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Attracting qualified workers from a third country is an important element for maintaining the economic development and competitiveness of the Republic of Bulgaria. In Bulgaria, as in other member states of the European Union, the access of third-country nationals to the labor market is regulated in order to ensure controlled migration and protect jobs for the local population. The purpose of this presentation is to make a general scientific and educational analysis of the legal regime of the right to access the labor market and to present to the reader in a systematized form only those provisions of the law that refer to the types of legal regime of access to the labor market of third country nationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attracting qualified workers from a third country is an important element for maintaining the economic development and competitiveness of the Republic of Bulgaria. In Bulgaria, as in other member states of the European Union, the access of third-country nationals to the labor market is regulated in order to ensure controlled migration and protect jobs for the local population. The purpose of this presentation is to make a general scientific and educational analysis of the legal regime of the right to access the labor market and to present to the reader in a systematized form only those provisions of the law that refer to the types of legal regime of access to the labor market of third country nationals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of PRAKSIS is the property of PRAKSIS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Irish migration legal framework (MLF) attracts economic migrants to fuel the national economy in the era of globalization. The approach closely aligns with the key prisms of domestic politics, institutionalism, and neoliberalism, which focuses on increasing the number of work permit holders rather than operationalizing their employment, social and gender needs to be met through concrete legal measures, so that they could enter the country and engage in employment without experiencing exploitation. The paper underlines the interplay between relevant legislation, government officials, employers, and migrants (work permit holders) that determine the ‘employer-sensitive’ or ‘gender-sensitive’ approach of the Irish MLF. The selected clauses empower government officials and employers to interpret them through their lenses, utilize migrant human resources as per their preferences, and convince them to accept conditional employment. We draw inferences based on multiple data sources, e.g. visa applicant data from the Department of Justice (DoJ), in-depth interviews with migration experts and migrants (work permit holders), and relevant legislation. Findings reveal that the Irish MLF is ‘employer-sensitive’, which neglects the human rights of migrants in two layers; (i) the legislation dealing with work permits and visas denies the right of entry at the beginning, and (ii) employers can take advantage of certain legal clauses to exploit migrants at workplaces.

Copyright of Selcuk Law Review / Selçuk Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Selcuk Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focuses on improving pre-emptive risk recognition and safety checks to prevent workplace accidents. It underscores improvements by addressing existing research issues, suggesting potential enhancements through system development. Work approval procedures and workers' prior risk awareness, through the confirmation of work safety standards in physically separated work areas, are fundamental methods of preventing serious accidents and creating a safe work environment. A key factor concerning worker safety is recognizing the potential accident risk factors (or hazards) in advance through practical job hazard analysis and consequently take risk-reduction measures in case the safety standards are not met. Despite the crucial significance of pre-awareness of work risks at the majority of construction sites, tools to enhance this awareness are currently limited. Furthermore, real-time detection of work risks and the implementation of risk reduction measures are contingent upon a monitoring environment and a robust safety culture. This study proposed construction worker location-tracking technology that recognizes personal identification (ID). A safety check system based on location tracking combining personal quick response code (QR code) recognition and computer vision technology to automatically identify workers' personal identities and track their physical location was proposed. A real-time safety check system was implemented to classify automatically whether workers have confirmed hazards and to approve a work process in high-risk workplaces by supervisors. Location-tracking technology with ID recognition performed the following two safety management functions. First, if a construction worker does not pre-check the work risk information before entering the work zone, the geofencing technology automatically classifies workers as those who are not aware of job hazards. Secondly, the safety manager or supervisor entering the on-site work zone possesses the authority to halt work if the work environment fails to meet safety standards and can issue warnings regarding risky situations. Essential functions were validated through a case study involving preliminary testing within the development system. To assess the practical application of the system, virtual simulations were conducted using recorded videos from a construction site to replicate the two essential functions of the system. The system was constructed using an Apache server and Python code, and for testing purposes, the names of the workers were randomized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iş, Güç: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources is the property of Is, Guc: The Journal of Industrial Relations & Human Resources and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Between 2014 and 2020 over 1.8 million refugees fled from Venezuela to Colombia as a result ofa humanitarian crisis, many of them without a regular migratory status. We study the short- tomedium-term labor market impacts in Colombia of the Permiso Temporal de Permanenciaprogram, the largest migratory amnesty program offered to undocumented migrants in adeveloping country in modern history. The program granted regular migratory status and workpermits to nearly half a million undocumented Venezuelan migrants in Colombia in August 2018.To identify the effects of the program, we match confidential administrative data on the locationof undocumented migrants with department-monthly data from household surveys and comparelabor outcomes in departments that were granted different average time windows to register forthe amnesty online, before and after the program roll-out. We are only able to distinguish negativealbeit negligible effects of the program on the formal employment of Colombian workers. Theseeffects are predominantly concentrated in highly educated and in female workers.

Abstract Background Previous research concluded that substance (mis)use is increasing among forcibly displaced populations. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted within a social ecological framework aimed at identifying and understanding the factors affecting substance (mis)use embedded in the post-migration context in high-income countries. The present study aims to develop an understanding of the links and underlying mechanisms between refugees’ social ecological determinants and substance (mis)using behavior. Methods Rapid assessments (RAs), including 108 semi-structured interviews and 10 focus group discussions with key persons from various professional, and personal backgrounds, were carried out in German urban and rural areas. The RA approach of interviewing key persons and not solely refugees that (mis)use substances allowed us to gather multi-perspective knowledge on this sensitive topic. Qualitative content analysis was applied, aiming at identifying determinants of substance (mis)use embedded in the post-migration context of refugees and understanding the underlying mechanisms. Results One main result of the data suggests that the link between refugees’ countries of origin and their post-migration substance (mis)use is not as direct as often assumed. It is observed that refugees’ prospects and opportunities in receiving countries (e.g., work permits) undermine this commonly reproduced link. Further determinants are related to living conditions in German refugee shelters and social relations with peers and families. The influence of refugees’ living conditions can be summarized as potentially increasing substance availability and distress, whereas family separation produces a loss of control and responsibility, increasing the risk for substance (mis)use. Peers’ influence on substance (mis)use was reported to reflect a search for a sense of belonging. Conclusions Given that refugees who (mis)use substances have limited to no control over the factors identified in our study to be associated with substance (mis)use, common treatment and prevention approaches are challenged. Furthermore, we recommend aiming for a holistic comprehension of refugees’ substance (mis)use by expanding the focus beyond individuals to the social ecological context in any attempt, including prevention, treatment, research, and policy.

This study focuses on improving pre-emptive risk recognition and safety checks to prevent workplace accidents. It underscores improvements by addressing existing research issues, suggesting potential enhancements through system development. Work approval procedures and workers’ prior risk awareness, through the confirmation of work safety standards in physically separated work areas, are fundamental methods of preventing serious accidents and creating a safe work environment. A key factor concerning worker safety is recognizing the potential accident risk factors (or hazards) in advance through practical job hazard analysis and consequently take risk-reduction measures in case the safety standards are not met. Despite the crucial significance of pre-awareness of work risks at the majority of construction sites, tools to enhance this awareness are currently limited. Furthermore, real-time detection of work risks and the implementation of risk reduction measures are contingent upon a monitoring environment and a robust safety culture. This study proposed construction worker location-tracking technology that recognizes personal identification (ID). A safety check system based on location tracking combining personal quick response code (QR code) recognition and computer vision technology to automatically identify workers’ personal identities and track their physical location was proposed. A real-time safety check system was implemented to classify automatically whether workers have confirmed hazards and to approve a work process in high-risk workplaces by supervisors. Location-tracking technology with ID recognition performed the following two safety management functions. First, if a construction worker does not pre-check the work risk information before entering the work zone, the geofencing technology automatically classifies workers as those who are not aware of job hazards. Secondly, the safety manager or supervisor entering the on-site work zone possesses the authority to halt work if the work environment fails to meet safety standards and can issue warnings regarding risky situations. Essential functions were validated through a case study involving preliminary testing within the development system. To assess the practical application of the system, virtual simulations were conducted using recorded videos from a construction site to replicate the two essential functions of the system. The system was constructed using an Apache server and Python code, and for testing purposes, the names of the workers were randomized.

Background: Previous research concluded that substance (mis)use is increasing among forcibly displaced populations. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted within a social ecological framework aimed at identifying and understanding the factors affecting substance (mis)use embedded in the post-migration context in high-income countries. The present study aims to develop an understanding of the links and underlying mechanisms between refugees' social ecological determinants and substance (mis)using behavior. Methods: Rapid assessments (RAs), including 108 semi-structured interviews and 10 focus group discussions with key persons from various professional, and personal backgrounds, were carried out in German urban and rural areas. The RA approach of interviewing key persons and not solely refugees that (mis)use substances allowed us to gather multi-perspective knowledge on this sensitive topic. Qualitative content analysis was applied, aiming at identifying determinants of substance (mis)use embedded in the post-migration context of refugees and understanding the underlying mechanisms. Results: One main result of the data suggests that the link between refugees' countries of origin and their post-migration substance (mis)use is not as direct as often assumed. It is observed that refugees' prospects and opportunities in receiving countries (e.g., work permits) undermine this commonly reproduced link. Further determinants are related to living conditions in German refugee shelters and social relations with peers and families. The influence of refugees' living conditions can be summarized as potentially increasing substance availability and distress, whereas family separation produces a loss of control and responsibility, increasing the risk for substance (mis)use. Peers' influence on substance (mis)use was reported to reflect a search for a sense of belonging. Conclusions: Given that refugees who (mis)use substances have limited to no control over the factors identified in our study to be associated with substance (mis)use, common treatment and prevention approaches are challenged. Furthermore, we recommend aiming for a holistic comprehension of refugees' substance (mis)use by expanding the focus beyond individuals to the social ecological context in any attempt, including prevention, treatment, research, and policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ÖZ: Ülkeler arasında yaşanan çatışma ve şiddet olaylarının artması sonucunda göç eden ve sığınma arayışına giren insan sayısı da artmıştır. Coğrafi konumu itibariyle göç yolları üzerinde olan ülkemiz sıklıkla göç almaktadır. Yaşanan şiddet ve çatışma nedeniyle ülkesinden ayrılmak zorunda olup kitlesel olarak veya kitlesel akın sürecinde bireysel olarak ülkemize sığınan kişiler mevzuatımızda geçici koruma statüsünde kabul edilmiştir. Ülkemize sığınan ve geçici koruma statüsünde olan kişiler, kaldıkları süre boyunca sağlık, eğitim, iletişim ve çalışma hayatında yer alma gibi birçok sorun ile karşı karşıya kalmaktadırlar. Geçici koruma statüsünde olan kişilerin insan onuruna yaraşır bir şekilde hayat sürdürebilmeleri için çalışma hakkı büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu çalışmanın konusunu, ülkemizde geçici koruma kapsamında olan kişilerin çalışma hakkı ve çalışma hayatında karşılaştıkları sorunlar oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede ilk olarak çalışmada geçici koruma kapsamında olan kişilere ilişkin mevzuatın gelişim süreci, mevzuatta yer alan düzenlemeler ve söz konusu yabancıların çalışma hayatında karşılaştıkları sorunlar incelenmiştir. Daha sonra ise bu kişilerin kendilerine yasaklanmış iş ve meslekte çalışmaları ile çalışma izni olmadan çalışmalarının hukuki sonuçları ele alınmıştır. ABSTRACT: As a result of the increase in conflicts and violence between countries, there is also an increase in the number of people migrating and seeking asylum. Our country, which is on the migration routes due to its geographical location, frequently receives immigration. Persons who had to quit their country due to the violence and conflict experienced and who took refuge in our country in mass or individually during the massinflux are accepted as temporary protection status in our legislation. Those people who take refuge in our country and are under temporary protection status are faced with many problems such as health, education, communication and taking part in working life during their stay. The right to work is of paramount importance for persons under temporary protection status to lead a life in a way that suits human dignity. The subject of this study is the right to work of people whose under temporary protection in our country and the problems faced by them in working life. In this framework, firstly, the development process of the legislation regarding persons under temporary protection, the regulations in the legislation and the problems faced by the foreigners in working life were examined in this study. Then, the legal consequences of these people’s working in a prohibited job and profession and working without a work permit were discussed.

Copyright of Labour Law & Social Policy Issues / Z Problematyki Prawa Pracy i Polityki Socjalnej is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Subject and purpose of work: The publication comprises the analysis of the most important legislation governing the employment of foreigners in Poland and the data of significance to developing legal solutions in this area. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the suitability of the adopted solutions to the needs of the labour market.

Although the need to provide decent working conditions is at the heart of the labour law rules on protection of migrant workers, a significant challenge for modern countries remains to create such conditions for their decent employment. The article discusses assumptions (legally entering a country), requirements for employment of foreigners (stay visa and work permit), as well as the employment limitations (quotas for employment of foreigners, limiting the catalogue of jobs that can be entrusted to foreigners, etc.). Regulation of these issues is closely related to the needs and the state of the domestic labour market (general and/or in specific professions), as well as the goals of migration, demographic, economic and employment policies. The author concludes that by establishing certain assumptions and special requirements for establishing employment relationships with foreigners, a number of different migrant positions are established for migrant workers, some of which are extremely precarious. Implementation of the relevant legal regulations should therefore be accompanied by (legal and extralegal) measures aimed at effectively protecting the dignity of migrant workers and preventing their labour exploitation. Among much else, this can be facilitated by establishing authorizations for employment of foreigners, as a special condition to be fulfilled by the employer, which can only be issued to the employers who respect labour and immigration regulations. Although this prevents employers who violate the rights of migrant workers from hiring new workers, there are no instruments in place to protect vulnerable categories of persons from labour exploitation in the period until the application for renewal of the employment authorisation or the application for a new employment authorisation is submitted. This is especially true as the dependence of migrant workers on the employer often discourages migrants from initiating the proceedings for protection of rights.

As a result of the increase in conflicts and violence between countries, there is also an increase in the number of people migrating and seeking asylum. Our country, which is on the migration routes due to its geographical location, frequently receives immigration. Persons who had to quit their country due to the violence and conflict experienced and who took refuge in our country in mass or individually during the mass influx are accepted as temporary protection status in our legislation. Those people who take refuge in our country and are under temporary protection status are faced with many problems such as health, education, communication and taking part in working life during their stay. The right to work is of paramount importance for persons under temporary protection status to lead a life in a way that suits human dignity. The subject of this study is the right to work of people whose under temporary protection in our country and the problems faced by them in working life. In this framework, firstly, the development process of the legislation regarding persons under temporary protection, the regulations in the legislation and the problems faced by the foreigners in working life were examined in this study. Then, the legal consequences of these people's working in a prohibited job and profession and working without a work permit were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to understand and explain the work permit process of immigrants within a particular city, Istanbul. The research sample consisted of 825 immigrants who applied to the consultancy company for work permits between 2012 and 2019. The information collected by the consultancy company includes immigrants' demographic information and their work permit applications. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the data analysis, displaying descriptive statistics to outline the character of the work permit process of immigrants. In addition to the field research findings, Turkey's immigration policy which determines the frames of work permit was integrated with quantitative findings to explain the work permit process. The most important outcome of this study is that the work permit process has gained importance among immigrants and this trend is much more common among women, a particular result in the Istanbul sample. Another significant outcome of this study is that work permit applications are concentrated in the service industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to present the stream and structure of economic migrants to Poland between 2008–2018. The first part presents economic migrations in their theoretical aspects, explaining the concept and presenting definitions. Then, the institutional and legal conditions of economic migration to Poland with particular emphasis on documents required by Polish labour market were presented, i.e. work permits, seasonal work permits and declarations of entrusting work to a foreigner. The next part presents data on the number of issued statements and work permits, indicating the potential number of economic migrants. Data from the Social Insurance Institution regarding foreigners registered for retirement and disability insurance were also presented. Moreover, data analysis and evaluation were performed. The article ends with a summary.

The purpose of this study is to describe the situation of Syrians benefiting from temporary protection status in Adıyaman, particularly with regard to their access to the labor market. In addition, this study aims to collect data on the creation of labor profiles of Syrians under temporary protection residing in the province of Adıyaman and to analyze in the light of the data obtained the difficulties they may encounter in access to the labor market. For these purposes, the special case method, a qualitative research method, was used. The results of the analysis show that the procedure for applying for a work permit and the jurisdiction in force are the main problems in terms of access to the labor market and economic integration. As a result, the findings reveal that Syrian migrants are exposed to economic exclusion. In this sense, it is proposed to create a database to determine the qualifications of Syrian migrants enjoying temporary protection status and their human capital in order to use resources efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Klasik göç araçlarının kullanımının terk edildiği günümüzde, geleneksel çalışma izni sisteminin değiştirilerek, daha hızlı, daha seçici, daha rasyonel ve daha verimli bir yöntemin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, 6735 sayılı Uluslararası İşgücü Kanunu’nun 11. maddesi ile Turkuaz Kart uygulaması Türk hukukuna kazandırılmıştır. Turkuaz Kart, Türkiye’nin uluslararası işgücü piyasasındaki çekiciliğini artırarak milletlerarası istihdam rekabetine kolaylıkla dâhil olabilme imkânı sağlayacaktır. Turkuaz Kart uygulamasının geliştirilmesi, işkollarındaki yabancı istihdamının niteliğini artıracaktır. Vasıfsız işgücünün yanı sıra, nitelikli bir işgücü sağlanacaktır. Turkuaz Kart sahibi, ikametinin devamını sağlamak adına çalışmak zorundadır. Bu sebeple Turkuaz Kart sahibi, bir işverene bağımlı olarak çalışması durumunda, 4857 sayılı İş Kanunu’na tabi olacaktır. Turkuaz Kart’ın iptali halinde ise, iş sözleşmesinin geçersizliği ile ilgili özel durumlar ortaya çıkacaktır.

The paper contains reflections of the author on the Czech labour market and on diverse aspects of the Czech legal regulation of working abroad. The Czech Republic stands in a versatile position of both a “sending” and a “receiving” country in terms of movement of workers and it has its historical experience with migration. The author summarises arguments for creating an open and competitive labour environment. An analysis of the applicable legal regulation, however, shows that these arguments may not have been heard by the Czech lawmakers. In case of the non-European Union/European Economic Area workers, the applicable laws and processes create unnecessary hurdles for obtaining a work permit and performing work within the territory of the Czech Republic. The author debates the current legal regulation of the employee card and proposes measures to make the system more accessible for applicants.

The article looks into the employment of Russian citizens in Poland in 2004-2018. It presents the legal basis for Russians' entering Poland and taking up work without having to seek a work permit, and specifies who must apply for such a permit. Russian citizens can obtain refugee status under the Geneva Convention, which grants them the right to move freely, choose their place of residence and undertake paid employment, while guaranteeing social security. On the basis of the Act on granting protection to aliens, citizens of the Russian Federation may obtain subsidiary protection if their return to their country of origin may expose them to a real risk of serious harm. A tolerated stay is granted to aliens where an alien might be expelled to a country in which their life, freedom and personal security would be jeopardised, where they could be subjected to torture, degrading treatment, humiliation, forced to work or deprived of the right to a fair trial. Training and employment can be undertaken in Poland under the bilateral agreements between Poland and Russia: the Treaty on friendly and good-neighbourly cooperation and the Cooperation Agreement in the fields of science, culture and education. In Poland, the entry and stay of foreign nationals is governed by the Act on aliens, their education by the Higher Education Act, whereas the employment of foreigners is regulated by the Act on employment promotion and labour market institutions. The empirical basis of the study was provided by the analysis of data from the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy and the Demographic Yearbook. Russians constitute the third largest group (after Ukrainians and Belarusians) of the post-Soviet States' citizens coming to Poland. The analysis conducted showed that employment in Poland was chiefly sought by the citizens of the Russian Federation who arrived in Poland for a limited period and for permanent residence. In 2004, the Russians represented 4.4% and in 2018 - 0,66% of all foreigners who received work permits in Poland. Before 2015 some Russian nationals took up work in Poland as the managers of their own companies. Since 2015, there has been an influx of workers from Russia in three occupational groups: IT specialists, skilled workers and workers in elementary occupations. Most of the Russians were employed in the wholesale and retail, information and communication, construction, transport and warehousing sectors, which were the same sectors where Polish entrepreneurs reported demand for Russian workers. The demand significantly exceeded the number of Russians employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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