 repeat counts and then compared the resulting citizen science counts to expert counts. Although proportional error was relatively low (9% for sea lions and 5% for seals during the breeding seasons) and improved with repeat sampling, the 12+ volunteers required to reduce error was prohibitively slow, taking on average 6 weeks to estimate animals from a single drone flight covering 25 acres, despite strong public outreach efforts. The single best algorithm was 'Median without the lowest two values', demonstrating that citizen scientists tended to under-estimate the number of animals present. Citizen scientists accurately counted adult seals, but accuracy was lower when sea lions were present during the summer and could be confused for seals. We underscore the importance of validation efforts and careful project design for researchers hoping to combine citizen science with imagery from drones, occupied aircraft, and/or remote cameras.

Published
2021

33. Salt-inducible kinase 1 maintains HDAC7 stability to promote pathologic cardiac remodeling

Author

Hsu, Austin, Duan, Qiming, McMahon, Sarah, Huang, Yu, Wood, Sarah AB, Gray, Nathanael S, Wang, Biao, Bruneau, Benoit G, and Haldar, Saptarsi M

Subjects
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Stem Cell Research, Stem Cell Research - Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell, Stem Cell Research - Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell - Human, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Animals, Histone Deacetylases, Humans, Mice, Myocytes, Cardiac, Phosphorylation, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Rats, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Ventricular Remodeling, Cardiology, Cardiovascular disease, Heart failure, Muscle Biology, Signal transduction, Medical and Health Sciences, Immunology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Salt-inducible kinases (SIKs) are key regulators of cellular metabolism and growth, but their role in cardiomyocyte plasticity and heart failure pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we showed that loss of SIK1 kinase activity protected against adverse cardiac remodeling and heart failure pathogenesis in rodent models and cardiomyocytes derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. We found that SIK1 phosphorylated and stabilized histone deacetylase 7 (HDAC7) protein during cardiac stress, an event that is required for pathologic cardiomyocyte remodeling. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of HDAC7 in cultured cardiomyocytes implicated HDAC7 as a prohypertrophic signaling effector that can induce c-Myc expression, indicating a functional departure from the canonical MEF2 corepressor function of class IIa HDACs. Taken together, our findings reveal what we believe to be a previously unrecognized role for a SIK1/HDAC7 axis in regulating cardiac stress responses and implicate this pathway as a potential target in human heart failure.

Published
2020

43. Investigating how personality and mood impact perceived pain experience and expression in the domestic dog

Author

Reaney-Wood, Sarah Jane

Abstract

Across the human literature many successful attempts have been made to research how individual differences, such as; emotional predisposition, mood and personality both mediate and moderate how people express that they are in pain, cope with painful conditions and the impact painful conditions have on an individual's quality of life. As such, we have an understanding, albeit not full, of the ways in which pain can impact human life on many levels. We also know that individuals higher in positive affect cope better with compromised health. Despite there being pre-existing literature with nonhuman animals looking at both personality and pain independently, little research has attempted to look at the effect of one on the other. As such, it is unclear what impact, if any, emotional predisposition, mood or personality has on pain behaviour and coping in animals. Dogs are one of the most popular animals to be kept as domestic pets worldwide; further to this they play a crucial role in society in many working roles. There are several health conditions that affect dogs across their lifetime which are thought to cause pain, making them an ideal species to look at the impact of personality and mood on pain behaviour. Pain is exceptionally difficult to assess and monitor in animals, and as such further work in this area is needed. This PhD used a mixture of a systematic review, questionnaire data and biomechanical assessments of gait and pain to start to examine whether pain expression is associated with disease severity, or where other factors such as a dog's personality and mood moderates the relationship between disease severity and pain behaviour. In addition, accelerometers were piloted as an alternative to force plate assessment, to provide accurate, objective pain assessment in clinical settings. The findings suggest that as we see in humans, positive affect is a source of resilience in pain and dogs in pain can be differentiated from their healthy counterparts by lower levels of positive affect. Neuroticism also moderates the effects of severity on pain; higher levels of neuroticism are suggestive of higher levels of pain. Using the method employed in this thesis, accelerometers do not appear to be an alternative tool to assess gait changes related to pain. The implications from these findings are discussed in context with human literature on positive psychology to suggest a reconceptualization of how we view pain and its subsequent treatment in animals.

Published
2019

45. ALMA observations of the interaction of a radio jet with molecular gas in Minkowski's Object

Author

Lacy, Mark, Croft, Steve, Fragile, Chris, Wood, Sarah, and Nyland, Kristina

Subjects
Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies
Abstract

We use ALMA to detect and image CO (1-0) emission from Minkowski's Object, a dwarf galaxy that is interacting with a radio jet from a nearby elliptical galaxy. These observations are the first to detect molecular gas in Minkowski's Object. We estimate the range in the mass of molecular gas in Minkowski's Object assuming two different values of the ratio of the molecular gas mass to the CO luminosity, $\alpha_{\rm CO}$. For the Milky Way value of $\alpha_{\rm CO}=4.6~M_{\odot}{\rm (K~km~s^{-1}~pc^2)^{-1}}$ we obtain a molecular gas mass of $M_{\rm H_2} =3.0 \times 10^7~M_{\odot}$, 6% of the HI gas mass. We also use the prescription of Narayanan et al. (2012) to estimate an $\alpha_{\rm CO}=27~M_{\odot}{\rm (K~km~s^{-1}~pc^2)^{-1}}$, in which case we obtain $M_{\rm H_2} =1.8 \times 10^8~M_{\odot}$, 36% of the HI mass. The observations are consistent with previous claims of star formation being induced in Minkowski's Object via the passage of the radio jet, and it therefore being a rare local example of positive feedback from an AGN. In particular, we find highly efficient star formation, with gas depletion timescales $\sim 5\times 10^7 - 3\times 10^8$yr (for assumed values of $\alpha_{\rm CO}=4.6$ and $27~M_{\odot}{\rm (K~km~s^{-1}~pc^2)^{-1}}$, respectively) in the upstream regions of Minkowski's Object that were struck first by the jet, and less efficient star formation downstream. We discuss the implications of this observation for models of jet induced star formation and radio mode feedback in massive galaxies., Comment: ApJ, in press

Published
2017
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46. "Someone to talk to": A qualitative study of oncology trainees' experience of mentorship around moral distress.

Author

Preti, Beatrice T. B. and Wood, Sarah

Subjects
*PHENOMENOLOGY, *MENTORING, *ONCOLOGY, *HONESTY, *QUALITATIVE research
Abstract

Background: Moral distress is an intrinsic part of healthcare, particularly prevalent in oncology practitioners. Previous studies have suggested mentorship may play a role in combatting moral distress; however, there is a lack of good evidence aimed at understanding trainees' experience with either mentorship or moral distress, including the intersection between the two. Methods: We conducted a single‐centre study in the hermeneutic phenomenological approach at a Canadian academic cancer centre. Six semi‐structured interviews with senior oncology trainees were conducted and analysed according to the interpretive profiles hermeneutic phenomenological approach. Findings/results: Key findings include the idea that trainees do find mentorship valuable and helpful in navigating moral distress, which is described as common and inevitable, with a number of triggers and factors identified. However, a mentorship relationship must involve mutual respect, understanding, and honesty in order to be valuable. Additionally, engaging in open, honest discussions with mentors, particularly more senior individuals, is seen as a risk–benefit balance by trainees; vertical mentors bring more wisdom and experience, but may also have a greater impact on a trainee's future. Conclusion: This thought‐provoking study highlights mentorship as a potential method to combat the troubling phenomenon of moral distress in oncology trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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47. Hemingway, Trauma and Masculinity: In the Garden of the Uncanny. By Stephen Gilbert Brown. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019. 306 pp. Paperback $69.99

Author

Wood, Sarah Anderson

Subjects
Hemingway, Trauma and Masculinity: In the Garden of the Uncanny (Biography) -- Brown, Stephen Gilbert, Books -- Book reviews, Literature/writing
Abstract

Drawing on bountiful criticism in various disciplines, Stephen Gilbert Brown examines the connection between Hemingways early relationship with his family to solidify assertions that the wounds of emasculation--wellexplored critically in [...]

Published
2022

48. A retrospective study of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis counselling among non-Hispanic Black youth diagnosed with bacterial sexually transmitted infections in the United States, 2014-2019

Author

Watson, Dovie L., Petsis, Danielle T., Pickel, Julia, Frank, Ian, Wood, Sarah M., and Gross, Robert

Subjects
Sexually transmitted diseases -- Statistics -- Care and treatment, African American teenagers -- Statistics -- Care and treatment, African American youth -- Statistics -- Care and treatment, HIV infection -- Prevention -- Risk factors, Health counseling -- Statistics -- Methods, Health
Abstract

Introduction: Youth account for a disproportionate number of new HIV infections; however, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use is limited. We evaluated PrEP counselling rates among non-Hispanic Black youth in the United States after a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) diagnosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Black youth receiving care at two academically affiliated clinics in Philadelphia between June 2014 and June 2019. We compared PrEP counselling for youth who received primary care services versus those who did not receive primary care services, all of whom met PrEP eligibility criteria due to STI diagnosis per U.S. Centers for Disease Controland Prevention clinicalpractice guidelines. Two logistic regression models for receipt of PrEP counselling were fit: Model1 focused on sexualand gender minority (SGM) status and Model2 on rectalSTIs with both models adjusted for patient- and healthcare-level factors. Results: Four hundred and sixteen patients met PrEP eligibility criteria due to STI based on sex assigned at birth and sexual partners. Thirty patients (7%) had documentation of PrEP counselling. Receipt of primary care services was not significantly associated with receipt of PrEP counselling in either Model1 (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.10 [95% CI 0.01, 0.99]) or Model2 (aOR 0.52 [95% CI 0.10, 2.77]). Receipt of PrEP counselling was significantly associated with later calendar years of STI diagnosis (aOR 6.80 [95% CI 1.64, 29.3]), assigned male sex at birth (aOR 26.2 [95% CI 3.46, 198]) and SGM identity (aOR 317 [95% CI 39.9, 2521]) in Model1 and later calendar years of diagnosis (aOR 3.46 [95% CI 1.25, 9.58]), assigned male sex at birth (aOR 18.6 [95% CI 3.88, 89.3]) and rectal STI diagnosis (aOR 28.0 [95% CI 8.07, 97.5]) in Model2. Fourteen patients (3%) started PrEP during the observation period; 12/14 (86%) were SGM primary care patients assigned male sex at birth. Conclusions: PrEP counselling and uptake among U.S. non-Hispanic Black youth remain disproportionately low despite recent STI diagnosis. These findings support the need for robust investment in PrEP-inclusive sexualhealth services that are widely implemented and culturally tailored to Black youth, particularly cisgender heterosexualfemales. Keywords: pre-exposure prophylaxis; adolescents; sexually transmitted diseases; key and vulnerable populations; HIV prevention; gender, 1 | INTRODUCTION Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among youth (individuals aged 13-24 years) are an enduring public health issue in the United States. In 2018, [...]

Published
2022
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49. What Do General and Organic Chemistry Students Consider When Making Decisions about Acids and Bases? A Phenomenographic Study

Author

Wood, Sarah A.

Abstract

Chemistry students often struggle in organic chemistry courses. In fact, these courses are viewed by some as "weed-out" classes. There are many fundamental concepts covered in general chemistry that contribute to students' ability to succeed in organic chemistry. One of those fundamental topics, and the focus of this study, is the topic of acids and bases. Acid-base topics are featured in both general and organic chemistry courses, and the interests of this study lie not only within the realm of organic chemistry but also general chemistry. The purpose of this study was to determine both undergraduate general and organic chemistry students' understandings of acid-base topics. The study design was guided by the theoretical framework of phenomenography, which is focused on identifying the various ways a group experiences a given phenomenon or event. In the case of this study, the phenomenon is the topic of acid-base chemistry. Specifically, I used semi-structured interviews and activities involving molecular structures in order to determine what knowledge or information students focused on and made use of when making decisions about the identity and behaviors of acids and bases. The end goal was to obtain a set of hierarchically organized categories that represent each participant group's range of understandings of acids and bases. There were three main themes in terms of the knowledge and information that both participant groups used when making decisions about acidity and basicity: recognition, composition and structure, and behavior. In essence, participants appeared to be asking themselves certain questions when deciding if a molecule was an acid or a base: (a) "Do I know this molecule is an acid or a base?" (when relying on "recognition" of a molecule); (b) "Does this molecule look like an acid or a base?" (when focusing on the "composition and structure" of a molecule); and (c) "Does this molecule act like an acid or a base?" (when using "behavior" of a molecule to inform their decisions). When making decisions about the relative acidity of two different molecules, they appeared to be asking themselves one of an analogous set of questions: (a) "Do I know this molecule is more acidic or more basic than this other one?" (when relying on "recognition" of the molecules); (b) "Does this molecule look more acidic or more basic than this other one?" (when focusing on the "composition and structure" of the molecules); and (c) or "Does this molecule act more like an acid or more like a base than this other one?" (when using "behavior" of a molecule to inform their decisions).The data revealed that participants associated particular aspects of structure, composition, and behavior with acidity and basicity, and that many of these aspects were related to the definitions of "acid" and "base" provided by the three models of acidity (Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis). For example, participants often brought up the ability of a molecule to donate hydrogen when deciding a molecule was an acid (the Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid) and the presence of lone pair electrons when determining that a molecule was a base (a Lewis base is defined as a species that donates an electron pair).Overall, although some participants were able to use underlying chemical principles to explain their identification of acids and bases or to choose the more acidic (basic) of a pair of molecules, most participants--at both the general chemistry and organic chemistry levels--relied on simple, surface-level features of molecules when discussing the acidity or basicity of a molecule. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]

Published
2021

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