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1. Genetic-environment interactions and climatic variables effect on bean physical characteristics and chemical composition of Coffea arabica

Author: Thuan Sarzynski, Benoît Bertrand, Clément Rigal, Pierre Marraccini, Philippe Vaast, Frédéric Georget, Claudine Campa, Cécile Abdallah, Chang Thi Quynh Nguyen, Hung Phi Nguyen, Hai Thi Thanh Nguyen, Quyen Luu Ngoc, Giang Khong Ngan, Thang Vu Viet, Luciano Navarini, Valentina Lonzarich, Laurent Bossolasco, Hervé Etienne, Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (NOMAFSI), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Vietnam], World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Agricultural Genetics Institute (AGI), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Direction du département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Direction Persyst), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Phuc Sinh Son Corporation, illycaffé S.p.A, ECOM Agroindustrial [Ho Chi Minh City], We thank all employees (master and PhD students, researchers) of Agricultural Genetics Institute (AGI-Hanoi) and the Northern Mountainous Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (NOMAFSI) for their technical support. We thank Phuc Sinh staff for their help in processing the coffee beans. We thank the laboratories which analyzed the coffee beans, Eurofins, Nantes – France, the Centre of Functional Genomics, Bordeaux – France, Illy-cafè, Milan – Italy. Lipidomics analyses were performed on the Bordeaux Metabolome Facility (Supported by MetaboHub ANR-11-INBS-0010). This research was funded by the European Commission in the framework of BREEDCAFS Project (http://www.breedcafs.eu) Horizon 2020 – Research and Innovation Programme H2020-SFS-2016-2 (grant agreement number 727934)., ANR-11-INBS-0010,METABOHUB,Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovation(2011), and European Project: 727934,H2020,H2020-EU.3.2,BREEDCAFS (2017)
Subjects: Nutrition and Dietetics, climate change, genetic-environment interactions, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, coffee, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, bean chemical content, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effects of the environment and genotype in the coffee bean chemical composition were studied using nine trials covering an altitudinal gradient [600–1100 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] with three genotypes of Coffea arabica in the northwest mountainous region of Vietnam. The impacts of the climatic conditions on bean physical characteristics and chemical composition were assessed. RESULTS: We showed that the environment had a significant effect on the bean density and on all bean chemical compounds. The environment effect was stronger than the genotype and genotype-environment interaction effects for cafestol, kahweol, arachidic (C20:0), behenic acid (C22:0), 2,3-butanediol, 2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, benzaldehyde, benzene ethanol, butyrolactone, decane, dodecane, ethanol, pentanoic acid, and phenylacetaldehyde bean content. A 2 °C increase in temperature had more influence on bean chemical compounds than a 100 mm increase in soil water content. Temperature was positively correlated with lipids and volatile compounds. With an innovative method using iterative moving averages, we showed that correlation of temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and rainfall with lipids and volatiles was higher between the 10th and 20th weeks after flowering highlighting this period as crucial for the synthesis of these chemicals. Genotype specific responses were evidenced and could be considered in future breeding programmes to maintain coffee beverage quality in the midst of climate change. CONCLUSION: This first study of the effect of the genotype–environment interactions on chemical compounds enhances our understanding of the sensitivity of coffee quality to genotype environment interactions during bean development. This work addresses the growing concern of the effect of climate change on speciality crops and more specifically coffee. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Published: 2023
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2. Introduction to the special issue 'scaling up of agroforestry innovations: enhancing food, nutrition and income security'

Author: Frank Place, Josiane Seghieri, Kiros Meles Hadgu, Isabelle Droy, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité mixte internationale Résiliences (UMI RESILIENCES), Centre ivoirien de recherches économiques et sociales (CIRES)-Université de Cocody, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), International Food Policy Research Institute [Washington] (IFPRI), and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Context (language use), Long term planning, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Sustainable development, Adaptation, Traditional knowledge, Agroecology, 2. Zero hunger, Resilience, Global challenges, business.industry, Agroforestry, Income security, Social change, Livelihoods improvement, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Co-created innovative practices, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; It is more and more acknowledged that agroecological innovations, such as agroforestry practices, should be co-created through a combination of research and traditional knowledge, be context adaptable, and meet the needs of producers and consumers. The word “innovation” recognises that agroforestry practices do exist everywhere in the world. However, to be able to effectively respond to global challenges and changes (demography and social changes, climate, local to international markets), speaking about "innovations" implies that these practices could be improved or transformed or reintroduced everywhere they had disappeared or are in decline. This reality is still current despite the significant number of research and innovation programmes, the volume of mobilized funds and the number of participating organizations. Increasing adoption of agroforestry practices also requires long term planning and coordination because trees’ life cycles are often longer than human life. This special issue includes papers on some agroforestry innovations that merit consideration for scaling up, on successful experiences that answer priorities expressed by stakeholders while taking into account their constraints, and on systemic approaches and frameworks to the development of more comprehensive perspectives on scaling up
Published: 2021
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3. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for estimating soil properties: A technology for the 21st century

Author: Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel, Thorsten Behrens, Eyal Ben‐Dor, Sabine Chabrillat, José Alexandre Melo Demattê, Yufeng Ge, Cecile Gomez, César Guerrero, Yi Peng, Leonardo Ramirez‐Lopez, Zhou Shi, Bo Stenberg, Richard Webster, Leigh Winowiecki, Zefang Shen, School of Earth and Planetary Science [Perth - Curtin university], Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Swiss Competence Center for Soils, Tel Aviv University (TAU), German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam (GFZ), Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Universidad Miguel Hernández [Elche] (UMH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Partenaires INRAE, Zhejiang University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Rothamsted Research, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and Raphael A. Viscarra Rossel received funding from the Australian Government via grant ACSRIV000077.
Subjects: Model localization, Reflectance spectroscopy, Soil constituents, Spectral libraries, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Calibration, Machine learning, Validation, Soil Science, Regression, SOLOS
Abstract: International audience; Spectroscopic measurements of soil samples are reliable because they are highly repeatable and reproducible. They characterise the samples' mineral-organic composition. Estimates of concentrations of soil constituents are inevitably less precise than estimates obtained conventionally by chemical analysis. But the cost of each spectroscopic estimate is at most one-tenth of the cost of a chemical determination. Spectroscopy is cost-effective when we need many data, despite the costs and errors of calibration. Soil spectroscopists understand the risks of over-fitting models to highly dimensional multivariate spectra and have command of the mathematical and statistical methods to avoid them. Machine learning has fast become an algorithmic alternative to statistical analysis for estimating concentrations of soil constituents from reflectance spectra. As with any modelling, we need judicious implementation of machine learning as it also carries the risk of over-fitting predictions to irrelevant elements of the spectra. To use the methods confidently, we need to validate the outcomes with appropriately sampled, independent data sets. Not all machine learning should be considered 'black boxes'. Their interpretability depends on the algorithm, and some are highly interpretable and explainable. Some are difficult to interpret because of complex transformations or their huge and complicated network of parameters. But there is rapidly advancing research on explainable machine learning, and these methods are finding applications in soil science and spectroscopy. In many parts of the world, soil and environmental scientists recognise the merits of soil spectroscopy. They are building spectral libraries on which they can draw to localise the modelling and derive soil information for new projects within their domains. We hope our article gives readers a more balanced and optimistic perspective of soil spectroscopy and its future. Highlights Spectroscopy is reliable because it is a highly repeatable and reproducible analytical technique. Spectra are calibrated to estimate concentrations of soil properties with known error. Spectroscopy is cost-effective for estimating soil properties. Machine learning is becoming ever more powerful for extracting accurate information from spectra, and methods for interpreting the models exist. Large libraries of soil spectra provide information that can be used locally to aid estimates from new samples.
Published: 2022
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4. Shaded-Coffee: A Nature-Based Strategy for Coffee Production Under Climate Change? A Review

Author: Athina Koutouleas, Thuan Sarzynski, Melanie Bordeaux, Aske Skovmand Bosselmann, Claudine Campa, Hervé Etienne, Nerea Turreira-García, Clément Rigal, Philippe Vaast, José Cochicho Ramalho, Pierre Marraccini, Anders Ræbild, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Diversité, adaptation, développement des plantes (UMR DIADE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Fundación Nicafrance = Nicafrance Foundation, Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Chine] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Direction Générale Déléguée à la Recherche et à la Stratégie (Cirad-Dgdrs), Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), LMI RICE, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Portuguese national funding from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), through the research units UIDB/00239/2020 (CEF) and UIDP/04035/2020 (GeoBioTec), and European Project: 727934,H2020,H2020-EU.3.2,BREEDCAFS (2017)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, rendement, Coffea, crop management, Agroforesterie, agroforestry, Maladie des plantes, F01 - Culture des plantes, bean quality, Utilisation de l'eau, Photosynthèse, Traitement des données, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, climate change, C30 - Documentation et information, ombre, shade, Banque de données, Composition, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Traitement de l'information, amélioration génétique, Changement climatique, hybrid, Morbidité, Température, Ombrage, Propriété organoleptique, synthèse, Agronomy and Crop Science, microclimate, Food Science
Abstract: International audience; Coffee is deemed to be a high-risk crop in light of upcoming climate changes. Agroforestry practices have been proposed as a nature-based strategy for coffee farmers to mitigate and adapt to future climates. However, with agroforestry systems comes shade, a highly contentious factor for coffee production in terms of potential yield reduction, as well as additional management needs and interactions between shade trees and pest and disease. In this review, we summarize recent research relating to the effects of shade on (i) farmers' use and perceptions, (ii) the coffee microenvironment, (iii) pest and disease incidence, (iv) carbon assimilation and phenology of coffee plants, (v) coffee quality attributes (evaluated by coffee bean size, biochemical compounds, and cup quality tests), (vi) breeding of new Arabica coffee F1 hybrids and Robusta clones for future agroforestry systems, and (vii) coffee production under climate change. Through this work, we begin to decipher whether shaded systems are a feasible strategy to improve the coffee crop sustainability in anticipation of challenging climate conditions. Further research is proposed for developing new coffee varieties adapted to agroforestry systems (exhibiting traits suitable for climate stressors), refining extension tools by selecting locally-adapted shade trees species and developing policy and economic incentives enabling the adoption of sustainable agroforestry practices.
Published: 2022
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5. Improved forecasting of coffee leaf rust by qualitative modeling: Design and expert validation of the ExpeRoya model

Author: Natacha Motisi, Pierre Bommel, Grégoire Leclerc, Marie-Hélène Robin, Jean-Noël Aubertot, Andrea Arias Butron, Isabelle Merle, Edwin Treminio, Jacques Avelino, Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés (SENS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recherche et de Documentation sur l'Océanie (CREDO), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura = Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), and CGIAR European Commission DCI-ALA/2015/365-17
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Application des ordinateurs, Relation hôte pathogène, Prévention des maladies, H20 - Maladies des plantes, Lecanicilium lecanii, Maladie fongique, Hemileia vastatrix, Coffea arabica, technique de prévision, Early warning modeling, Modélisation, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Simulation, Injury Profile SIMulator
Abstract: International audience; CONTEXT: Coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemics on Coffea arabica have led to severe socio-economic crises in Latin America starting in 2008. Until now, the scattered nature of scientific and empirical knowledge of the highly complex CLR-coffee pathosystem has been an obstacle to the development of CLR forecasting models. OBJECTIVE: To help prevent new severe epidemics, we built ExpeRoya, a qualitative model, based on a review of the scientific literature and expert opinion, to forecast the risk of a monthly increase in the incidence of CLR at plot and landscape levels. METHODS: We adopted the IPSIM (Injury Profile SIMulator) framework, a qualitative and aggregative modeling approach that describes the effects of the cropping system and the plot environment on injuries, thereby making it possible to incorporate scattered knowledge on the system and all its complexity in a simplified way. Involving experts makes this approach powerful and robust because it builds on empirical knowledge based on a very large number of field observations. We argue that broad expert knowledge provides more accurate information on the manifold interactions in the system than existing quantitative models can. The structure of ExpeRoya was discussed with coffee sector experts in 19 workshops and validated in an online survey with 17 CLR experts. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: ExpeRoya successfully integrates in a simple way 229 multiple interactions that exist within the CLR-coffee pathosystem based on only 12 input variables easily acquired in the field: one incidence monitoring variable; two meteorological variables (temperature and rainfall), four crop management variables (management of shade cover, fungicide application, nutrition and pruning of coffee trees) and five coffee tree characteristics (dates of flowering, beginning and end of harvest, fruit load and cultivar genetic resistance). Coffee institutes in Honduras and Nicaragua now use ExpeRoya, hosted by the platform Pergamino (https://www.redpergamino.net/app-experoya), to assist them in preparing their monthly CLR warning bulletins for growers. ExpeRoya is an improved forecasting model of CLR by fully incorporating the main biophysical factors affecting CLR at the plot and landscape levels.SIGNIFICANCE: ExpeRoya is both a framework and a proof of concept that improves both forecasting and the comprehensive modeling of CLR. ExpeRoya is a powerful yet user-friendly model designed for all actors of the coffee sector, particularly smallholder farmers and extension agents. ExpeRoya is adaptable: users can modify the model according to advances in knowledge and/or their own expertise of the system. ExpeRoya can help prevent future socio-economic crises.
Published: 2022
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6. ShadeTreeAdvice methodology: Guiding tree‐species selection using local knowledge

Author: Rigal, Clément, Wagner, Sigrun, Nguyen, Mai, Jassogne, Laurence, Vaast, Philippe, Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Chine] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), TerraQ Pte Ltd, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier
Subjects: decision support tool, trade-offs, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, shade tree species, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, farming practices, local ecological knowledge, ecosystem services, agroforestry, U70 - Sciences humaines et sociales
Abstract: International audience; 1. Selection of shade tree species for agroforestry systems must take the complex-ity of these systems into account. Tree species selection should maximize the provision of ecosystem services while minimizing disservices. Selected species must be adapted to local agroecological conditions and cater to farmers' needs, while considering their preferences and constraints.2. The ShadeTreeAdvice methodology was developed to support said selection process using farmers' local ecological knowledge. It provides the steps to rap-idly identify tree species and evaluate their impacts on a range of locally impor-tant ecosystem services. Results are uploaded to a decision support tool to tailor tree species recommendations to individual farmers' needs (www.shadetreea dvice.org). During the 5 year timeframe between 2016 and 2020, eight studies following this methodology were conducted in various coffee and cocoa grow-ing regions across Africa, Asia and Central America.3. This article looks back at these studies to synthesize their findings and evalu-ate the methodology. We identified similarities in the use of tree species across different study areas, notably regarding leguminous and fruit tree species. We showed that the method was efficient to evaluate tree species' impacts on soil and climate regulation, crop production, and economic benefits. It was less ef-ficient for evaluating impacts related to incidence of pests and diseases, often associated with knowledge gaps. The method also successfully allowed inves-tigating the links between LEK and socio-economic groups or environmental factors.4. Furthermore, we suggest a series of improvements in the methodology for fu-ture studies. These improvements include (i) broadening the scope of studies beyond tree species provision of ecosystem services to include tree species im-pact on farming practices; (ii) allowing the comparison of tree performances in agroforestry systems versus in full sun; (iii) providing a clear pathway for validation of the results; (iv) using tree species' functional traits to generalize the results.
Published: 2022
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7. Facilitating the adoption of high-throughput sequencing technologies as a plant pest diagnostic test in laboratories : A step-by-step description

Author: Benedicte Lebas, Ian Adams, Maher Al Rwahnih, Steve Baeyen, Guillaume J. Bilodeau, Arnaud G. Blouin, Neil Boonham, Thierry Candresse, Anne Chandelier, Kris De Jonghe, Adrian Fox, Yahya Z. A. Gaafar, Pascal Gentit, Annelies Haegeman, Wellcome Ho, Oscar Hurtado‐Gonzales, Wilfried Jonkers, Jan Kreuze, Denis Kutjnak, Blanca Landa, Mingxin Liu, François Maclot, Martha Malapi‐Wight, Hano J. Maree, Francesco Martoni, Natasha Mehle, Angelantonio Minafra, Dimitre Mollov, Adriana Moreira, Mark Nakhla, Françoise Petter, Alexander M. Piper, Julien Ponchart, Robbie Rae, Benoit Remenant, Yazmin Rivera, Brendan Rodoni, Johanna W. Roenhorst, Johan Rollin, Pasquale Saldarelli, Johanna Santala, Rose Souza‐Richards, Davide Spadaro, David J. Studholme, Stefanie Sultmanis, René van der Vlugt, Lucie Tamisier, Charlotte Trontin, Ines Vazquez‐Iglesias, Claudia S. L. Vicente, Bart T. L. H. Vossenberg, Thierry Wetzel, Heiko Ziebell, Sebastien Massart, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech [Gembloux], Université de Liège, Fera Science Ltd, University of California [Davis] (UC Davis), University of California (UC), Research Institute for Agricultural, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Newcastle University [Newcastle], Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), 1Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Gembloux, Belgium 2The Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institut - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Laboratoire de santé des végétaux (LSV Angers), Laboratoire de la santé des végétaux (LSV), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Ministry for Primary Industries, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, APHIS-USDA, Humble, Texas, 77338, USA., World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Pérou] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), National Institute of Biology [Ljubljana] (NIB), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Stellenbosch University, Citrus Research International, Partenaires INRAE, Agriculture Victoria (AgriBio), CNR Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante [Torino, Italia] (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Horticultural Crops Research Unit, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, International Plant Protection Convention, European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization - Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes (EPPO), Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Finnish Food Authority, International Seed Federation (ISF), Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), University of Exeter, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária = National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research [Oeiras, Portugal] (INIAV), Dienstleistungszentrum Ländlicher Raum DLR Rheinpfalz (DLR Rheinpfalz), Julius Kühn-Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants-Institute for Biological Control, European Project: 773139,VALITEST, and European Commission
Subjects: plant pest diagnostic test, Biointeractions and Plant Health, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Life Science, high-throughput sequencing, Plant Science, Horticulture, PE&RC, Agronomy and Crop Science, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy
Abstract: High-throughput sequencing (HTS) is a powerful tool that enables the simultaneous detection and potential identification of any organisms present in a sample. The growing interest in the application of HTS technologies for routine diagnostics in plant health laboratories is triggering the development of guidelines on how to prepare laboratories for performing HTS testing. This paper describes general and technical recommendations to guide laboratories through the complex process of preparing a laboratory for HTS tests within existing quality assurance systems. From nucleic acid extractions to data analysis and interpretation, all of the steps are covered to ensure reliable and reproducible results. These guidelines are relevant for the detection and identification of any plant pest (e.g. arthropods, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, invasive plants or weeds, protozoa, viroids, viruses), and from any type of matrix (e.g. pure microbial culture, plant tissue, soil, water), regardless of the HTS technology (e.g. amplicon sequencing, shotgun sequencing) and of the application (e.g. surveillance programme, phytosanitary certification, quarantine, import control). These guidelines are written in general terms to facilitate the adoption of HTS technologies in plant pest routine diagnostics and enable broader application in all plant health fields, including research. A glossary of relevant terms is provided among the Supplementary Material., This article is based upon work from the work package 2 of the project VALITEST (https://www.valitest.eu/), supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 773139.
Published: 2022
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8. Rehabilitation and renovation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroforestry systems. A review

Author: Rolando Cerda, Mariela E. Leandro-Muñoz, Felipe Peguero, Patrick Jagoret, Luis Orozco-Aguilar, Eduardo Somarriba, Arlene López-Sampson, Fergus Sinclair, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Lutheran World Relief (LWR), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët Boigny de Yamoussoukro (INP-HB), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and This research was funded by the CGIAR research program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), CATIE, CIRAD, Lutheran World Relief (MOCCA Project) and Ministerio de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología (MESCYT, Proyecto 031–2015 código 2015-2D1-191) of the Dominican Republic.
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Theobroma, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Density, Timber, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Coffee, gestion de terre agricole, Réhabilitation, Climate change, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Agroforestry, Site restoration, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Rendement des cultures, Yield, Environmental Engineering, Process (engineering), Context (language use), systèmes agroforestiers, Effects of global warming, Theobroma cacao, Productivity, Shade canopy, Sustainable development, Early intercropping, environmental restoration [EN], business.industry, Natural mortality, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Soil quality, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Fruit, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Business, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: AbstractCocoa farmers must decide on whether to rehabilitate (Rh) or to renovate (Re) a cocoa orchard when its productivity declines due to ageing, disease outbreaks or other causes. Deciding on Rh/Re is often a complex, expensive and conflictive process.In this review, we (1) explore the diversity of contexts, driving forces, stakeholders and recommended management practices involved in Rh/Re initiatives in key cocoa-producing countries; (2) summarise the often conflicting views of farmers and extension agents on Rh/Re programmes; (3) review the evidence of age-related changes in planting density and yield of cocoa, given the weight of these variables in Rh/Re decision processes; (4) describe the best known Rh/Re systems and their most common management practices; (5) propose an agroforestry Re approach that overcomes the limitation of current Rh/Re diagnosis protocols, which do not consider the regular flow of food crop and tree products, and the need to restore site soil quality to sustain another cycle of cultivation of cocoa at the same site; and (6) explore the effects of climate change considerations on Rh/Re decision-making and implementation processes.Each Rh/Re decision-making process is unique and highly context-dependent (household and farm, soil, climate, culture). Tailored solutions are needed for each farmer and context. The analysis, concepts and models presented for cocoa in this paper may also apply to coffee orchards.
Published: 2021
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9. Young shade trees improve soil quality in intensively managed coffee systems recently converted to agroforestry in Yunnan Province, China

Author: Clément Rigal, Jianchu Xu, Philippe Vaast, Kunming Institute of Botany, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Centre, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Philippines] (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UP Los Baños), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, 0106 biological sciences, Cinnamomum camphora, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Arbre d'ombrage, Soil Science, Coffea, Conservation des sols, Plant Science, 01 natural sciences, Jacaranda, Soil retrogression and degradation, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, P36 - Érosion, conservation et récupération des sols, 2. Zero hunger, biology, Soil organic matter, Shade tree, P34 - Biologie du sol, Intercropping, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, biology.organism_classification, Soil quality, K10 - Production forestière, Agronomy, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Background and aims The trend of soil degradation in intensive open coffee systems is well-documented. This study highlights the impact of young shade trees on soil quality only 4 years after their intercropping with coffee. Methods 18 young shade trees belonging to three tree species (Cinnamomum camphora, Bishofia javanica and Jacaranda mimosifolia) were selected in an intensive coffee system in Southern Yunnan. Soil samples (0-20 cm) were tested for chemical composition, soil communities and soil enzyme activities under their canopies and in open areas, both in coffee rows and inter-rows, once during the rainy and once during the dry season. Additionally, root systems were characterized using trenches. Soil water profiles and litterfall were monitored along the production cycle. Coffee yield was recorded for two consecutive years. Results We detected a positive impact of all shade tree species on soil chemical, biological and biochemical components, especially during the dry season. This positive impact included higher soil organic matter (+10%) and more abundant soil microbial communities (+64%) under shaded coffee than under open coffee. Furthermore , shaded coffee trees yielded as much as open coffee trees, except under C. camphora, probably due to high below-ground competition. Conclusions These results demonstrate that carefully selected shade trees can rapidly contribute to preserving and/or restoring soil quality in intensive coffee systems, while maintaining high coffee yield.
Published: 2019
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10. Groundwater-Extracting Rice Production in the Rejoso Water-Shed (Indonesia) Reducing Urban Water Availability: Characterisation and Intervention Priorities

Author: Alix Toulier, Beria Leimona, Lalu Deden Yuda Pratama, Ni Matul Khasanah, Mukhammad Thoha Zulkarnain, Adis Hendriatna, Endro Prasetiyo, Lisa Tanika, Fitri Marulani, Meine van Noordwijk, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP (UMR_7154)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Hydrosciences Montpellier (HSM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Brawijaya University (UB), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mount Bromo-Tengger, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Water balance, water balance, 2. Zero hunger, Global and Planetary Change, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Sustainable intensification, artesian wells, Paddy cultivation, food and beverages, Agriculture, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PE&RC, 6. Clean water, Plant Production Systems, Restoration, rodents, Watershed, restoration, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Artesian wells, Rodents, paddy cultivation, Spring (hydrology), Bosecologie en Bosbeheer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, geography, Artesian aquifer, business.industry, sustainable intensification, Oryza, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, landscape approach, Forest Ecology and Forest Management, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Landscape approach, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Water resource management, business, ecosystem services, Groundwater
Abstract: International audience; Production landscapes depend on, but also affect, ecosystem services. In the Rejoso watershed (East Java, Indonesia), uncontrolled groundwater use for paddies reduces flow of lowland pressure-driven artesian springs that supply drinking water to urban stakeholders. Analysis of the water balance suggested that the decline by about 30% in spring discharge in the past decades is attributed for 47 and 53%, respectively, to upland degradation and lowland groundwater abstraction. Consequently, current spring restoration efforts support upland agroforestry development while aiming to reduce lowland groundwater wasting. To clarify spatial and social targeting of lowland interventions five clusters (replicable patterns) of lowland paddy farming were distinguished from spatial data on, among other factors, reliance on river versus artesian wells delivering groundwater, use of crop rotation, rice yield, fertiliser rates and intensity of rodent control. A survey of farming households (461 respondents), complemented and verified through in-depth interviews and group discussions, identified opportunities for interventions and associated risks. Changes in artesian well design, allowing outflow control, can support water-saving, sustainable paddy cultivation methods. With rodents as a major yield-reducing factor, solutions likely depend on more synchronized planting calendars and thus on collective action for effectiveness at scale. Interventions based on this design are currently tested.
Published: 2021
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11. The powdery mildew disease of rubber (Oidium heveae) is jointly controlled by the winter temperature and host phenology

Author: Philippe Thaler, Yiqi Luo, Jianchu Xu, De-Li Zhai, Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Chine] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) and the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action 'Mountains as Sentinels of Change -2015' (No. 41661144001), and Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDY-SSW-SMC014). This work is also supported by Key Research Project (No. 2017YFC0505101)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Winter warming, Facteur climatique, 01 natural sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Maladie des plantes, Developing regions, Oidium heveae, Ecology, biology, Phenology, Plant physiology, food and beverages, Horticulture, Hevea brasiliensis, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Phénologie, Powdery mildew, Oidium (manifestation maladies), Conditions météorologiques, 03 medical and health sciences, Natural rubber, Rubber plantation, Partial least square (PLS) regression, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, H20 - Maladies des plantes, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Host (biology), biology.organism_classification, Température, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Hiver, 13. Climate action, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Rubber powdery mildew disease (Oidium heveae) is a serious threat to natural rubber production (Hevea brasiliensis) in some rubber developing regions of the world. Both phenological- and meteorological-related factors have been reported influencing the powdery mildew disease. However, few studies have investigated the effects of both phenological- and meteorological-related factors on the disease. The objective of this study is to quantify the contributions of phenological- and meteorological-related factors to affect the disease. We used the partial least squares (PLS) regression method to comprehensively quantify the effects of thirty-five phenological related factors and six meteorological factors on the infection level of powdery mildew of rubber trees over 9-year records (2003–2011). The relative contributions of significant factors were further investigated by the variation partition analysis. We found that the most influential variables were the mean temperature during winter and the duration of leaf development to maturation which explained 32 and 26% of the variations in the infection level. We found the controlling role of winter mean temperature, for the first time, on the infection level of powdery mildew. The controlling role of winter temperature may have directly increase the infection level when winter temperature is high and indirectly increase the infection level through prolonging the duration of leaf development to maturation, although the duration itself had smaller influences. We detected a warming trend of the winter temperatures from 2003 to 2011, which indicates that the infection level of powdery mildew will be increased if the winter warming continues.
Published: 2021
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12. Gestion des risques liés à la rouille orangée du caféier (Hemileia vastatrix) en Amérique centrale : apports de simulations interactives en distanciel

Author: Grégoire Leclerc, Pierre Bommel, Natacha Motisi, Rémi Vezy, Edwin Treminio, Jacques Avelino, Savoirs, ENvironnement et Sociétés (SENS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Ethiopie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura = Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA)
Subjects: Agent-based model, Serious games, Gestion du risque, Pathologie végétale, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Coffee, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Système multi-agent, H20 - Maladies des plantes, U10 - Informatique, mathématiques et statistiques, Warning system, Modélisation d’accompagnement, Modèle de simulation, Coffea arabica, Hemileia vastatrix, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Jeux sérieux, Champignon pathogène, approches participatives, Companion modelling, Systèmes d’alerte, Café, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Simulation
Abstract: International audience; Central America has experienced numerous coffee leaf rust (CLR) epidemics that have led to severe crises that threaten the sustainability of coffee growing territories. The project Procagica (2016-2021) established a regional early warning system to prevent CLR-related socio-economic crises.We present the co-design of a CLR forecast model and its use in interactive simulation (IS) participatory workshops aimed at raising awareness among coffee stakeholders in Central America about the complexity of managing CLR epidemics. Based on a coffee shrub growth model integrating the CLR life cycle, the model makes the coffee-CLR system evolve according to climatic factors. To reflect the stressed context of family farming, the participants have limited economic capacities, which forces them to make parsimonious decisions when fighting the CLR disease. Territorial aspects are addressed through the dissemination of spores over long distances, and through the debate between the institutions of different countries.Initially planned as a face-to-face regional workshop, the IS had to be virtualized due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Videoconferencing required compromises on the flexibility of the process and the quality of verbal and non-verbal communication between participants. However, the learning and awareness objectives of the workshop were achieved. Virtualization enables an extended participation (40 participants from 8 countries) and substantial savings, better time management, better consideration of individual opinions, debriefing during the simulation, and traceability of decisions. On the other hand, multi-directional communication between participants was reduced, which could be compensated for by parallel virtual exchanges in small groups. While more constraining, virtualization is also an opportunity to improve our practices of IS.; Les épidémies de rouille orangée du caféier (ROC) entraînent des crises socio-économiques qui menacent la durabilité des territoires de production de café en Amérique Centrale. Nous présentons le processus de co-construction d’un modèle de prévision de la ROC et sa mise en œuvre lors d’ateliers participatifs de simulation interactive (SI) visant à renforcer les capacités des acteurs de la caféiculture pour faire face à la ROC. Basée sur un modèle de croissance du caféier et de la ROC, ce modèle fait évoluer un système caféier-ROC en fonction de la météorologie. Dans le contexte de l'agriculture familiale, les participants disposent de capacités réduites les obligeant à la parcimonie pour lutter contre la ROC. La SI a dû être virtualisée en raison de la pandémie de Covid-19, ce qui a nécessité des compromis sur les échanges entre participants mais les objectifs d’apprentissage ont été atteints. La virtualisation a permis une participation étendue, des économies substantielles, une meilleure gestion du temps, une prise en compte des opinions individuelles, le débriefing à chaud et la traçabilité des décisions. Plus contraignante, la virtualisation est aussi une opportunité pour améliorer nos pratiques de SI. Mots clés : Café, Système multi-agent, Jeux sérieux, Modélisation d’accompagnement, Systèmes d’alerte.
Published: 2021
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13. Litterfall seasonal dynamics and leaf-litter turnover in cocoa agroforests established on past forest lands or savannah

Author: Jean-Daniel Essobo Nieboukaho, Stéphane Saj, Jean-Michel Harmand, Pierre-Eric Lauri, Annemarijn Nijmeijer, Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut de recherche agricole pour le développement (IRAD), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), This study was supported by the STRADIV (n°1405-018, Agropolis Fondation) project, the CIRAD, the ICRAF Yaounde ́and the IRAD. This research was conducted within the ‘‘DP Agroforestry Cameroon’’ Research and Training Platform and within the framework of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)., STRADIV (n°1405-018, Agropolis Fondation) project, Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement [Yaoundé] (IRAD), World Agroforestry Centre [CGIAR, Cameroun] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and Agropolis Fondation) project, the CIRAD, the ICRAF Yaounde and the IRAD. This research was conducted within the 'DP Agroforestry Cameroon' Research and Training Platform and within the framework of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA).
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Litière forestière, Nutrient cycle, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Microclimate, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Nutrient, systèmes agroforestiers, Theobroma cacao, Agroforestry, Savane, 2. Zero hunger, Litterbag decomposition, Litière végétale, Litterfall dynamics, P34 - Biologie du sol, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, F61 - Physiologie végétale - Nutrition, Agronomy, Leaf-litter cycling, Soil water, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Litter, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, cycle nutriments dans écosystèmes, Sol de forêt, Cycling, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: International audience; Nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS) is complex and poorly understood. To better understand the mass flow of carbon and nutrients into the soil sub-system under various contexts we quantified the mass flow of litterfall, its composition and seasonal variations in different agroforestry systems in Bokito (Central Cameroon). We studied litterfall dynamics and in situ leaf-litter cycling of cAFS established on past forest lands (F-cAFS) and savannah (S-cAFS). We also studied the decomposition of cocoa and associated tree leaf-litter in litterbags. Local secondary semi-deciduous forests were included as control. Annual litterfall in full-grown cAFS (> 15 years old) was high (9.4 Mg ha−1 y−1) and represented ca. 67% of litterfall in control forests. In full-grown cAFS, associated tree leaf-litter contributed to litterfall the most and ranged between 60 and 70% of the total amount recorded (6.3 Mg ha−1 y−1). The quantities and dynamics of the litter components monitored were similar in full-grown S- and F-cAFS. The microclimate was best buffered in forests and least buffered in young S-cAFS but could not be linked to leaf-litter decomposition. Forest leaf litterfall was higher and tended to cycle faster than total leaf-litter of cAFS, whose decomposition appeared limited by cocoa leaf-litter quality. Our study underlines (i) the critical contribution of associated trees to the nutrient cycle of agroecosystems established on poor soils and, (ii) the ability of farmers to channel associated tree communities towards similar functioning despite different past land-uses.
Published: 2021
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14. Transformation of coffee-growing landscapes across Latin America. A review

Author: Eric Rahn, Mirjam M. Pulleman, Vivian Valencia, Alyssa A. Pritts, Celia A. Harvey, Juan Francisco Barrera, Carlos J. Pérez-Alemán, Eduardo Somarriba, Marie J. Zwetsloot, Inge Armbrecht, Jacques Avelino, Christian Bunn, Kees Jansen, Javier Hoyos García, Carlos Isaza, Juana Munoz-Ucros, Valentina Robiglio, Monteverde Institute (MVI), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), International Center for Tropical Agriculture [Colombie] (CIAT), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Universidad del Valle [Cali] (Univalle), Plant Health Institute of Montpellier (UMR PHIM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Systèmes Biologiques (Cirad-BIOS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura = Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA), EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Parque Tecnológico de Innovación del Café (TECNiCAFE), Solidaridad, School of Integrative Plant Science [CALS], College of Agriculture and Life Sciences [Cornell University] (CALS), Cornell University [New York]-Cornell University [New York], Fundación Solidaridad Latinoamericana, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Pérou] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Interdisciplinary Research and Education Fund (INREF) at Wageningen University and Research, Frederick Dreer Award, Department of Horticulture, Cornell University, CATIE and the CGIAR consortium on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Göttingen - Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, and Cornell University [New York]
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Land-use change Contents, Latin Americans, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, WASS, changement dans l'usage des terrres, Review Article, 010501 environmental sciences, Coffee leaf rust, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural land, 11. Sustainability, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Deforestation, Agroforestry systems, 2. Zero hunger, Utilisation des terres, biology, Agroforestry, Soil Biology, Coffea arabica, Livelihood, PE&RC, Rural Sociology, Geography, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Rurale Sociologie, Environmental Engineering, Certification, Plantations, Land-use change, Coffea canephora, systèmes agroforestiers, Urbanization, Bodembiologie, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sustainable development, Intensification, Farm Systems Ecology Group, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Déboisement, 13. Climate action, Sustainability, Moyens d'existence durables, Paysage agricole, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: In Latin America, the cultivation of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) plays a critical role in rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable development. Over the last 20 years, coffee farms and landscapes across the region have undergone rapid and profound biophysical changes in response to low coffee prices, changing climatic conditions, severe plant pathogen outbreaks, and other drivers. Although these biophysical transformations are pervasive and affect millions of rural livelihoods, there is limited information on the types, location, and extent of landscape changes and their socioeconomic and ecological consequences. Here we review the state of knowledge on the ongoing biophysical changes in coffee-growing regions, explore the potential socioeconomic and ecological impacts of these changes, and highlight key research gaps. We identify seven major land-use trends which are affecting the sustainability of coffee-growing regions across Latin America in different ways. These trends include (1) the widespread shift to disease-resistant cultivars, (2) the conventional intensification of coffee management with greater planting densities, greater use of agrochemicals and less shade, (3) the conversion of coffee to other agricultural land uses, (4) the introduction of Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) into areas not previously cultivated with coffee, (5) the expansion of coffee into forested areas, (6) the urbanization of coffee landscapes, and (7) the increase in the area of coffee produced under voluntary sustainability standards. Our review highlights the incomplete and scattered information on the drivers, patterns, and outcomes of biophysical changes in coffee landscapes, and lays out a detailed research agenda to address these research gaps and elucidate the effects of different landscape trajectories on rural livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, and other aspects of sustainable development. A better understanding of the drivers, patterns, and consequences of changes in coffee landscapes is vital for informing the design of policies, programs, and incentives for sustainable coffee production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-021-00712-0.
Published: 2021
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15. Assessing transitions to sustainable agricultural and food systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE)

Author: Anne Mottet, Abram Bicksler, Dario Lucantoni, Fabrizia De Rosa, Beate Scherf, Eric Scopel, Santiago López-Ridaura, Barbara Gemmil-Herren, Rachel Bezner Kerr, Jean-Michel Sourisseau, Paulo Petersen, Jean-Luc Chotte, Allison Loconto, Pablo Tittonell, Tittonell group, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Cornell University [New York], Acteurs, Ressources et Territoires dans le Développement (UMR ART-Dev), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Agricultura Familiar e Agroecologia (AS-PTA), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Sciences, Innovations, Sociétés (LISIS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Gustave Eiffel, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), University of Groningen [Groningen], regular program of FAO, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, IMPACT, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, agroécologie, 0211 other engineering and technologies, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, systèmes alimentaires, PESTICIDES, DIETARY DIVERSITY, 11. Sustainability, Sustainable agriculture, Agriculture durable, systèmes agroalimentaires, 2. Zero hunger, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, RISK, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, lcsh:TP368-456, 021107 urban & regional planning, Variety (cybernetics), sustainability assessment framework, Agroécosystème, Food systems, lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply, farm, évaluation, lcsh:TX341-641, Horticulture, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, 12. Responsible consumption, participatory process, EXPOSURE, Agricultural productivity, Environmental planning, Agroecology, Durabilité, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sustainable development, business.industry, territory, 15. Life on land, agroecolgy, indicators, E20 - Organisation, administration et gestion des entreprises ou exploitations agricoles, lcsh:Food processing and manufacture, approches participatives, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, évaluation des capacités, Sustainability, Business, multicriteria evaluation, Agronomy and Crop Science, Food Science
Abstract: There is increasing interest in agroecology as a way to move toward more sustainable agriculture and food systems. However, the evidence of agroecology's contribution to sustainability remains fragmented because of heterogeneous methods and data, differing scales and timeframes, and knowledge gaps. Facing these challenges, 70 representatives of agroecology-related organizations worldwide participated in the development of the Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE), to produce and consolidate evidence on the multidimensional performances of agroecological systems. TAPE is composed of: Step 0, the preliminary step that includes a description of the main socio-economic and demographic characteristics of the agricultural and food systems and an analysis of the enabling environment in terms of relevant policy, market, technology, socio-cultural and/or historical drivers; Step 1, the Characterization of Agroecological Transitions (CAET), based on the 10 Elements of Agroecology adopted by FAO and its member countries, using descriptive scales to establish scores and assessing the degree of transition, with information from the farm/household and community/territory scale; Step 2, the Core Criteria of Performance listing the key dimensions considered relevant to address the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Environment & climate change; Health & nutrition; Society & culture; Economy and Governance. Finally Step 3, a participatory validation of the results obtained from the previous steps with the producers and relevant stakeholders. TAPE can be used (i) to assess the extent of agroecological transition among agricultural producers in a community or a territory, (ii) to monitor and evaluate projects by characterizing the initial and subsequent steps in an agroecological transition, and/or (iii) to evaluate widely diverse agricultural systems against agroecological elements and how they contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. Its application can support the transition of all forms of agricultural systems toward more sustainable practices and the formulation of adequate policies to enable this transformation. Preliminary results from pilot applications show that TAPE can perform in a variety of geographic regions and agroecosystems and that it allows assessment of performances of various criteria that move beyond classic indicators to begin to build a global evidence base for agroecology and support transformation to sustainable agricultural production and food systems.
Published: 2020
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16. Exploring systematic biases, rooting methods and morphological evidence to unravel the evolutionary history of the genus Ficus (Moraceae)

Author: Mathieu Gautier, Rosichon Ubaidillah, Astrid Cruaud, Christine Tollon-Cordet, Jean-Pierre Rossi, Yang-Qiong Peng, Lillian Jennifer Rodriguez, Rhett D. Harrison, Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira, Jean-Yves Rasplus, Laure Sauné, Anthony Bain, Finn Kjellberg, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of the Philippines Diliman (UP Diliman), Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Zambie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), This work was partially funded by UPD-OVCRD (171715 PhDIA) and UPD-NSRI (BIO-18-1-02)., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, DNA, Plant, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Ficus, Tree of life, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Plant Roots, 03 medical and health sciences, Monophyly, Phylogenetics, Animals, Clade, Pollination, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Long branch attraction, 0303 health sciences, Phylogenetic tree, biology, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Biological Evolution, Plant Breeding, 030104 developmental biology, Taxon, Evolutionary biology, Subgenus
Abstract: Despite their ecological and evolutionary importance as key components of tropical ecosystems, the phylogeny of fig trees is still unresolved. We use restriction-site-associated DNA (RAD) sequencing (ca420kb) and 102 morphological characters to elucidate the relationships between 70 species ofFicusrepresenting all known subgenera and sections and five outgroups. We compare morphological and molecular results to highlight discrepancies and reveal possible inference bias. We analyse marker and taxon properties that may bias molecular inferences, with existing softwares and a new approach based on iterative principal component analysis to reduce variance between clusters of samples. For the first time, with both molecular and morphological data, we recover a monophyletic subgenusUrostigmaand a clade with all gynodioecious fig trees. However, our analyses show that it is not possible to homogenize evolutionary rates and GC content for all taxa prior to phylogenetic inference and that four competing positions for the root of the molecular tree are possible. The placement of the long-branched sectionPharmacosyceaas sister to all other fig trees is not supported by morphological data and considered as a result of a long branch attraction artefact to the outgroups. Regarding morphological features and indirect evidence from the pollinator tree of life, the topology that divides the genusFicusinto monoeciousversusgynodioecious species appears most likely. Active pollination is inferred as the ancestral state for all topologies, ambiguity remains for ancestral breeding system including for the favored topology, and it appears most likely that the ancestor of fig trees was a freestanding tree. Increasing sampling may improve results and would be at least as relevant as maximizing the number of sequenced regions given the strong heterogeneity in evolutionary rates, and to a lesser extent, base composition among species. Despite morphological plasticity and frequent homoplasy of multiple characters, we advocate giving a central role to morphology in our understanding of the evolution ofFicus, especially as it can help detect insidious systematic errors that tend to become more pronounced with larger molecular data sets.
Published: 2020
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17. Long term impact of Acacia auriculiformis woodlots growing in rotation with cassava and maize on the carbon and nutrient contents of savannah sandy soils in the humid tropics (Democratic Republic of Congo)

Author: Emilien Dubiez, Jean-Michel Harmand, Vincent Freycon, Régis Peltier, Jean-Noël Marien, Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 0106 biological sciences, Rotation culturale, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Soil acidification, Agroforesterie, 01 natural sciences, Sol sableux, Afforestation, Transport des substances nutritives, Charcoal, Savane, 2. Zero hunger, Acacia auriculiformis, biology, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Arbre fixateur d'azote, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Culture associée, Bateke Plateau, Arénosol, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, Fixation de l'azote, maïs, Acacia, Manioc, N-2 fixation, Fertilité du sol, Agroforestry, Topsoil, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, K10 - Production forestière, F61 - Physiologie végétale - Nutrition, Agronomy, Soil water, Shifting cultivation, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Arenosol, Soil fertility, Cycle du carbone, Agronomy and Crop Science, Charcoal production, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Rotational woodlots with N2-fixing trees may be efficient agroforestry systems, allowing farmers to alternate agricultural and wood-energy production on the same area. However, their long-term effect on soil fertility is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of successive phases of Acacia auriculiformis stands growing in rotation with crops on the chemical properties of sandy and very poor tropical soils. The study was conducted 22 years after the afforestation of humid herbaceous savannah in Mampu, Democratic Republic of Congo. The chemical properties of top soil (0–20 cm) from control savannah plots were compared with those from acacia plots that had undergone one, two or three rotations of acacia during the 22 year period. We found that the soil properties under non-harvested acacia stands in a 1st rotation and under acacia stands in a 2nd or 3rd rotation following charcoal production and maize and cassava cultivation were similar. Soils under all acacia stands had higher C, N and $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ –N contents, but were more acidic, and had lower contents of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na than the control savannah soils. Despite the increase in soil C and N, the sustainability of the acacia rotational agroforestry system after 22 years of practice is in question due to the steady decrease of soil cations, soil acidification and the risk of a decline in tree and crop productivity. To improve the nutrient balance and the sustainability of this system, different practices are recommended such as the debarking of tree stems before carbonization, the restitution of small branches and charcoal residues to the soil, and the supply of natural rock phosphate.
Published: 2018
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18. Agroecosystem diversification with legumes or non-legumes improves differently soil fertility according to soil type

Author: Seguy Enock, Clémentine Allinne, Béatrice Rhino, Richard Randriamanantsoa, Patrice Autfray, Thierry Becquer, Stéphane Saj, Gaëlle Damour, Peninna Deberdt, Elias de Melo Virginio Filho, Miora Rakotoarivelo, Elisabeth Rosalie, Aude Ripoche, Philippe Tixier, Marie Sauvadet, Isabelle Bertrand, Mickaël Hedde, Grégoire T. Freschet, Bodovololona Rabary, Eric Blanchart, Raphaël Achard, Claude Plassard, Jean-Michel Harmand, Jean Trap, Jean-Daniel Essobo, Karel Van den Meersche, Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza - Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center (CATIE), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Fonctionnement agroécologique et performances des systèmes de cultures horticoles (UPR HORTSYS), World Agroforestry Centre [CGIAR, Cameroun] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (SETE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de Recherche Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (FR AIB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Université d'Antananarivo, Université de Montpellier (UM), The present work was funded by the Agropolis Foundation, STRADIV project (no. 1504-003), CIRAD (Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement), IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement). Part of this work was also carried out within the framework of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), INRAE l'unité technologie et système d'information (TSCF) du centre de Clermont-Ferrand, Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Nematoda, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], legumes, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, tropical soils, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Soil pH, plant diversification, functional traits, Biomass, Waste Management and Disposal, Soil Microbiology, 2. Zero hunger, Sol volcanique, food and beverages, Fabaceae, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil type, Pollution, Sol tropical, Agroécosystème, Diversification, Environmental Engineering, Indicateur écologique, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Biology, complex mixtures, 010603 evolutionary biology, Fertilité du sol, Animals, Environmental Chemistry, Agroecology, Méthode statistique, fungi, P35 - Fertilité du sol, Plant community, légume, 15. Life on land, Crop rotation, C-N-P cycling, Agronomy, nematodes, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, Soil fertility, Caractère agronomique
Abstract: International audience; Plant diversification through crop rotation or agroforestry is a promising way to improve sustainability of agroecosystems. Nonetheless, criteria to select the most suitable plant communities for agroecosystems diversification facing contrasting environmental constraints need to be refined. Here, we compared the impacts of 24 different plant communities on soil fertility across six tropical agroecosystems: either on highly weathered Ferralsols, with strong P limitation, or on partially weathered soils derived from volcanic material, with major N limitation. In each agroecosystem, we tested several plant communities for diversification, as compared to a matching low diversity management for their cropping system. Plant residue restitution, N, P and lignin contents were measured for each plant community. In parallel, the soil under each community was analyzed for organic C and N, inorganic N, Olsen P, soil pH and nematode community composition. Soil potential fertility was assessed with plant bioassays under greenhouse controlled climatic conditions. Overall, plant diversification had a positive effect on soil fertility across all sites, with contrasting effects depending on soil type and legumes presence in the community. Communities with legumes improved soil fertility indicators of volcanic soils, which was demonstrated through significantly higher plant biomass production in the bioassays (+18%) and soil inorganic N (+26%) compared to the low diversity management. Contrastingly, communities without legumes were the most beneficial in Ferralsols, with increases in plant biomass production in the bioassays (+39%), soil Olsen P (+46%), soil C (+26%), and pH (+5%). Piecewise structural equation models with Shipley's test revealed that plant diversification impacts on volcanic soil fertility were related to soil N availability, driven by litter N. Meanwhile, Ferralsols fertility was related to soil P availability, driven by litter P. These findings underline the importance of multifactorial and multi-sites experiments to inform trait-based frameworks used in designing optimal plant diversification in agroecological systems.Highlights:• We compared plant diversification impacts on soil fertility across 6 agroecosystems.• Benefits of plant diversification depended on both legume presence and soil type.• Legume-based diversification was mostly beneficial on the younger soils.• Ferralsols' fertility was improved with plant communities' litter P content.• Plant communities' traits were linked with diversification impacts on contrasting soils.
Published: 2021
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19. Rejoinder to Comments on Minasny et al., 2017 Soil carbon 4 per mille Geoderma 292, 59–86

Author: Manuel Martin, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Brendan P. Malone, Carolyn Hedley, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Vincent Chaplot, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Bhabani S. Das, Yiyi Sulaeman, Chun Chih Tsui, Igor Savin, Bas van Wesemael, Ben P. Marchant, Suk Young Hong, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Dominique Arrouays, Alex B. McBratney, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Genxing Pan, Damien J. Field, Alessandro Gimona, Biswapati Mandal, José Padarian, Laura Poggio, Budiman Minasny, Adam Chambers, Kun Cheng, Denis A. Angers, Keith Paustian, Leigh A. Winowiecki, B. G. McConkey, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, The University of Sydney, InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Institute of Resource, Ecosystem and Environment of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey (BGS), University of Sydney, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Landcare Research [Lincoln], World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, organic-carbon, Soil Science, Climate change, chemistry.chemical_element, challenges, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, nitrogen, 12. Responsible consumption, mitigation, 11. Sustainability, Life Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, Food security, sequestration, food security, dynamics, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Nitrogen, losses, Tillage, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Agronomy, chemistry, 13. Climate action, climate-change, tillage, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Per mille
Abstract: We thank the authors for their thought-provoking comments on our paper. Most of the commentators agree that soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is important for improving the quality of soil, however they argue that we have overstated the potential of soil carbon sequestration. We welcome the comments and appreciate that the issue of SOC sequestration has always been somewhat factious (Schlesinger, 2000). We shall address the significance of the quantity “4 per mille”, reported sequestration rates, the limitation of carbon sequestration with time, and nutrient requirements. We clarify that our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) mainly deals with potentials for the 20 countries and regions, where SOC sequestration can also be seen as a way to improving the resilience of the soil to future climate change, that is, improving adaptation rather than mitigation. We believe that in some parts of the world where food security is threatened, the benefit of soil carbon management for adaptation should be stressed more than for mitigation. This is the reason why the 4 per mille initiative explicitly includes food security (Chabbi et al., 2017; Soussana et al., 2015). We need to add that the “4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate” initiative is just one of many national and global initiatives on SOC sequestration for mitigating climate change. The Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils (ITPS) of the Global Soil Partnership (GSP) discussed incorporating the topic of SOC in the IPCC Assessment Report (ARs), from AR6 onwards. The IPCC has also put a focus on soil in their upcoming special report “Climate Change and Land” (http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr2/). The recent FAO Global Symposium (GSOC17) assembled experts engaged in FAO, GSP and its ITPS, IPCC, UNCCD-SPI and WMO activities to work together for the common goal of appropriate SOC management as part of overall sustainable soil management within the climate change mitigation and adaptation, sustainable development, Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) and food security agendas (http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/soil-organic-carbon-symposium/en/). The Global Research Alliance on Agricultural Greenhouse Gases (GRA) focused on opportunities to reduce agricultural greenhouse gas emissions and increase soil carbon sequestration while still helping to meet food security objectives (http://globalresearchalliance.org/about/). The Common Agriculture Policy in the EU is currently being revised to include the potential use of SOC as an indicator. The 4 per mille initiative was launched at COP21, where the Paris Agreement was adopted, and one of the main aims of the Paris Agreement is to stop the planet from warming an additional two Celsius degrees. The two-degree target, although suggested by scientists through modelling work, was chosen more for political and pragmatic reasons whereby countries could agree on a target that they could work towards (Tollefson, 2015). And of course, there are many scientific critiques of this target (Knutti et al., 2016). Similarly, the 4 per mille initiative comes from a politically-driven aspiration, and our paper (Minasny et al., 2017) is a response to such an aspiration, to seek and outline possibilities based on current knowledge. The important concept is that soil and agriculture are part of the solution, and it is an interim and evidence-based solution that we can implement. Now we shall respond to each of the commentaries.
Published: 2018
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20. Climate change mitigation and adaptation in agriculture: Why agroforestry should be part of the solution

Author: Marie Gosme, Meine van Noordwijk, Maren Oelbermann, Georg Cadisch, Rémi Cardinael, Agroécologie et Intensification Durables des cultures annuelles (UPR AIDA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), University of Zimbabwe (UZ), University of Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Waterloo [Waterloo], School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, University of Waterloo, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), and Plant Production Systems
Subjects: Carbone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, adaptation aux changements climatiques, Agroforesterie, sysnergy, stocks, 01 natural sciences, soil, storage, Life Science, Agroforestry, Adaptation (computer science), biodiversity, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, business.industry, trees, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, benefits, 15. Life on land, carbon sequestration, K10 - Production forestière, Climate change mitigation, Plant Production Systems, 13. Climate action, Agriculture, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, systems, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Système de culture, Animal Science and Zoology, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; This Special Issue highlights new contributions on the role of agroforestry systems for climate change mitigation and adaptation in different pedoclimatic contexts. This Special Issue was launched during the 4th World Congress on Agroforestry (https://agroforestry2019.cirad.fr/) held in Montpellier, France, 20–22 May 2019. This event gathered more than 1200 delegates and leading keynote speakers from 97 countries (Dupraz et al., 2019). Of the 82 articles received, 14 were considered for publication in this Special Issue, including several articles not presented during the congress. This Special Issue includes eight articles on climate change mitigation through agroforestry, and 6 articles on climate change adaptation (Table 1). Research results presented in this Special Issue cover 10 different countries (plus two papers with a global perspective) encompassing a broad range of agroforestry systems, including shaded perennial-crop systems, agroforests, silvopastures, parklands, hedgerows, and riparian systems.
Published: 2021
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21. Cocoa agroforest multifunctionality and soil fertility explained by shade tree litter traits

Author: Seguy Enock, Grégoire T. Freschet, Jean-Daniel Essobo, Philippe Tixier, Marie Sauvadet, Jean-Michel Harmand, Stéphane Saj, Thierry Becquer, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Centre [CGIAR, Cameroun] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Fonctionnement écologique et gestion durable des agrosystèmes bananiers et ananas (UR GECO), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Agropolis Fondation, STRADIV Project, Grant/Award Number: 1504-003, ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
Subjects: Litière forestière, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Milicia excelsa, Arbre d'ombrage, Agroforesterie, shade type, 01 natural sciences, agroforestry, Canarium, Soil functions, 2. Zero hunger, fertility, Ecology, biology, Ceiba pentandra, Plant litter, cacao tree, Cacao tree, Dacryodes edulis, agroecosystem multifunctionality, Albizia, 010603 evolutionary biology, litter recalcitrance, Fertilité du sol, Theobroma cacao, plant functional traits, Ceiba, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Shade tree, P35 - Fertilité du sol, 15. Life on land, soil functions, biology.organism_classification, F61 - Physiologie végétale - Nutrition, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Soil fertility
Abstract: International audience; Manipulating plant functional diversity to improve agroecosystem multifunctionality is a central challenge of agricultural systems world-wide. In cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS), shade trees are used to supply many services to farmers, yet their impact on soil functioning and cocoa yields is likely to vary substantially among tree species. Here we compared the impact of five shade tree species (Canarium schweinfurthii (Canarium), Dacryodes edulis (Safou), Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Ceiba pentandra (Kapok tree), Albizia adianthifolia (Albizia)) and unshaded conditions on the functioning of poor sandy savanna soils within eight cocoa farms in Central Cameroon. We assessed the effects of plant functional traits, leaf litterfall and fine root biomass on a range of soil functions and on cocoa yield. Shade trees generally improved soil pH, NH4+, NO3- and Olsen P content, biomass production of bioassays and soil total C and N content, while leaving cocoa yields unchanged. However, these effects varied largely among species. Improvements of soil functions were low under the two fruit trees (Canarium and Dacryodes), medium under the legume tree Albizia and high under the two timber trees (Milicia and Ceiba). Low litter recalcitrance was most strongly associated with increases in soil fertility indicators such as N and P availability, whereas soil C and N content increased with litter Ca restitution. Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that cocoa agroforest multifunctionality is substantially influenced by the functional traits of shade tree species. Shade tree species with the most dissimilar traits to cocoa (cocoa showing the lowest leaf litter quality) showed the largest improvement of soil functions. Therefore, selection of shade trees based on their functional traits appears as a promising practice to adequately manage soil functioning. In order to fully assess the beneficial role of shade trees in these agroecosystems. Future research will need to extend this approach to other below-ground traits and other aspects of multifunctionality such as long-term cocoa health and yield.
Published: 2020
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22. Contrasted effects of temperature during defoliation vs. refoliation periods on the infection of rubber powdery mildew (Oidium heveae) in Xishuangbanna, China

Author: Jianchu Xu, De-Li Zhai, Jing Wang, Philippe Thaler, Yiqi Luo, Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), East China Normal University [Shangaï] (ECNU), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Chine] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), by the Belmont Forum Collaborative Research Action 'Mountains as Sentinels of Change2015' (No. 41661144001), and by the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (QYZDY-SSWSMC014)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Défoliation, Partial least squares (PLS) regression, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Leaf phenology, Natural rubber, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, Analyse de régression, Rubber plantation, Xishuangbanna, Sw china, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, H20 - Maladies des plantes, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Oidium heveae, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, Phenology, Oidium (genre), food and beverages, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, Fungicide, Horticulture, Hevea brasiliensis, visual_art, Température ambiante, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Phénologie, Powdery mildew
Abstract: International audience; Rubber powdery mildew caused by the foliar fungiOidium heveaeis one of the main diseases affecting rubber plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) worldwide. It is particularly serious in sub-optimal growing areas, such as Xishuangbanna in SW China. To prevent and control this disease, fungicides causing serious environmental problems are widely used. Strong correlations between the infection level and the temperature variables were reported previously, but they were related to monthly data that did not allow unraveling the patterns during the entire sensitive period. We correlated the infection level of powdery mildew of rubber trees recorded over 2003-2011 with antecedent 365 days daily temperature variables using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Our PLS regression results showed that the infection level of powdery mildew responded differently to the temperature variables of the defoliation and refoliation periods. Further analysis with Kriging interpolation showed that the infection level increased by 20% and 11%, respectively, per 1 degrees C rise of the daily maximum and mean temperature in the defoliation season, while it decreased by 8% and 10%, respectively, per 1 degrees C rise of the daily maximum and temperature difference in the refoliation season. This pattern was likely linked to the effects of temperature on leaf phenology. It seems highly possible that the infection level of powdery mildew increases, as increasing trends of maximum temperature and mean temperature during the defoliation continue.
Published: 2020
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23. Hi-sAFe: A 3D Agroforestry Model for Integrating Dynamic Tree–Crop Interactions

Author: Dupraz, Christian, Wolz, Kevin, Lecomte, Isabelle, Talbot, Grégoire, Vincent, Grégoire, Mulia, Rachmat, Bussière, François, Ozier-Lafontaine, Harry, Andrianarisoa, Sitraka, Jackson, Nick, Lawson, Gerry, Dones, Nicolas, Sinoquet, Hervé, Lusiana, Betha, Harja, Degi, Domenicano, Susy, Reyes, Francesco, Gosme, Marie, Noordwijk, Meine, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), SE Asia, World Agroforestry Centre, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Agrosystèmes tropicaux (ASTRO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Centre d'Etude de la Forêt (Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), European Project: 613520,EC:FP7:KBBE,FP7-KBBE-2013-7-single-stage,AGFORWARD(2014), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l’Arbre en environnement Fluctuant - Clermont Auvergne (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Laval, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])
Subjects: alley cropping, windbreak, lcsh:TJ807-830, lcsh:Renewable energy sources, [SDV.BID.SPT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity/Systematics, Phylogenetics and taxonomy, Ecology and Environment, facilitation, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, land equivalent ratio, silvoarable, hedgerow, forestry, competition, long‐term simulation, plasticity, long-term simulation, lcsh:Environmental sciences, lcsh:GE1-350, agroforesterie, lcsh:Environmental effects of industries and plants, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, lcsh:TD194-195, Agriculture and Soil Science, Hydrology, modèle dynamique, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; Agroforestry, the intentional integration of trees with crops and/or livestock, can lead to multiple economic and ecological benefits compared to trees and crops/livestock grown separately. Field experimentation has been the primary approach to understanding the tree-crop interactions inherent in agroforestry. However, the number of field experiments has been limited by slow tree maturation and difficulty in obtaining consistent funding. Models have the potential to overcome these hurdles and rapidly advance understanding of agroforestry systems. Hi-sAFe is a mechanistic, biophysical model designed to explore the interactions within agroforestry systems that mix trees with crops. The model couples the pre-existing STICS crop model to a new tree model that includes several plasticity mechanisms responsive to tree-tree and tree-crop competition for light, water, and nitrogen. Monoculture crop and tree systems can also be simulated, enabling calculation of the land equivalent ratio. The model's 3D and spatially explicit form is key for accurately representing many competition and facilitation processes. Hi-sAFe is a novel tool for exploring agroforestry designs (e.g., tree spacing, crop type, tree row orientation), management strategies (e.g., thinning, branch pruning, root pruning, fertilization, irrigation), and responses to environmental variation (e.g., latitude, climate change, soil depth, soil structure and fertility, fluctuating water table). By improving our understanding of the complex interactions within agroforestry systems, Hi-sAFe can ultimately facilitate adoption of agroforestry as a sustainable land-use practice.
Published: 2019
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24. Farmer adoption of plot- and farm-level natural resource management practices: Between rhetoric and reality

Author: F. Place, Karl Hughes, James Stevenson, Lakshmi Krishnan, Paul L. G. Vlek, Karen Macours, David J. Spielman, Nancy Brown Johnson, Bernard Vanlauwe, Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR], International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Paris Jourdan Sciences Economiques (PJSE), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris School of Economics (PSE), International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] (IITA), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), École des Ponts ParisTech (ENPC)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), International Food Policy Research Institute [Washington] (IFPRI), and World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF)
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Ecology, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, Natural resource economics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, agriculture increases yields, Developing country, Face (sociological concept), [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 03 medical and health sciences, Agriculture, 0502 economics and business, Rhetoric, Sustainability, 050202 agricultural economics & policy, Plot (narrative), Business, Natural resource management, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, Empirical evidence, Safety Research, Food Science, media_common
Abstract: International audience; There is a significant gap between the rhetoric of claims about adoption of farm-level natural resource management practices and the reality. New empirical evidence of low adoption from several developing countries suggests that on-farm natural resource management practices face significant constraints to adoption, and that they deliver heterogeneous private and public benefits. Five recommendations are given to the research community related to: targeting; scaling-up; the proper role of research; trajectories of diffusion; and measurement of environmental impacts.
Published: 2019
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25. Herbaceous seeds dominates the soil seed bank after long-term prescribed fire, grazing and selective tree cutting in savanna-woodlands of West Africa

Author: Didier Zida, Sata Diawara, Patrice Savadogo, Lassina Sanou, Adjima Thiombiano, Centre national de la recherche scientifique et technologique, UFR-Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo [Ouagadougou] (UJZK), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Mali] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Subregional Office for West Africa [Dakar] (FAO), and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Soil seed bank, Ecology, Plant community, Woodland, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Agronomy, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Soil horizon, Ecosystem, Ordination, Species richness, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract: The soil seed bank (SSB) is an important source of resilience for plant communities subjected to disturbances. This study aimed to identify characteristics of the SSB, its relationship with aboveground vegetation (AGV), and its significance for restoration of vegetation in West African savanna-woodlands. Data were collected from two long-term factorial experiments established in 1992 in Burkina Faso to examine the long-term ecological effects of grazing, early fire, selective tree cutting on savanna-woodland ecosystem. A total of 1920 soil samples were taken from three soil layers (i.e. 0-3 cm, 3–6 cm and 6–9 cm) and the SSB was assessed using the seedling emergence technique. The emerged seedlings were dominated by non-woody taxa. Only two woody species that were Flueggea virosa and Mitragyna inermis emerged, showing that woody species feature little in the SSB. The SSB density and richness decreased significantly with soil depth. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination indicated a lack of correspondence between the AGV and SSB. The results suggest site-specific responses to disturbance also following long-term disturbance, the SSB will be ineffective in regenerating the remnant vegetation of West African savanna-woodlands. Hence, ensuring the resilience of West African savanna woodland ecosystems will require targeted introductions (i.e. planting and seeding) of indigenous species and a reduction in on-going disturbances.
Published: 2020
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26. Forest restoration: Transformative trees

Author: Dominick V. Spracklen, Cindy E. Morris, Ruud van der Ent, Douglas Sheil, Obbe A. Tuinenburg, Pierre L. Ibisch, Daniel Murdiyarso, Anastassia M. Makarieva, Ulrik Ilstedt, Caroline A Sullivan, Clive McAlpine, Germán Poveda, Aida Bargués-Tobella, Antonio Donato Nobre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNE), St Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Southern Cross University (SCU), Utrecht University [Utrecht], and Delft University of Technology (TU Delft)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Agroforestry, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, 0207 environmental engineering, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, ddc, Forest restoration, Transformative learning, Geography, Life Science, 020701 environmental engineering, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2019
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27. Top 100 research questions for biodiversity conservation in Southeast Asia

Author: Janice Ser Huay Lee, Peter A. Todd, Erik Meijaard, Wolfram Dressler, Susan Page, Benjamin P. Y.-H. Lee, Mary Rose C. Posa, Damayanti Buchori, S. T. Vo, Eleanor M. Slade, Zeehan Jaafar, Beria Leimona, J. L. Coleman, Madhu Rao, Alice C. Hughes, Matthew Linkie, Lian Pin Koh, Syed Ajijur Rahman, T. E. E. dela Cruz, P. Parolin, Tien Ming Lee, Xingli Giam, A. Olsson, Luke Gibson, James Reed, Daniel A. Friess, Edward L. Webb, Kwek Yan Chong, Anuj Jain, David Taylor, Luis R. Carrasco, Anthony J. Lynam, M. Leggett, Graham W. Prescott, Charles M. Francis, David Bickford, Alan D. Ziegler, Gopalasamy Reuben Clements, Puay Yok Tan, John S. Ascher, Daniel R. Richards, David Edwards, Danwei Huang, Ryan A. Chisholm, A. Cabanban, Enoka P. Kudavidanage, Robert Steinmetz, Vincent Nijman, Matthew Scott Luskin, Kelvin S.-H. Peh, Patrick Christie, Sorain J. Ramchunder, Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), University of La Verne, Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA), Wetlands International, Partenaires INRAE, University of Washington [Seattle], Sunway University, University of Santo Tomas, University of Melbourne, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield [Sheffield], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUST), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), BirdLife International, Conservation International, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Tropical Ecosystem Research Network (TERN), National Parks Board, Asian School of the Environment (ASE), Nanyang Technological University [Singapour], School of life sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), World Agroforestry Centre, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Wildlife Conservation Society, Borneo Futures, Oxford Brookes University, University of Leicester, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Department of Geography, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), FCL, Singapore-ETH Centre, Singapore, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, World Wide Fund (WWF), Vietnamese Academy of Sciences and Technology, and Asian School of the Environment
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Conservation Biology, Expert Elicitation, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, Geology [Science], Expert elicitation, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Ecosystem services, Deforestation, 11. Sustainability, Environmental planning, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Research priorities, 2. Zero hunger, Sustainable development, Human Dimension, Conservation biology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Extinction, 15. Life on land, Sustainability, 13. Climate action, Threatened species, [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Southeast (SE) Asia holds high regional biodiversity and endemism levels but is also one of the world's most threatened regions. Local, regional and global threats could have severe consequences for the future survival of many species and the provision of ecosystem services. In the face of myriad pressing environmental problems, we carried out a research prioritisation exercise involving 64 experts whose research relates to conservation biology and sustainability in SE Asia. Experts proposed the most pressing research questions which, if answered, would advance the goals of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development in SE Asia. We received a total of 333 questions through three rounds of elicitation, ranked them (by votes) following a workshop and grouped them into themes. The top 100 questions depict SE Asia as a region where strong pressures on biodiversity interact in complex and poorly understood ways. They point to a lack of information about multiple facets of the environment, while exposing the many threats to biodiversity and human wellbeing. The themes that emerged indicate the need to evaluate specific drivers of biodiversity loss (wildlife harvesting, agricultural expansion, climate change, infrastructure development, pollution) and even to identify which species and habitats are most at risk. They also suggest the need to study the effectiveness of practice-based solutions (protected areas, ecological restoration), the human dimension (social interventions, organisational systems and processes and, the impacts of biodiversity loss and conservation interventions on people). Finally, they highlight gaps in fundamental knowledge of ecosystem function. These 100 questions should help prioritise and coordinate research, conservation, education and outreach activities and the distribution of scarce conservation resources in SE Asia. Accepted version The workshop was funded by a generous donation from Haiyi Holdings Pte Ltd. to the Department of Biological Sciences of the National University of Singapore.
Published: 2019
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28. Long-term dynamics of cocoa agroforestry systems established on lands previously occupied by savannah or forests

Author: Stéphane Saj, Patrick Kenfack Fogang, Jean-Daniel Essobo Nieboukaho, Seguy Enock, Annemarijn Nijmeijer, Pierre-Eric Lauri, Jean-Michel Harmand, Grégoire T. Freschet, Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement [Yaoundé] (IRAD), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), World Agroforestry Centre [CGIAR, Cameroun] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STRADIV (Agropolis Fondation) : 1405-018, AFS4FOOD (EuropeAid) projects : 30-741/D/ACT/ACP, CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development), IRAD (Institute of Agricultural Research for Development of Cameroon), ANR-10-LABX-0001,AGRO,Agricultural Sciences for sustainable Development(2010), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Architecture et Fonctionnement des Espèces Fruitières, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Agroecosystem, Nutrient cycle, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Agroforesterie, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, Fertilité du sol, afforestation, Afforestation, Ecosystem, Theobroma cacao, soil quality, litterfall, Savane, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, Agroforestry, P35 - Fertilité du sol, Species diversity, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, Plant litter, Soil quality, plant diversity, services écosystémiques, ecosystem service, 13. Climate action, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, land-use legacies, Animal Science and Zoology, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: International audience; Cocoa agroforestry systems (cAFS) in Central Cameroon are established on lands which were either forest or savannah. The functioning and ecosystem services (ES) delivery of an agroecosystem can be influenced by past land-use. We hypothesised that savannah-derived cocoa agroforestry systems (S-cAFS) and forest-derived cocoa agroforestry systems (F-cAFS) would (i) progressively drift away from past land-use, and (ii) eventually converge and support comparable levels of ecosystem services. We selected 25 ecosystem attributes directly related to at least one of the following six ecosystem (dis)services (ES): species conservation, carbon storage, crop production, nutrient cycling, soil quality and soil pollution. We followed their temporal evolution in S- and F-cAFS along >70-year chronosequences. Our results showed that the attributes and services studied followed typical temporal trajectories in S- and F-cAFS while generally tending to reach comparable levels on the long run. However, the time needed to do so varied strongly and ranged from 20 to 30 years for perennial species diversity to more than 70 years for C storage or some components of soil quality. The results also demonstrated that S-cAFS could sustainably improve many of the studied attributes and ES. Regarding the attributes related to the cocoa stand, both S- and F-cAFS seemed influenced by their previous land-use up until 15 and 30 years, respectively, after their establishment. With respect to soil quality, nutrient cycling and carbon storage, only S-cAFS could be significantly distinguished from their past land-use, after 15 to 30 years.
Published: 2019
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29. IDAO as a promising tool to identify Mangrove plants in the Indian Ocean

Author: Prosperi, Juliana, Grard, Pierre, Proisy, Christophe, Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), and Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2018

30. A global spectral library to characterize the world's soil

Author: David J. Brown, Carolyn Hedley, Cécile Gomez, Bo Stenberg, Suk Young Hong, P. Sanborn, H.J.M. Morrás, R. A. Viscarra Rossel, Youssef Fouad, Martial Bernoux, Adrian Chappell, Pierre Roudier, Harm Bartholomeus, César Guerrero, Viacheslav I. Adamchuk, Valérie Genot, Zhou Shi, Bernard Barthès, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Eyal Ben-Dor, L. Brodský, Kenneth A. Sudduth, Christian Walter, Anita D. Bayer, Wenjun Ji, Hamouda Aichi, José Alexandre Melo Demattê, Sabine Grunwald, Leonardo Ramirez-Lopez, Barry G. Rawlins, Andreas Gubler, E.M. Rufasto Campos, Changwen Du, Keith D. Shepherd, V.M. Sellitto, Kristin Böttcher, Antoine Stevens, Marco Nocita, Thorsten Behrens, Maria Knadel, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), University of Tübingen, Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], Washington State University (WSU), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Mali] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Zhejiang University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Earth and Life Institute [Louvain-La-Neuve] (ELI), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], SPADD Laboratory, Higher School of Agriculture of Mograne, Université de Tunis Carthage, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), JRC Institute for Environment and Sustainability (IES), European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra] (JRC), Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation (SAS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Liège, Laboratoire d'étude des Interactions Sol - Agrosystème - Hydrosystème (UMR LISAH), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), Agroscope FAL Reckenholz (AGROSCOPE), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Universidad Miguel Hernández [Elche] (UMH), Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Aarhus University [Aarhus], INTA Castelar CIRN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), BÜCHI Labortechnik AG, Partenaires INRAE, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, University of Northern British Columbia [Prince George] (UNBC), University of Molise [Campobasso] (UNIMOL), University of Molise, USDA-ARS Cropping Systems and Water Quality Research Unit (USDA), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System-University of Missouri System, British Geological Survey (BGS), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Remote Sensing and GIS Laboratory, Laboratoire de Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires (LPMA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), CSIRO - Land & Water National Research Flagship, Tissu Osseux et Contraintes Mecaniques (LBTO), Université Jean Monnet [Saint-Étienne] (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Universidad de Sevilla, AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Tel Aviv University (TAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Università degli Studi del Molise = University of Molise (UNIMOL)
Subjects: Vis–NIR spectroscopy, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), Soil Science, Soil science, Land cover, Silt, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, Global soil dataset, Wavelets, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Machine learning, Cation-exchange capacity, machine teaming, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, [SDU.STU.HY]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Hydrology, Agricultural Science, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Soil vis-NIR spectra, Food security, business.industry, Scale (chemistry), Environmental resource management, Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Soil vis–NIR spectra, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Soil spectral library, Multivariate statistics, Environmental Sciences related to Agriculture and Land-use, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Sustainability, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, business
Abstract: Soil provides ecosystemservices, supports human health and habitation, stores carbon and regulatesemissions ofgreenhouse gases. Unprecedented pressures on soil from degradation and urbanization are threatening agroecologicalbalances and food security. It is important that we learn more about soil to sustainably manage andpreserve it for future generations. To this end, we developed and analyzed a global soil visible–near infrared(vis–NIR) spectral library. It is currently the largest and most diverse database of its kind. We show that the informationencoded in the spectra can describe soil composition and be associated to land cover and its global geographic distribution, which acts as a surrogate for global climate variability. We also show the usefulness ofthe global spectra for predicting soil attributes such as soil organic and inorganic carbon, clay, silt, sand andiron contents, cation exchange capacity, and pH. Usingwavelets to treat the spectra, whichwere recorded in differentlaboratories using different spectrometers and methods, helped to improve the spectroscopic modelling.We found that modelling a diverse set of spectra with a machine learning algorithm can find the local relationshipsin the data to produce accurate predictions of soil properties. The spectroscopic models that we derivedare parsimonious and robust, and using them we derived a harmonized global soil attribute dataset, whichmight serve to facilitate research on soil at the global scale. This spectroscopic approach should help to dealwith the shortage of data on soil to better understand it and to meet the growing demand for information to assessandmonitor soil at scales ranging fromregional to global.New contributions to the library are encouraged sothat this work and our collaboration might progress to develop a dynamic and easily updatable database withbetter global coverage. We hope that this work will reinvigorate our community's discussion towards larger,more coordinated collaborations. We also hope that use of the database will deepen our understanding of soilso that we might sustainably manage it and extend the research outcomes of the soil, earth and environmentalsciences towards applications that we have not yet dreamed of.
Published: 2016
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31. Using farmers' local knowledge of tree provision of ecosystem services to strengthen the emergence of coffee-agroforestry landscapes in southwest China

Author: Philippe Vaast, Clément Rigal, Jianchu Xu, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Centre, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Philippines] (ICRAF), University of the Philippines Los Baños (UP Los Baños), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, lcsh:Medicine, 010501 environmental sciences, Agroforesterie, Connaissance indigène, 01 natural sciences, Coffee, Ecosystem services, Trees, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Ethnicities, lcsh:Science, 2. Zero hunger, Agroforests, Multidisciplinary, Farmers, Ecology, Agroforestry, Eukaryota, Agriculture, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biodiversity, Coffea arabica, Plants, Livelihood, Professions, Pratique culturale, Geography, Knowledge, Agroécosystème, Agricultural Workers, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Research Article, China, Conservation of Natural Resources, Farms, Écologie, Ecological Metrics, Context (language use), Ecosystems, Fruits, Traditional knowledge, Ecosystem, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, business.industry, Shade tree, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:R, Organisms, Biology and Life Sciences, Species Diversity, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, services écosystémiques, Sustainability, People and Places, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Population Groupings, lcsh:Q, Système de culture, Pest Control, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, business, Agroecology
Abstract: International audience; Intensive monoculture coffee farms quickly expanded in Yunnan Province in the 1990's and 2000's. In 2012, local authorities in Pu'er and Xishuangbanna Prefectures, the main coffee producing centre in the province, initiated a large-scale conversion program of these farms towards coffee-agroforestry systems to promote "ecologically-friendly coffee". Shade tree inventories and household interviews were conducted in these two prefectures to characterize coffee farms and the Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) of farmers on the provision of ecosystem services by associated tree species. This study on newly emerging coffee farming systems revealed a high level of tree species diversity at both farm and landscape levels despite the previous dominance of intensive coffee monoculture and the large-scale distribution of a limited number of shade tree species by the government. 162 tree species were encountered during farm inventories, out of which the community of coffee farmers was able to rank 30 against 9 ecosystem services and disservices. This study reveals that this LEK is a type of hybrid knowledge that still relies mostly on traditional knowledge of tree species combined with experience acquired from newly-implemented coffee-agroforestry practices. This study also pointed out knowledge gaps regarding the impact of mature trees on coffee yield, coffee quality and pest control. The participatory approach resulted in the identification of non-promoted species with a high potential to provide locally relevant ecosystem services in coffee-agroforestry systems. These results lead to the upgrade of an online tool (www. shadetreeadvice.org) which allows extension services generating lists of recommended shade tree species tailored to the local ecological context and individual farmers' needs. This tool will benefit farmers' livelihood, support landscape health and contribute to the sustainability of the emerging Yunnan coffee agriculture sector.
Published: 2018
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32. Coffee production during the transition period from monoculture to agroforestry systems in near optimal growing conditions, in Yunnan Province

Author: Clément Rigal, Philippe Vaast, Minghua Qiu, Jianchu Xu, Guilin Hu, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, Arbre d'ombrage, Microclimate, Cinnamomum camphora, F62 - Physiologie végétale - Croissance et développement, rendement, Agroforesterie, Biology, 01 natural sciences, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Dry season, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Agroforestry, Coffea arabica, Shade tree, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, services écosystémiques, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Microclimat, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Animal Science and Zoology, Monoculture, Agronomy and Crop Science, Pruning
Abstract: Large-scale conversions from monoculture arabica coffee systems to agroforestry systems started in 2012 in southern Yunnan Province. This study analyses the impact of young shade trees (Cinnamomum camphora, Bishofia javanica and Jacaranda mimosifolia) on microclimate, coffee fruit development cycle, coffee yield, and coffee quality only 4 years after their introduction. The results show that young shade trees reduced diurnal fluctuations in temperatures, buffered high temperatures in the rainy season (−3 to −6 °C), and protected coffee trees from cold temperatures in the dry season (+0.5 to +1 °C). Coffee flower set decreased with shade intensity, as did fruit losses during the bean filling and maturation stages. Consequently, coffee trees under B. javanica and J. mimosifolia, which both provide light shade intensity, produced yields similar to those of coffee trees in open conditions. Only coffee trees under the dense shade of C. camphora had lower yields. Shade trees did not affect the physical and organoleptic attributes of coffee beans. This study hence demonstrates that carefully selected shade trees can rapidly provide positive ecosystem services related to microclimate and coffee physiology, while maintaining a coffee yield and quality similar to those found in monoculture coffee systems. With their diffused shade, B. javanica and J. mimosifolia are suitable options for the agro-ecological intensification of coffee systems, while the use of C. camphora requires active management and pruning practices in order to sustain high coffee yield.
Published: 2020
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33. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world

Author: Yulia Sugandi, Meine van Noordwijk, Dominick V. Spracklen, Bruno Verbist, Daniel Murdiyarso, Bart Muys, Adriaan J. Teuling, David Sands, David L. A. Gaveau, Victoria Gutierrez, Aida Bargués Tobella, Douglas Sheil, David Ellison, Jan Pokorny, Bruno Locatelli, Caroline A Sullivan, Solomon Gebreyohannis Gebrehiwot, Cindy E. Morris, Jane Maslow Cohen, Irena F. Creed, Elaine Springgay, Ulrik Ilstedt, Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Ellison Consulting, Unité de Pathologie Végétale (PV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology [Bozeman], Montana State University (MSU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Bogor Agricultural University - IPB (INDONESIA), WeForest, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University of Western Ontario (UWO), ENKI, o.p.s., University of Leeds, Department of Earth Sciences [Uppsala], Uppsala University, Addis Ababa University (AAU), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), Southern Cross University (SCU), CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP-FTA), Australian Research Council fund LP130100498, ENKI and the Belgian Development Cooperation through VLIR-UOS, Station de Pathologie Végétale (AVI-PATHO), Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Texas law, University of North Texas (UNT), Department of Geophysics and Meteorology, ICRAF World Agroforestry Center, Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University and Research Center (WUR), Department of Biology, Western University, School of Earth and Environment, Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Group, Ethiopian Institute of Water Resources, Department of Earth Sciences [ Uppsala], Division of Forest, Nature and Landscape, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven] (EES), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)-Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Department of Community Development and Communication Sciences, School of Environment, Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, and Ellison, David
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Mitigation, Climate, Geography, Planning and Development, Ressource énergétique, Planification régionale, adaptation aux changements climatiques, forêt tropicale, adaptation, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Klimatforskning, forest, forêt, 11. Sustainability, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, couverture du sol, Gouvernance, Milieux et Changements globaux, reforestation, Global and Planetary Change, Utilisation des terres, water, energy, climate, carbon, mitigation, sustainability, Energy, Ecology, Corporate governance, Environmental resource management, impact climatique, PE&RC, Call to action, séquestration du carbone, Plant Production Systems, Sustainability, réduction des émissions, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Ressource en eau, P33 - Chimie et physique du sol, cycle du carbone, Climate Research, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, cycle de l'eau, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Land cover, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Carbon cycle, carbon cycle, Couverture végétale, Forest, Adaptation, P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion, Arbre forestier, Reforestation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Changement climatique, Land use, business.industry, Water, Water cool, Cycle hydrologique, politique agrienvironnementale, 15. Life on land, Carbon, Water resources, 13. Climate action, Plantaardige Productiesystemen, Politique foncière, Environmental science, Politique forestière, business
Abstract: © 2017 The Author(s) Forest-driven water and energy cycles are poorly integrated into regional, national, continental and global decision-making on climate change adaptation, mitigation, land use and water management. This constrains humanity's ability to protect our planet's climate and life-sustaining functions. The substantial body of research we review reveals that forest, water and energy interactions provide the foundations for carbon storage, for cooling terrestrial surfaces and for distributing water resources. Forests and trees must be recognized as prime regulators within the water, energy and carbon cycles. If these functions are ignored, planners will be unable to assess, adapt to or mitigate the impacts of changing land cover and climate. Our call to action targets a reversal of paradigms, from a carbon-centric model to one that treats the hydrologic and climate-cooling effects of trees and forests as the first order of priority. For reasons of sustainability, carbon storage must remain a secondary, though valuable, by-product. The effects of tree cover on climate at local, regional and continental scales offer benefits that demand wider recognition. The forest- and tree-centered research insights we review and analyze provide a knowledge-base for improving plans, policies and actions. Our understanding of how trees and forests influence water, energy and carbon cycles has important implications, both for the structure of planning, management and governance institutions, as well as for how trees and forests might be used to improve sustainability, adaptation and mitigation efforts. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world journaltitle: Global Environmental Change articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002 content_type: article copyright: © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ispartof: Global Environmental Change vol:43 pages:51-61 status: published
Published: 2017
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34. Study in Agaricus subgenus Minores and allied clades reveals a new American subgenus and contrasting phylogenetic patterns in Europe and Greater Mekong Subregion

Author: Samantha C. Karunarathna, Komsit Wisitrassameewong, Jie Chen, Rui-Lin Zhao, Olivier Raspé, Kevin D. Hyde, Mao-Qiang He, Philippe Callac, Magalie Moinard, Luis A. Parra, A. De Kesel, Unité de recherche Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (MycSA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University [Thaïlande] (MFU), Avda, Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Chine] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Botanic Garden Meise, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Unité de recherche Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments (MSA), World Agroforestry Centre, China & East-Asia Office, and Naturalis journals & series
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, taxonomie, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Subtropics, Agaricus sect. Minores, analyse phylogénétique, 03 medical and health sciences, taxonomy, Botany, Agaricaceae, Clade, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, divergence times, multi-gene phylogeny, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Species diversity, 15. Life on land, 030108 mycology & parasitology, biology.organism_classification, Evolutionary biology, Phylogenetic Pattern, Taxonomy (biology), agaricus, Subgenus, Research Article
Abstract: Within Agaricus subg. Minores, A. sect. Minores remains a little-studied section due generally to its delicate sporocarps often lacking taxonomically relevant morphological characters. To reconstruct the section, using the recent taxonomic system based on divergence times, and to evaluate the species diversity of A. sect. Minores in the Greater Mekong Subregion, 165 specimens were incorporated in phylogenetic analyses. A dated tree based on nuclear ITS, LSU and tef1-α sequence data allowed us to better circumscribe A. subg. Minores and to propose a new subgenus, A. subg. Minoriopsis, which is only known from tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. A larger tree based on ITS sequences indicated that, with 81 phylogenetic species, the reconstructed section Minores is now one of the largest sections in the genus. Within A. subg. Minores, a new section, A. sect. Leucocarpi, and eleven new species are described from the Greater Mekong Subregion. Thirty-eight species of A. sect. Minores from this region of Asia were distributed in multiple clades that successively diverged over the past 24 million years. In contrast, species reported from Europe mostly grouped in a single non-tropical clade, suggesting a major species diversification following the middle Miocene climatic optimum.
Published: 2017
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35. Soil carbon 4 per mille

Author: Genxing Pan, Inakwu O. A. Odeh, Igor Savin, Tor-Gunnar Vågen, Vera Leatitia Mulder, Laura Poggio, Vincent Chaplot, Damien J. Field, Alex B. McBratney, Yiyi Sulaeman, Manuel Martin, Carolyn Hedley, Denis A. Angers, Sharon M. O’Rourke, Vladimir Stolbovoy, Biswapati Mandal, Ben P. Marchant, Adam Chambers, Zueng-Sang Chen, Uta Stockmann, Dominique Arrouays, José Padarian, Keith Paustian, Anne C. Richer-de-Forges, Budiman Minasny, Bas van Wesemael, Suk Young Hong, Alessandro Gimona, Kun Cheng, Leigh A. Winowiecki, Bhabani S. Das, Chun Chih Tsui, Brendan P. Malone, Brian McConkey, Sydney Institute of Agriculture, The University of Sydney, Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), InfoSol (InfoSol), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Natural Resources Conservation Services (NRCS), United States Department of Agriculture, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Taiwan University [Taiwan] (NTU), Nanjing Agricultural University (NAU), Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), The James Hutton Institute, Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research [Lincoln], Department of Agricultural Engineering,RDA, Wanju, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, British Geological Survey [Keyworth], British Geological Survey (BGS), Soil Geography and Landscape Group, Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), University College Dublin [Dublin] (UCD), Department of Soil and Crop Sciences [Fort Collins], Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), People's Friendship University of Russia [Moscow], Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute (SSI), Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Indonésie] (ICRAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Département de Géographie (UCL GEO), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Unité INFOSOL (ORLEANS INFOSOL), University of Limerick [IRLANDE] (UL), University of Limerick (UL), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Xi'an Jiaotong University (Xjtu), Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Hawaii Pacific University, Macaulay Institute, Rothamsted Research, Dep. of Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU), Nanjing Agricultural University, and Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development Ministry of Agriculture
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Soil Science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Carbon sequestration, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, Environmental protection, Climate change, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Topsoil, Soil organic matter, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Bodemgeografie en Landschap, Climate change mitigation, Greenhouse gases, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Soil Geography and Landscape, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Soil horizon, Environmental science, Per mille, Soil carbon sequestration
Abstract: International audience; The ‘4 per mille Soils for Food Security and Climate’ was launched at the COP21 with an aspiration to increase global soil organic matter stocks by 4 per 1000 (or 0.4 %) per year as a compensation for the global emissions of greenhouse gases by anthropogenic sources. This paper surveyed the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock estimates and sequestration potentials from 20 regions in the world (New Zealand, Chile, South Africa, Australia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Kenya, Nigeria, India, China Taiwan, South Korea, China Mainland, United States of America, France, Canada, Belgium, England & Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and Russia). We asked whether the 4 per mille initiative is feasible for the region. The outcomes highlight region specific efforts and scopes for soil carbon sequestration. Reported soil C sequestration rates globally show that under best management practices, 4 per mille or even higher sequestration rates can be accomplished. High C sequestration rates (up to 10 per mille) can be achieved for soils with low initial SOC stock (topsoil less than 30 t C ha−1), and at the first twenty years after implementation of best management practices. In addition, areas which have reached equilibrium will not be able to further increase their sequestration. We found that most studies on SOC sequestration only consider topsoil (up to 0.3 m depth), as it is considered to be most affected by management techniques. The 4 per mille number was based on a blanket calculation of the whole global soil profile C stock, however the potential to increase SOC is mostly on managed agricultural lands. If we consider 4 per mille in the top 1m of global agricultural soils, SOC sequestration is between 2-3 Gt C year−1, which effectively offset 20–35% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. As a strategy for climate change mitigation, soil carbon sequestration buys time over the next ten to twenty years while other effective sequestration and low carbon technologies become viable. The challenge for cropping farmers is to find disruptive technologies that will further improve soil condition and deliver increased soil carbon. Progress in 4 per mille requires collaboration and communication between scientists, farmers, policy makers, and marketeers.
Published: 2017
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36. Agricultural innovation platform dynamics: a conceptual framework to analyze demand-driven research

Author: Mathé, Syndhia, Idrissou, Latifou, Hervé , Bisseleua, Degrande, Ann, Bidogeza, Jean-Claude, Suh, Christopher, Rey-Valette, Hélène, Innovation et Développement dans l'Agriculture et l'Alimentation (UMR Innovation), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA-Benin), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture [Nigeria] (IITA), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)-Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC), Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement [Yaoundé] (IRAD), Laboratoire Montpelliérain d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (LAMETA), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Institut de recherche agricole pour le développement (IRAD), Institut de recherche agricole pour le développement, and Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance
Abstract: International audience; Innovation platforms (IPs) appear to be one of the most appropriate tools to operationalize research for development. Increasingly, agricultural research initiatives for development set up innovation platforms to facilitate the management and support of innovation processes. Yet, the mechanisms by which they operate are not well understood. This paper seeks to open the "black-box" and proposes a framework to analyze processes that occur in innovation platforms from inception to maturity. Firstly, we use a New Institutional Economics (NIE) based analytical framework for the M&E of IP performance. Secondly, from a review of the literature, we identify three ways through which research could be done within IPs: 1) soft transfer, when research has readily available results that could help solve jointly identified problems; 2) co-creation, when researchers and IP members develop research objectives and protocols together; and 3) community-based research, when IP members set up experiments on their own. We propose that both frameworks should be used to improve the monitoring of IP dynamics.
Published: 2016

37. Can climate-driven change influence silicon assimilation by cereals and hence the distribution of lepidopteran stem borers in East Africa?

Author: E. Njuguna, Gerphas O. Okuku, David Williamson, George Ong’amo, A. Kibe, B. Le Ru, Paul-André Calatayud, Gerald Juma, Boaz K. Musyoka, Sizah Mwalusepo, Erastus Gatebe, Sevgan Subramanian, Tino Johansson, M. Gathara, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), ICIPE, Kenya Forestry Research Institute (KEFRI), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Laboratoire Evolution, Génomes et Spéciation [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LEGS), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR072-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Silicon, Busseola fusca, Climate change, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Chilo, 01 natural sciences, Altitude, Chilo partellus, East africa, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Herbivore, Ecology, biology, Temperature, Assimilation (biology), Staple food, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Lepidopteran stem borers, Maize, 010602 entomology, Agronomy, 13. Climate action, Animal Science and Zoology, Agronomy and Crop Science, Eastern Afromontane, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: In East Africa, lepidopteran stemborers such as Chilo partellus and Busseola fusca are major constraints to production of maize, which is the main staple food crop in the region. Cereals depend on silicon (Si)-based defences to fight off herbivores. Using altitudinal ranges in the East African highlands as ecological surrogates for inferring climate change, it was shown that Si concentrations in soil and maize decreased with altitude. This was attributed, in part, to low temperatures at high altitudes, which negatively affected Si assimilation by maize. Experiments showed that B. fusca was more susceptible to Si than C. partellus . Hence the predominance of B. fusca in the highlands and of C. partellus in the lowlands could be partly explained by altitudinal differences in Si concentrations in maize plants. Therefore, a rise in temperature due to climate change should enhance the plants’ Si assimilation and as a result C. partellus might move into the higher altitudes and increasingly displace B. fusca .
Published: 2016
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38. Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests

Author: Jürgen Homeier, Joseph J. O'Brien, Hellen Paredio Santana, Jean-Louis Devineau, Wendeson Castro, Claudio Sergio Lisi, Marcos Miranda Toledo, Grégoire Vincent, Bruno Hérault, Benjamin Brede, Martin Worbes, Raphaël Pélissier, Takeshi Toma, Aster Gebrekirstos, Vinicius Resende de Castro, Franziska Volland, Kaiyu Guan, Damien Bonal, Steven F. Oberbauer, Ervan Rutishauser, Davi Rodrigo Rossatto, Liana O. Anderson, Tomaz Longhi Santos, David M. J. S. Bowman, Marisol Toledo, Deborah A. Clark, Foster Brown, Michael S. Ross, Williamar Rodrigues Silva, Sintia Valerio Kohler, Carolina V. Castilho, Camille Couralet, Paulo Henrique da Silva Mauricio, Fidel A. Roig, Robert Gliniars, Clément Stahl, Michael D. Swaine, César Augusto Guimarães Finger, Danilo Boanerges Souza, Yadvinder Malhi, Márcia C. M. Marques, Flávia R. C. Costa, Brett P. Murphy, Giselda Durigan, Lip Khoon Kho, Rubens Koloski Chagas, Augusto C. Franco, João Lima Freitas Júnior, Milton Eugene Lieberman, Fabien Wagner, Achim Bräuning, E. N. Chidumayo, Lucy Rowland, Hooz Angela Mendivelso, Fernanda C. G. Cardoso, Fabrício Alvim Carvalho, James Grogan, Oliver Dünisch, Paulo Cesar Botosso, Plínio Barbosa de Camargo, Vivien Rossi, Lynda D. Prior, Timothy R. Baker, José Julio de Toledo, Eduardo Eijji Maeda, Susanne Spannl, Anthony D. Griffiths, Jérôme Chave, Diana Lieberman, José P. Lemos-Filho, Hans Beeckman, Franklin Galvão, Luciano de Souza Arruda, Juan Ignacio Valdez Hernández, Gabriel Sebastian Becker, Simone Aparecida Vieira, Marcos Silveira, Magda Lea Bolzan Zanon, Naoki Okada, Helmut Dalitz, Edilson Consuelo de Oliveira, Mario Tomazello Filho, Paulo Maurício Lima de Alencastro Graça, David M. Drew, José Luis López Ayala, Jennifer Koenig, Elisha Elifuraha, Vivian R. B. Maria, Mark Schulze, Diogo Selhorst, Renato Francisco Rodrigues Marques, Marcio Fedele, Hector Maza Maza Chamba, Lawrence Mbwambo, Luiz E. O. C. Aragão, Maria Raquel Kanieski, Afonso Figueiredo Filho, Julia Krepkowski, J. Julio Camarero, Jan Verbesselt, Karina Melgaço, Jaçanan Eloisa de Freitas Milani, Ligia Ferreira Fedele, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Université des Antilles (UA)-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Ecologie et Ecophysiologie Forestières [devient SILVA en 2018] (EEF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, Universität Hohenheim, Royal Museum for Central Africa [Tervuren] (RMCA), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), University of Tasmania [Hobart, Australia] (UTAS), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Universidade Federal do Acre (UFAC), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Federal do Parana [Curitiba] (UFPR), Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Biological Sciences Department, University of Zambia, University of Missouri [St. Louis], University of Missouri System, Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Prefeitura municipal RIo Branco, Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance (PALOC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Stellenbosch University, Meisterschule Ebern Schreinerhandwerk, Floresta Estadual Assis, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste [Rio de Janeiro] (UEZO), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria = Federal University of Santa Maria [Santa Maria, RS, Brazil] (UFSM), Universidade de Brasilia [Brasília] (UnB), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Northern Territory Government, Mount Holyoke College, Illinois State University, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina = Federal University of Santa Catarina [Florianópolis] (UFSC), Malaysian Palm Oil Board, Charles Darwin University, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), California State University [Monterey Bay] (CSUMB), Campus de Montecillo, Colegio de Postgraduados (CP), University of Helsinki, School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford] (SoGE), University of Oxford [Oxford], Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja (UTPL), USDA Agricultural Research Service [Maricopa, AZ] (USDA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Department of Biological Sciences [Miami], Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations (UMR AMAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Department of Earth and Environment, Universidade Paulista [São Paulo] (UNIP), Forêts et Sociétés (UPR Forêts et Sociétés), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), School of Geosciences [Edinburgh], University of Edinburgh, CarboForExpert, Oregon State University (OSU), Ibama, Universidade Federal de Roraima, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Federal University of Amapà, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento [Brasil] (MAPA), Governo do Brasil-Governo do Brasil, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno (UAGRM), Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), University of Campinas [Campinas] (UNICAMP), Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), TreeD lab - Terrestrial Ecosystem Dynamics, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), University of Tasmania (UTAS), Friedrich Alexander University [Erlangen-Nürnberg], Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Colegio de Postgraduados, School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford], United States Department of Agriculture - USDA (USA), Florida International University (FIU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Forêts et Sociétés (Cirad-Es-UPR 105 Forêts et Sociétés), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, São José Dos Campos, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, UMR EEF 1137, University of Antwerp, University of Hohenheim, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), University of Tasmania, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Wageningen University, Universidade Federal Do Acre, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC), Santa Cruz de la Sierra, CNRS and UniversitéPaul Sabatier, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV), Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Branco, UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance, University of Stellenbosch, Meisterschule Ebern für das Schreinerhandwerk, Floresta Estadual de Assis, Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Stanford University, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, University of Göttingen, Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), California State University Monterey Bay, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), University of Oxford, Universidad Nacional de Loja, USDA Forest Service, Florida International University, Kyoto University, Institut Français de Pondicherry, IRD, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales - CONICET, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), CIRAD, Oregon State University, Universidade Federal de Roraima - UFRR, Universidade Federal Do Amapá, Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Georg-August-Universit, University of Exeter, FABIEN H. WAGNER, Remote Sensing Division, National Institute for Space Research - INPE, LUCIANO DE SOUZA ARRUDA, Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Branco, JEAN-LOUIS DEVINEAU, Département Hommes, Natures, Sociétés, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) et UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance, DAVID M. DREW, Dept. Forest and Wood Science, University of Stellenbosch, OLIVER DÜNISCH, Meisterschule Ebern für das Schreinerhandwerk, GISELDA DURIGAN, Floresta Estadual de Assis, ELISHA ELIFURAHA, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), MARCIO FEDELE, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, LIGIA FERREIRA FEDELE, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, AFONSO FIGUEIREDO FILHO, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal – DEF, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste, CÉSAR AUGUSTO GUIMARÃES FINGER, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Centro de Ciências Rurais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, AUGUSTO CÉSAR FRANCO, Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal, Universidade de Brasília, JOÃO LIMA FREITAS JÚNIOR, Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, FRANKLIN GALVÃO, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, ASTER GEBREKIRSTOS, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), ROBERT GLINIARS, Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, PAULO MAURÍCIO LIMA DE ALENCASTRO, Coordenação de Pesquisa em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, ANTHONY D. GRIFFITHS, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, JAMES GROGAN, Department of Biological Sciences, Mount Holyoke College, KAIYU GUAN, Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, JÜRGEN HOMEIER, Department of Plant Ecology, Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, MARIA RAQUEL KANIESKI, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, LIP KHOON KHO, Tropical Peat Research Institute, Biological Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board, JENNIFER KOENIG, Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, JULIA KREPKOWSKI, Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, JOSÉ PIRES LEMOS-FILHO, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, DIANA LIEBERMAN, Division of Science & Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, MILTON EUGENE LIEBERMAN, Division of Science & Environmental Policy, California State University Monterey Bay, CLAUDIO SERGIO LISI, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, TOMAZ LONGHI SANTOS, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, JOSÉ LUIS LÓPEZ AYALA, Programa Forestal, Colegio de Postgraduados, EDUARDO EIJJI MAEDA, Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, YADVINDER MALHI, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, VIVIAN R.B. MARIA, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, MARCIA C. M. MARQUES, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, RENATO MARQUES, Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal do Paraná, HECTOR MAZA CHAMBA, Laboratoria de Dendrochronologia y Anatomia de Maderas Espinoza, LAWRENCE MBWAMBO, Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), KARINA LIANA LISBOA MELGAÇO, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, HOOZ ANGELA MENDIVELSO, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC), BRETT P. MURPHY, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, JOSEPH J. O’BRIEN, Center for Forest Disturbance Science, USDA Forest Service, STEVEN F. OBERBAUER, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, NAOKI OKADA, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, RAPHAËL PÉLISSIER, Institut Français de Pondicherry, LYNDA D. PRIOR, School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, FIDEL ALEJANDRO ROIG, Tree Ring and Environmental History Laboratory, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales – CONICET, MICHAEL ROSS, Department of Earth and Environment, Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, DAVI RODRIGO ROSSATTO, Departamento de Biologia Aplicada, FCAV, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, VIVIEN ROSSI, UR B&SEF (Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux), CIRAD, LUCY ROWLAND, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, ERVAN RUTISHAUSER, CarboForExpert, HELLEN SANTANA, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, MARK SCHULZE, HJ Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon State University, DIOGO SELHORST, Ibama, WILLIAMAR RODRIGUES SILVA, PRONAT – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recurso Naturais, Universidade Federal de Roraima, MARCOS SILVEIRA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Laboratóio de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, SUSANNE SPANNL, Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, MICHAEL D. SWAINE, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, JOSÉ JULIO TOLEDO, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal do Amapá, MARCOS MIRANDA TOLEDO, CPACP, MARISOL TOLEDO, Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF), Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno, TAKESHI TOMA, Department of Forest Vegetation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), MARIO TOMAZELLO FILHO, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, JUAN IGNACIO VALDEZ HERNÁNDEZ, Programa Forestal, Colegio de Postgraduados, JAN VERBESSELT, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, SIMONE APARECIDA VIEIRA, Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais (NEPAM), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), GRÉGOIRE VINCENT, UMR AMAP (botAnique et bioinforMatique de l’Architecture des Plantes), IRD, CAROLINA VOLKMER DE CASTILHO, CNPS, FRANZISKA VOLLAND, Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, MARTIN WORBES, Crop Production Systems in the Tropics, Georg-August-University, MAGDA LEA BOLZAN ZANON, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Centro de Educação Superior Norte, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, LUIZ E.O.C. ARAGÃO, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exetex., BRUNO HÉRAULT, CIRAD, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, DAMIEN BONAL, INRA, CLÉMENT STAHL, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, LIANA O. ANDERSON, National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters, TIMOTHY R. BAKER, School of Geography, University of Leeds, GABRIEL SEBASTIAN BECKER, Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, HANS BEECKMAN, Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, DANILO BOANERGES SOUZA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, PAULO CESAR BOTOSSO, CNPF, DAVID M. J. S. BOWMAN, School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, ACHIM BRÄUNING, Institute of Geography, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, BENJAMIN BREDE, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, FOSTER IRVING BROWN, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, JESUS JULIO CAMARERO, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, PLÍNIO BARBOSA CAMARGO, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Universidade de São Paulo, FERNANDA C.G. CARDOSO, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, FABRÍCIO ALVIM CARVALHO, Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), WENDESON CASTRO, Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Acre, RUBENS KOLOSKI CHAGAS, Departamento de Ecologia do Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), JÉROME CHAVE, UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et DiversitéBiologique, CNRS & UniversitéPaul Sabatier, Toulouse, EMMANUEL N. CHIDUMAYO, Biological Sciences Department, University of Zambia, DEBORAH A. CLARK, Department of Biology, University of Missouri-St. Louis, FLAVIA REGINA CAPELLOTTO COSTA, Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, CAMILLE COURALET, Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, PAULO HENRIQUE DA SILVA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza, Laboratóio de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, HELMUT DALITZ, Institute of Botany, University of Hohenheim, VINICIUS RESENDE DE CASTRO, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, JAÇANAN ELOISA DE FREITAS MILANI, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, EDILSON CONSUELO DE OLIVEIRA, Centro de Ciêcias Biológicas e da Natureza, Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Acre, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Charles Darwin University [Australia], Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais = Federal University of Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte, Brazil] (UFMG), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR), and Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Rainfall, Precipitation (climatology), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Tropical forests, Mudança Climática, lcsh:Life, évapotranspiration, forêt tropicale, 01 natural sciences, cycle saisonnier, Madeira, Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, assimilation photosynthétique, Climate change, Photosynthesis, Climate, leaf carbon assimilation, wood productivity, tropical forest, Evapotranspiration, Ecology, litière forestière, Physics, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Carbon sink, facteur climatique, Plant litter, PE&RC, Wood, productivité primaire, Chemistry, Productivity (ecology), Terrestrial ecosystem, Carbon assimilation, cycle du carbone, Litterfall, 010603 evolutionary biology, Carbon cycle, Carbon Cycle, Experimental Study, [SDV.EE.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Ecosystems, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Carbono, Tropical Forest, Life Science, Laboratorium voor Geo-informatiekunde en Remote Sensing, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 1172 Environmental sciences, Floresta tropical, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Data Set, précipitation, Carbon sinks, Seasonality, 15. Life on land, Seasonal Variation, Photosynthetic capacity, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, variation saisonnière, Leaf Litter, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, lcsh:Ecology
Abstract: Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cycle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combination of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measurements and 35 litter productivity measurements), their associated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonality in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rainfall is < 2000ĝ€-mmĝ€-yrĝ'1 (water-limited forests) and to radiation otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, independent of climate limitations, wood productivity and litterfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosynthetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest productivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in current light-limited forest with future rainfall < 2000ĝ€-mmĝ€-yrĝ'1. Author(s) 2016. Remote Sensing Division National Institute for Space Research - INPE São José Dos Campos CIRAD UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane INRA UMR EEF 1137 INRA UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane Department of Biology University of Antwerp National Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters - CEMADEN São José Dos Campos School of Geography University of Leeds Institute of Botany University of Hohenheim Laboratory for Wood Biology and Xylarium Royal Museum for Central Africa Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências de Florestas Tropicais Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Embrapa Florestas Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Institute of Geography University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Laboratory of Geo-information Science and Remote Sensing Wageningen University Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratóio de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (IPE-CSIC) Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF) Santa Cruz de la Sierra Centro de Energia Nuclear Na Agricultura Laboratóio de Ecologia Isotópica Universidade de SÃo Paulo Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal Do Paraná Departamento de Botânica Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF) Programa de Pós-Graduação Ecologia e Manejo de Recursos Naturais Universidade Federal Do Acre Departamento de Ecologia Do Instituto de Biociências Universidade de São Paulo (USP) UMR 5174 Laboratoire Evolution et DiversitéBiologique CNRS and UniversitéPaul Sabatier Biological Sciences Department University of Zambia Department of Biology University of Missouri-St. Louis Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV) Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Federal Do Paraná Centro de Ciêcias Biológicas e da Natureza Laboratório de Botânica e Ecologia Vegetal Universidade Federal Do Acre Prefeitura Municipal de Rio Branco Département Hommes Natures Sociétés Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) et UMR 208 Patrimoines Locaux et Gouvernance, Cedex 05 Dept. Forest and Wood Science University of Stellenbosch Meisterschule Ebern für das Schreinerhandwerk Floresta Estadual de Assis Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI), P.O. Box Departamento de Ciências Florestais Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Departamento de Engenharia Florestal - DEF Universidade Estadual Do Centro-Oeste Departamento de Ciências Florestais Centro de Ciências Rurais Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Departamento de Botânica Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegeta Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), P.O. Box Coordenação de Pesquisa em Ecologia Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, C.P. 478 Departement of Land Resource Management Northern Territory Government Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Department of Biological Sciences Mount Holyoke College Department of Earth System Science Stanford University Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Department of Plant Ecology Albrecht von Haller Institute of Plant Sciences University of Göttingen Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Universidade Do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC Tropical Peat Research Institute Biological Research Division Malaysian Palm Oil Board Departamento de Botânica Instituto de Ciências Biologicas Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Division of Science and Environmental Policy California State University Monterey Bay Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Sergipe Programa Forestal Colegio de Postgraduados Department of Geosciences and Geography University of Helsinki School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Agrícola Universidade Federal Do Paraná Laboratoria de Dendrochronologia y Anatomia de Maderas Espinoza Universidad Nacional de Loja Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Center for Forest Disturbance Science USDA Forest Service Department of Biological Sciences Florida International University Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University Institut Français de Pondicherry UMR AMAP (BotAnique et BioinforMatique de l'Architecture des Plantes) IRD Tree Ring and Environmental History Laboratory Instituto Argentino de Nivología Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales - CONICET Department of Earth and Environment Southeast Environmental Research Center Florida International University Departamento de Biologia Aplicada FCAV Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP UR BandSEF (Biens et Services des Écosystèmes Forestiers Tropicaux) CIRAD School of Geosciences University of Edinburgh CarboForExpert HJ Andrews Experimental Forest Oregon State University Ibama PRONAT - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recurso Naturais Universidade Federal de Roraima - UFRR School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal Do Amapá Embrapa Cocais Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Instituto Boliviano de Investigacion Forestal (IBIF) Universidad Autonoma Gabriel René Moreno Department of Forest Vegetation Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI) Núcleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais (NEPAM) Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) Embrapa Roraima Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation Crop Production Systems in the Tropics Georg-August-Universit Departamento de Engenharia Florestal Centro de Educação Superior Norte Universidade Federal de Santa Maria College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Departamento de Biologia Aplicada FCAV Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP
Published: 2016
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39. Polyporus umbellatus, an edible-medicinal cultivated mushroom with multiple developed health-care products as food, medicine and cosmetics: a review

Author: Sunita Chamyuang, Darbhe J. Bhat, Pattana Kakumyan, Kevin D. Hyde, Sylvie Rapior, Jianchu Xu, Asanka R. Bandara, Mae Fah Luang University [Thaïlande] (MFU), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3), Department of Botany, Goa University, World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Kunming Institute of Botany [CAS] (KIB), and Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)
Subjects: Medicinal mushroom, Bioactive molecules, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Family Polyporaceae, Biology, Cosmetics, 030308 mycology & parasitology, 03 medical and health sciences, Ingredient, Polysaccharides, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, Steroid, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Mushroom, Polyporus umbellatus, business.industry, Immunity, Antitumor, biology.organism_classification, 3. Good health, Biotechnology, Anticancer, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, business
Abstract: International audience; Polyporus umbellatus is a medicinal mushroom belonging to the family Polyporaceae which forms characteristic underground sclerotia. These sclerotia have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries and are used to treat edema and promote diuretic processes. Over the past few decades, researchers have found this taxon to contain many bioactive compounds shown to be responsible for antitumor, anticancer,antioxidant, free radical scavenging, immune system enhancement and antimicrobial activities. Due to its promising medicinal value, P. umbellatus is used as an ingredient in many medicinal products and food supplements. Thus demand for P. umbellatus has increased. To supply the high global demand, P. umbellatus is cultivated under natural or industrial conditions. In this review we discuss optimal conditions for the cultivation and culture of P. umbellatus. We also focus on the medicinal uses of P. umbellatus, the diversity of bioactive metabolites with various pharmacological properties and the medicinal products of great interest for health care or as alternative drugs.
Published: 2015
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40. Ground and satellite based evidence of the biophysical mechanisms behind the greening Sahel

Author: Brandt, Martin, Mbow, Cheik, Diouf, Abdoul A., Verger, Aleixandre, Samimi, Cyrus, R., Fensholt, ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre, Environnement Méditerranéen et Modélisation des Agro-Hydrosystèmes (EMMAH), Avignon Université (AU)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplicacions Forestals (CREAF), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and Déposants HAL-Avignon, bibliothèque Universitaire
Subjects: [SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2015

41. Tropical reforestation and climate change: beyond carbon

Author: Bernard Mercer, María Uriarte, Naomi B. Schwartz, Erika Marin-Spiotta, Jennifer S. Powers, Chetan Kumar, Pablo Imbach, Carla Catterall, Bruno Locatelli, Rodel D. Lasco, Biens et services des écosystèmes forestiers tropicaux : l'enjeu du changement global (UPR BSEF), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Griffith University [Brisbane], Centro Agronomico Tropical de Investigacion y Enseñanza (CATIE), IUCN, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Mercer Environment Associates, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System, and Columbia University [New York]
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, vulnerability, adaptation aux changements climatiques, forêt tropicale, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, forest, 11. Sustainability, K01 - Foresterie - Considérations générales, Afforestation, Politique de l'environnement, media_common, livelihood, Ecology, Environmental resource management, Reforestation, Plantation forestière, séquestration du carbone, réduction des émissions, impact, Psychological resilience, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Ressource en eau, Reconstitution forestière, P40 - Météorologie et climatologie, media_common.quotation_subject, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Forest management, water, Aménagement forestier, Climate change, 010603 evolutionary biology, 12. Responsible consumption, Bassin versant, Ecosystem, resilience, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Changement climatique, business.industry, Effet de serre, Impact sur l'environnement, 15. Life on land, ecosystem service, Climate change mitigation, climate-smart, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Politique forestière, business
Abstract: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes; International audience; Tropical reforestation (TR) has been highlighted as an important intervention for climate change mitigation because of its carbon storage potential. TR can also play other frequently overlooked, but significant, roles in helping society and ecosystems adapt to climate variability and change. For example, reforestation can ameliorate climate-associated impacts of altered hydrological cycles in watersheds, protect coastal areas from increased storms, and provide habitat to reduce the probability of species' extinctions under a changing climate. Consequently, reforestation should be managed with both adaptation and mitigation objectives in mind, so as to maximize synergies among these diverse roles, and to avoid trade-offs in which the achievement of one goal is detrimental to another. Management of increased forest cover must also incorporate measures for reducing the direct and indirect impacts of changing climate on reforestation itself. Here we advocate a focus on " climate-smart reforestation, " defined as reforesting for climate change mitigation and adaptation, while ensuring that the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on reforestation are anticipated and minimized. Implications for Practice • Tropical reforestation has a clearly recognized potential for mitigating climate change, but its role in reducing vulnerability to climate change should also be acknowledged. • Climate-smart reforestation should be promoted, that is, reforesting for climate change mitigation and adaptation , while ensuring that the direct and indirect impacts of climate change on reforestation are anticipated and minimized. • Reforestation practices should be designed to avoid the implementation of one strategy (mitigation or adaptation) to the detriment of the other. • Adequate climate policy or institutional arrangements and appropriate technical assistance and information are needed if managers are to pursue the objectives of climate-smart reforestation. • Climate-smart reforestation should be integrated into broader disaster risk reduction programs, adaptation strategies, and landscape management plans.
Published: 2015
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42. A potential feedback between landuse and climate in the Rungwe tropical highland stresses a critical environmental research challenge

Author: Manuella Delalande, Amos Majule, David Williamson, Brown Gwambene, Benard Mwakisunga, Pierre-Etienne Mathé, Laurent Bergonzini, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), IRA (Institute of Resource Assessment), University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Laboratoire d'Hydrologie et de Géochimie de Strasbourg (LHyGeS), Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre (EOST), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire GéoSciences Réunion (LGSR), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ICRAF, World Agroforestry Centre, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris-Université de La Réunion (UR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biogéochimie-Traceurs-Paléoclimat (BTP), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)
Subjects: Agroecosystem, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], Social Sciences(all), [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Aquifer, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Environmental Science(all), Deforestation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, 2. Zero hunger, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Land use, Global warming, General Social Sciences, Orography, 15. Life on land, Livelihood, 6. Clean water, 13. Climate action, Aridification, Environmental science, Physical geography
Abstract: International audience; Characteristic trends in landuse and climate highlight critical challenges in future resource management along the tropical topoclimosequence (TCS) of the Rungwe Volcanic Province (RVP), a major headwater biodiversity and food reservoir of Tanzania. The RVP orography supports a coherent distribution of agroecosystems and livelihoods, from hot irrigated lowlands to endangered afromontane forests above 1500 m.a.s.l. Recent increases in deforestation, land fragmentation and soil denudation/compaction in the densely populated TCS were combined with a strengthened need and consumption of water in the lower, warmer and drier end-member. Consistent with a regional decline of the long rains, a considerable (up to 30%) decrease in annual rainfall and a pervasive decline of the Lake Masoko (LM) aquifer testifies to a strong aridification trend. We suggest here that current landuse and demographic trends likely amplified the hydrological response of the TCS to regional and global warming. Testing such a hypothesis, however, requires improved local monitoring, to allow scaling and quantification of local hydrological budgets associated with landuse impacts, and evaluation of the contribution of trees and agroforestry systems to mitigating the aridification trend.
Published: 2014
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43. Spatio-temporal water body and vegetation changes in the Nile swamps of southern Sudan

Author: G. Petersen, J. A. Abeya, Nicola Fohrer, EGU, Publication, HR Wallingford Limited, World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), and Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU)
Subjects: lcsh:Dynamic and structural geology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Visual interpretation, 0207 environmental engineering, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Swamp, lcsh:QE500-639.5, lcsh:Science, 020701 environmental engineering, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrology, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, lcsh:QE1-996.5, General Medicine, Vegetation, Water level, lcsh:Geology, Water body, [SDU.STU] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, lcsh:Q, Outflow, Satellite, Geology, Channel (geography)
Abstract: An assessment to describe and quantify the extent of changes in the channel and lagoon system of the Sudd was carried out using Landsat satellite images of 1973, 1979, 1997 and 2002. Using supervised classification and visual interpretation after referencing the images, the water bodies for a representative area between Bor and Shambe (a stretch of 150 km) were delineated. The resulting files were compared to establish and quantify changes in-between the years and as well compared to Lake Victoria outflow data to assess a likely correlation which was found for the largely water level dependent lagoon system. Changes in the channel system were interpreted to happen in a certain pattern but the extent of changes could not be correlated to the outflow data as they are influenced by other, here not considered factors like wind drift and channel blockages by vegetation.
Published: 2007

44. Spatial and temporal changes of soil C after installation of a pasture on a long-term cultivated vertisol (Martinique)

Author: Alain Albrecht, Tiphaine Chevallier, Marc Voltz, Vincent Eschenbrenner, Jean-Luc Chotte, M. Mahieu, Eric Blanchart, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [Réunion]), Unité de Science du Sol, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), CENA USP, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques (URZ), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR)
Subjects: GEOSTATISTIQUE, SOL CULTIVE, Soil Science, Vertisol, 010501 environmental sciences, SOL DEGRADE, 01 natural sciences, Pasture, Organic matter, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, Total organic carbon, chemistry.chemical_classification, Hydrology, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, Topsoil, geography.geographical_feature_category, PATURAGE, Soil classification, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, CARBONE ORGANIQUE, VARIATION INTERANNUELLE, STOCK ORGANIQUE, Agronomy, chemistry, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, stockage de carbone, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, RAPPORT CN, Martinique
Abstract: In 1991 in Martinique (F.W.I), a Digitaria decumbens pasture was established on a vertisol that had supported a market-gardening culture for more than 10 years. Organic matter stock restoration was investigated by measuring carbon contents (C contents) and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios each year from 1992 to 1997. Relations between and soil properties (particle-size distribution, soil depth) and C contents were studied. Furthermore, geostatistical analyses of C contents were realised in order to characterise the C storage in soil at plot scale. The increase of C contents from 1992 ( Y 0 ) to 1997 ( Y 5 ) was 5 g C (kg soil) −1 in the topsoil (0–10 cm) and 2.5 g C kg soil −1 , or 7.5 Mg C ha −1 , in the 0–30-cm layer. The intensity of organic C storage had a spatial pattern, although the C/N ratio remained homogeneous across the plot. However, there was no correlation between the C increase and the particle-size distribution or the depth of the soil. In the topsoil, the local variability of the C contents increased with time until 1995 and then there was a gradually spreading of this local variability. Plant-cover distribution and physical structure of vertisol could explain the evolution of spatial structure of the soil C content.
Published: 2000
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45. Monitoring tropical deforestation processing high frequency and high resolution satellite data

Author: Bégué, Agnès, Zanardo, C., Imbernon, J., Deshayes, M., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Laboratoire commun de télédétection (UR LCMO), and Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF)
Subjects: Télédétection, forêt tropicale, PEROU, Couverture végétale, Utilisation des terres, Cartographie, COCKTAIL, Modèle de simulation, Déboisement, K10 - Production forestière, NOAA-AVHRR, BRESIL, Imagerie, Satellite, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, CAMEROUN, U30 - Méthodes de recherche
Abstract: Approximately two-thirds of the tropical forest destroyed each year are caused by small-scalle farmers that slash and burn the forest vegetation to plant crops and pastures. Characterisation and diagnosis of this land-use systems are the main theme of this "VEGETATION Preparatory Programme" project based on three regions of the equatorial areas : Brazil, Peroo and Cameroon. To fulfil the requirements of the projects, forest cover proportion was assessed from high (SPOT, Landsat) and low (NOAA-AVHRR) resolution images. Classification of high resolution images in forest/crop land classes gave good results, but with some confusions between classes (open forest/dense forest for example). These confusions were reduced when the short wavelength infrared was included in the classification process. In comparison, classification of the low resolution images gave a poor estimation of the forest cover which is all the more over-estimated that the forest is fragmented. Forest cover proportion was then estimated from low resolution images, using spatial modelling and spectral mixture modelling, namely the 'TREES' and 'COCKTAIL' methods respectively. These two methods gave very close global values of deforestation at a regional scale, but the 'COCKTAIL' method had the advantage to provide maps of forest cover, whie 'TREES' provided only a regional value.
Published: 1997

46. Characterization of the land use - cover in the Congo rainforest with optical and microwave data

Author: Bégué, Agnès, Guillobez, S., Imbernon, J., Beaudoin, Amélie, Kerr, Yann H., Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), World Agroforestry Center [CGIAR, Kenya] (ICRAF), Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research [CGIAR] (CGIAR), Laboratoire commun de télédétection (UR LCMO), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Centre d'études spatiales de la biosphère (CESBIO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Utilisation des terres, Cartographie, Télédétection, CIRAD, ICRAF, CEMAGREF TDMO, Déboisement, K10 - Production forestière, JERS, Évaluation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Couverture végétale, CAMEROUN, U30 - Méthodes de recherche, Forêt humide, CESBIO, SAR
Abstract: In South Carmeroon the deforestation is mainly caused by slash-and-burn agriculture. This practice is conducted on small plots within the forest, leading to a diffuse pattern of deforested areas. In such a complex farming system, with cacao plantations under tree cover and inter-cropping, the significance of high resolution satellite data can be evaluated in terms of discrimination of the main land covers: savannahs, degraded forest and dense forest. This has been done on SPOT, ERS (received at the German transportable station in Libreville) and JERS SAR images. The classification algorithm used for SAR images is based on the statistical properties of the land covers (PAPRI algorithm). The results are presented, compared to SPOT classified images and a vegetation map, and the synergy between the different sensors is discussed.
Published: 1997

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