Search

Klotz, Werner, Rintelen, Thomas von, Annawaty, Annawaty, Wowor, Daisy, Rintelen, Kristina von (2023): Caridina clandestina, new species, an unusual new freshwater shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) from the remote high elevation Napu Valley of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 12-25, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0002

Geosesarma De Man, 1892 Type species. Sesarma (Geosesarma) nodulifera De Man, 1892., Published as part of Ng, Peter K. L. & Wowor, Daisy, 2022, Geosesarma garutense n. sp., a new species of vampire crab (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from Garut in western Java, pp. 145-150 in Zootaxa 5159 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6771091, {"references":["De Man, J. G. (1892) Decapoden des Indischen Archipels. In: Weber, M. (Ed.), Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlandisch OstIndien, 2, pp. 265 - 527, pls. 15 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 10298"]}

Geosesarma garutense n. sp. (Figs. 1–4) Type material. Holotype: male (10.7 × 9.5 mm) (MZB Cru 5387), West Java Province, Garut Regency, Banyuresmi District, Ds. Sukaratu, Kp. Patrol, S. Cimanuk, 7°10’52.7”S 107°56’13.1”E, coll. Y. Y. Goh, 1–2 July 1997. Paratypes: 8 males, 5 females (MZB Cru 5388), 8 males, 6 females (largest 10.5 × 9.5 mm) (ZRC 2021.0586), data same as holotype. Diagnosis. Carapace transversely rectangular, lateral margins almost parallel, wider than long, anterior regions with small low granules (Figs. 1A, B); front deflexed, frontal lobes broad with gently convex margins, separated by short, shallow median concavity; postfrontal cristae sharp (Figs. 1B, D); external orbital tooth triangular, directed obliquely outwards, tip not extending beyond anterior part of lateral carapace margin, separated from margin by deep V-shaped cleft, first epibranchial tooth low, subtruncate, separated from margin by shallow concavity, second epibranchial tooth not clearly visible, just discernible as very low lobe (Fig. 1A, B). Third maxilliped ischium ovate; exopod slender, without any trace of flagellum (Fig. 1C). Adult male cheliped palm with small granules and rugae on outer surface, inner surface granulated, with low transverse ridge of low granules but not comb-like; dactylus dorsal margin with 8–10 tubercles on proximal one-third, with 2 or 3 tubercles medially, those on distal half very low, barely visible (Figs. 1F–H, 2A, B). Ambulatory legs short, stout, with relatively slender meri with sharp subdistal spine on dorsal margin, surfaces slightly rugose to almost smooth; ventral margins of propodus and dactylus of adult first ambulatory leg with scattered long setae (Figs. 1A, 2C). Male pleon broadly triangular; telson triangular with rounded tip and convex margins, as long as broad; somite 6 with convex lateral margins (Figs. 1E, 2D). G1 relatively short, stout, outer margin almost straight; chitinous distal part bent 70–80° along longitudinal axis, long, subspatulate in lateral view, broad in mesial view; tip subtruncate when viewed dorsally (Figs. 2E–H, 3A–E). Etymology. The species name is after the area of occurrence of the new species, Garut Regency. Habitat. The type locality, Cimanuk stream, is a small river with rocky substrates at an altitude of 698 m asl (Statistik Daerah Kabupaten Garut 2021). This is a relatively flat agricultural area consisting of rice fields and gardens with irrigation. People who live along the river use it as water source for their agricultural land and fishponds. The location is in the middle part of Cimanuk River, with the headwaters in the Mandalagiri-Puncakgede mountain range in Ds. Simpang, Cikajang District, Garut Regency. This regency is surrounded by Mt. Karacak (1838 m asl), Mt. Cikuray (2821 m asl), Mt. Papandayan (2622 m asl), and Mt. Guntur (2249 m asl). Overall, the type locality is considered relatively low in altitude (Statistik Daerah Kabupaten Garut 2021). Remarks. The new species is very distinct from known Javanese congeners in that the carapace is relatively wider and rectangular in shape, the exopod of the third maxilliped does not have a flagellum, the ambulatory legs are short and stout, and the G1 is relatively short and stout, with the chitinous distal part spatuliform. The combination of characters in G. garutense n. sp. is unusual. All the known species of Geosesarma from Java, including the highland species, have a well-developed flagellum on the exopod of the third maxilliped; G. garutense n. sp. is the only species that lacks one (Fig. 1C). The good series of specimens on hand confirms this character is constant for this species, even for juveniles. In addition, the absence of a flagellum on the exopod of the third maxilliped is normally associated with Southeast Asian species that have a quadrate carapace, longer and more slender ambulatory legs, and a proportionately stouter G1 with a relatively shorter sharply bent chitinous distal part which is subconical in shape. The only species with similar characters to G. garutense n. sp. is G. aurantium Ng, 1995 from Sabah, Malaysian Borneo; but in this species, the G1 has the chitinous distal part more prominently flared and wider distally (cf. Ng 1995: fig. 3). The structure of the tubercles on the dorsal margin of the dactylus of the adult male chela is also unusual in G. garutense n. sp., with the proximal one-third possessing a cluster of sharp tubercles before forming a row of lower sharp tubercles which becomes faint just before the tip (Figs. 1G, H, 2A, B); rather than forming a distinct row of tubercles which gradually becomes smaller distally. In this respect, the male chela most closely resembles that of G. rouxi from eastern Java, but the carapace and G1 structures of the latter species are very different (cf. Ng & Wowor 2019: fig. 22F–H). There appears to some correlation with the structure of the G1 and where the crabs occur in Java. The G1 of species of Geosesarma occurring in the lowlands is invariably more slender, with the chitinous distal part bent and spatuliform to various degrees. The G1 distal part of G. bicolor from Ujung Kulon on the westernmost coast, G. dennerle and G. hagen, both from Cilacap, a coastal town in south of Central Java Province, are long and slender, and sharply bent at about 45° along the longitudinal axis (cf. Ng & Davie 1995: fig. 2I–M; Ng et al. 2015: figs. 2F–I, 4C–G, J–M). All three type localities are between 0–100 m asl (Kecamatan Lumbir dalam angka 2021; Kecamatan Sidareja dalam angka 2021). Two other species of Geosesarma from slightly higher altitudes of 170–800 m asl in western Java (G. noduliferum and G. lebak) have the G1 chitinous distal part sharply bent at about 45° along the longitudinal axis, although the structure is relatively less slender than those of the first three species (cf. Ng & Wowor 2019: figs. 4D–F, H–J, 6D–H, 7B–E). At intermediate altitudes of 580–700 m asl in western Java, two species are present: G. sukabumi and G. garutense n. sp., both of which have the G1 relatively stouter with the chitinous distal part bent at about 70–80° along the longitudinal axis (Ng & Wowor 2019: fig. 10B–E; Figs. 2E–H, 3A–E). Noteworthy is that the G1 chitinous distal part of G. sukabumi and G. garutense n. sp. is relatively shorter and wider than those of G. noduliferum and G. lebak. The G1s of the five highland species of Geosesarma from Java (altitudes above 1000 m asl) show more variation, although all are relatively shorter and stouter than those from lowlands. The G1 chitinous distal part of G. robustum is stout and bent at about 45° along the longitudinal axis (Ng & Wowor 2019: fig. 12B–F), while those of G. confertum and G. cikaniki are less bent (ca. 40°) (cf. Ng & Wowor 2019: figs. 21B–D, 15B–E). The G1 chitinous distal part of G. sekop is bent at about 30° (Ng & Wowor 2019: fig. 18B–F, H–I) and that of G. rouxi bent at about 20° (Ng & Wowor 2019: fig. 23B–F). The length of the G1 chitinous distal part varies with species, it is relatively longer in G. confertum and G. sekop and very short in G. rouxi. That being said, the chitinous distal G1 of the highland Geosesarma are always broad and robust, more so than those from lowland and intermediate altitudes., Published as part of Ng, Peter K. L. & Wowor, Daisy, 2022, Geosesarma garutense n. sp., a new species of vampire crab (Crustacea, Brachyura, Sesarmidae) from Garut in western Java, pp. 145-150 in Zootaxa 5159 (1) on pages 146-150, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/6771091, {"references":["Statistik Daerah Kabupaten Garut (2021) Katalog BPS: 1101002.3205. Available form: https: // garutkab. bps. go. id / publication (accessed on 1 February 2022)","Ng, P. K. L. & Wowor, D. (2019) The vampire crabs of Java, with descriptions of five new species from Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae: Geosesarma). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 67, 217 - 246. https: // doi. org / 10.26107 / RBZ- 2019 - 0018","Ng, P. K. L. & Davie, P. J. F. (1995) The terrestrial crabs of the genera Metasesarma and Geosesarma (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsidae) of Ujung Kulon, West Jawa, Indonesia. Tropical Biodiversity, 3 (1), 29 - 43.","Ng, P. K. L., Schubart, C. D. & Lukhaup, C. (2015) New species of \" vampire crabs \" (Geosesarma De Man, 1892) from central Java, Indonesia, and the identity of Sesarma (Geosesarma) nodulifera De Man, 1892 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Thoracotremata, Sesarmidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 63, 3 - 13."]}

BACKGROUND: Trichoptera are one of the most diverse groups of freshwater insects worldwide and one of the main bioindicators for freshwater quality. However, in many areas, caddisflies remain understudied due to lack of taxonomic expertise. Meanwhile, globally increasing anthropogenic stress on freshwater streams also threatens Trichoptera diversity. METHODS: To assess the Trichoptera diversity of the area within and around the Mount Halimun Salak National Park (MHSNP or Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak) in West Java (Indonesia), we conducted a molecular-morphological study on Trichoptera diversity using larvae from a benthic survey and adults from hand-netting. In addition to morphological identification, we applied four different molecular taxon delimitation approaches (Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent, Bayesian Poisson Tree Processes, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery and Assemble Species by Automatic Partitioning) based on DNA barcoding of Cytochrome-C-Oxidase I (COI). RESULTS: The molecular delimitation detected 72 to 81 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU). Only five OTUs could be identified to species level by comparing sequences against the BOLD database using BLAST, and four more to the genus level. Adults and larvae could be successfully associated in 18 cases across six families. The high diversity of Trichoptera in this area highlights their potential as bioindicators for water quality assessment. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides an example of how molecular approaches can benefit the exploration of hidden diversity in unexplored areas and can be a valuable tool to link life stages. However, our study also highlights the need to improve DNA barcode reference libraries of Trichoptera for the Oriental region.

Biodiversity hotspots often suffer from a lack of taxonomic knowledge, particularly those in tropical regions. However, accurate taxonomic knowledge is needed to support sustainable management of biodiversity, especially when it is harvested for human sustenance. Sundaland, the biodiversity hotspot encompassing the islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of those. With more than 900 species, its freshwater ichthyofauna includes a large number of medium- to large-size species, which are targeted by inland fisheries. Stock assessment requires accurate taxonomy, however, several species groups targeted by inland fisheries are still poorly known. One of those cases is the cyprinid genus Barbonymus. For this study, we assembled a consolidated DNA barcode reference library for Barbonymus spp. of Sundaland, consisting of mined sequences from BOLD, as well as newly generated sequences for hitherto under-sampled islands such as Borneo. A total of 173 sequences were analyzed using several DNA-based species delimitation methods. We unambiguously detected a total of 6 Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) and were able to resolve several conflicting assignments to the species level. Furthermore, we clarified the identity of MOTUs occurring in Java.

Pleistocene climatic fluctuations (PCF) are frequently highlighted as important evolutionary engines that triggered cycles of biome expansion and contraction. Although there is ample evidence of the impact of PCF on biodiversity of continental biomes, the consequences in insular systems depend on the geology of the islands and the ecology of the taxa inhabiting them. The idiosyncratic aspects of insular systems are exemplified by the islands of the Sunda Shelf in Southeast Asia (Sundaland), where PCF-induced eustatic fluctuations had complex interactions with the geology of the region, resulting in high species diversity and endemism. Emergent land in Southeast Asia varied drastically with sealevel fluctuations during the Pleistocene. Climate-induced fluctuations in sea level caused temporary connections between insular and continental biodiversity hotspots in Southeast Asia. These exposed lands likely had freshwater drainage systems that extended between modern islands: the Paleoriver Hypothesis. Built upon the assumption that aquatic organisms are among the most suitable models to trace ancient river boundaries and fluctuations of landmass coverage, the present study aims to examine the evolutionary consequences of PCF on the dispersal of freshwater biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Time calibrated phylogenies of DNA-delimited species were inferred for six species-rich freshwater fish genera in Southeast Asia (Clarias, Channa, Glyptothorax, Hemirhamphodon, Dermogenys, Nomorhamphus). The results highlight rampant cryptic diversity and the temporal localization of most speciation events during the Pleistocene, with 88% of speciation events occurring during this period. Diversification analyses indicate that sea-level-dependent diversification models poorly account for species proliferation patterns for all clades excepting Channa. Ancestral area estimations point to Borneo as the most likely origin for most lineages, with two waves of dispersal to Sumatra and Java during the last 5 myr. Speciation events are more frequently associated with boundaries of the paleoriver watersheds, with 60%, than islands boundaries, with 40%. In total, one-third of speciation events are inferred to have occurred within paleorivers on a single island, suggesting that habitat heterogeneity and factors other than allopatry between islands substantially affected diversification of Sundaland fishes. Our results suggest that species proliferation in Sundaland is not wholly reliant on Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations isolating populations on different islands.

Geosesarma sukabumi, new species (Figs. 8–10) Material examined. West Java Province, Sukabumi Regency: holotype: male (11.5 × 10.3 mm) (MZB Cru 4555), Cikakak District, Ds. Cirendang, Kp. Paniisan, cliff nearby S. Cirendang, 06°53′57.0″S 106°33′11.1″E, 587 m asl, coll. D. Wowor et al., 18 May 2016. Paratypes: 13 males (6.3 × 5.5 mm – 10.5 × 9. 1 mm), 8 females (5.2 × 4.7 mm – 10.4 × 9.9 mm), 2 juveniles (MZB Cru 4647), 1 male (10.3 × 9.0 mm), 1 female (9.2 × 8.0 mm) (ZRC 2018.0287 ex-MZB Cru 4647), same data as holotype. Diagnosis of male. Carapace subquadrate, slightly wider than long, lateral margins sinuous, gently divergent (Fig. 8A, B); dorsal surface with clear regions, anterior regions with numerous small rounded granules (Fig. 8B, C); front deflexed, frontal lobes broad with convex margins, separated by broad, shallow median concavity; postfrontal cristae sharp (Fig. 8B, C); external orbital tooth triangular, directed obliquely outwards, tip extending slightly beyond anterior part of lateral carapace margin, first epibranchial tooth truncate, well defined, separated from margin by small cleft (Fig. 8B). Ischium of third maxilliped ovate; exopod relatively slender, with long flagellum that extends just beyond merus width (Fig. 10A). Outer surface of palm of adult male chelae with low granules and rugae; inner surface granulated but without transverse comb-like ridge; dorsal margin of dactylus with 3 or 4 distinct large tubercles on proximal third, each with chitinous tip (Fig. 8 F–H). Ambulatory legs with relatively broad meri, with sharp subdistal spine on dorsal margin, surfaces rugose; ventral margins of propodus and dactylus of adult first ambulatory leg with dense comb-like setae. Male pleon triangular; telson triangular with rounded tip, as long as broad; somite 6 wide, with convex lateral margins (Fig. 8D, E). G1 relatively stout, subdistal part of outer margin before chitinous distal part gently curved with inner dorsal section strongly developed; chitinous distal part bent about 80º along longitudinal axis, tapering, relatively slender in lateral view, spatuliform in mesial view; tip rounded when viewed dorsally (Fig. 10 B–E). Females. The adult female carapace is more trapezoidal in form (Fig. 9A). The vulvae are on the anterior half of sternite 6, slightly raised, directed obliquely inwards towards the median line of the sternum, the margin is indented medially and without a sternal opercular cover (Fig. 9C). Etymology. The species is named after the region where it was found, Sukabumi Regency. The name is used as a noun in apposition. Remarks. See General Discussion for comparisons with allied Javan species. Notes on habitat. The species was found under wet leaf litter, with water seeping from the base of a cliff, not far from a stream at the edge of a small hamlet. The ground is a mixture of gravel and coarse sand. The habitat is about 12.6 m above the stream, shadowed by trees grow on the cliff at around 580 m asl (Fig. 25C). Life colouration. The carapace and chelae are dark brown with black eyes. Distribution. Sukabumi Regency in West Java Province, in Gunung Koneng Resort of Mount Halimun Salak National Park., Published as part of Ng, Peter K. L. & Wowor, Daisy, 2019, The vampire crabs of Java, with descriptions of five new species from Mount Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia (Crustacea: Brachyura: Sesarmidae: Geosesarma), pp. 217-246 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 67 on pages 227-228, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2019-0018, http://zenodo.org/record/4575815

Key to Species of Javan Geosesarma 1. Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 3 or 4 tubercles; G1 relatively stout...................................................................2 – Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with more than 5 tubercles; G1 relatively slender..............................................3 2. Male pleon with somite 6 trapezoidal (Fig. 11D, E); G1 proportionately very stout, wide, chitinous part very short, bent about 45° along longitudinal axis (Fig. 12 B–F) [Bogor Regency, West Java]....................... G. robustum, new species – Male pleon with somite 6 subrectangular (Fig. 8D, E); G1 proportionately less stout, more narrow, chitinous distal part relatively elongate, bent about 80° along longitudinal axis (Fig. 10 B–D) [Sukabumi Regency, West Java]........................................................................................ G. sukabumi, new species 3. Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 6 or 7 large tubercles (Fig. 22 F–H); G1 very short, stout with short, rounded chitinous distal part (Fig. 23 B–F) [Malang Regency, East Java]................................................. G. rouxi (Serène, 1968a) – Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 7–19 small tubercles along almost entire length; G1 slender, chitinous distal part long, slender to spatulate.......................................4 4. Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 7–13 small tubercles (including small one near tip) along almost entire length; species living from lowlands to about 700 m asl......5 – Dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 15–19 small tubercles (including small one near tip) along almost entire length; montane species, from 900 m asl and above.............9 5. Carapace in life distinctly with anterior and posterior halves differently coloured.................................................................6 – In life, carapace evenly coloured grey, brown, orange or purple, the anterior and posterior halves not distinctly separated......7 6. Anterior half of carapace purple to purplish-brown, posterior half cream to yellowish-white (Ng et al., 2015: fig. 6A–C); dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 7–9 small tubercles (Ng et al., 2015: fig. 5D) [Cilacap Regency, Central Java]....................................... G. dennerle Ng, Schubart & Lukhaup, 2015 – Anterior half of carapace bright purple on anterior half, posterior half bluish-grey (Ng & Davie, 1995: 32); dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 10 or 11 small tubercles (Ng & Davie, 1995: fig. 2D, E; Ng et al., 2015: fig. 5C) [Ujung Kulon, Lebak Regency, Banten]......... G. bicolor Ng & Davie, 1995 7. Carapace evenly orange throughout in life (Ng et al., 2015: fig. 6D–F); dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with with 7–9 small tubercles (Ng et al., 2015: figs. 5E) [Cilacap Regency, Central Java].......... G. hagen Ng, Schubart & Lukhaup, 2015 – Carapace otherwise coloured in life; dorsal margin of dactylus of male chela with 11–13 or small tubercles (last one often very small)..............................................................................8 8. Male pleon proportionately broader (Fig. 1D); G1 more slender with subdistal part of outer margin more rounded, curved, dorsal section proportionately more slender; chitinous distal part bent 40° along longitudinal axis (Figs. 4D, E, H, I, 6 D–F) [Bogor and Lebak Regencies; West Java and Banten]...................................................................... G. noduliferum (De Man, 1892) – Male pleon proportionately more slender (Fig. 5D); G1 relatively stouter, subdistal part of outer margin more angular, dorsal distal section more strongly developed, chitinous distal part bent 45° along longitudinal axis (Figs. 6G, H, 7B, C) [Lebak Regency; Banten].................................. G. lebak, new species 9. Ambulatory meri proportionately longer and more slender (Fig. 16A); G1 with chitinous part relatively longer, gently bent 30° along longitudinal axis (Fig. 18B, C, H, I) [Bogor and Sukabumi Regencies; West Java]..................................................................................................... G. sekop, new species – Ambulatory meri proportionately shorter and stouter; G1 with chitinous part relatively shorter, bent 40° along longitudinal axis.........................................................................................10 10. Margin of frontal lobe distinctly convex (Fig. 13B); G1 proportionately stouter, chitinous distal part wider in mesial view (Fig. 15B, C) [Cibodas, Cianjur Regency, West Java].................................................... G. confertum (Ortmann, 1894) – Margin of frontal lobe gently convex to almost truncate (Figs. 19B, 20A); G1 relatively more slender, chitinous distal part more slender in mesial view (Fig. 21B, C) [Mount Halimun, Bogor Regency, West Java].............. G. cikaniki, new species

Genus Karstarma Davie & Ng, 2007 Type species. Sesarmoides boholano Ng, 2002, by original designation. Remarks. Ng (2002) described several new cavernicolous species of Sesarmoides Serène & Soh, 1970 from the Indo-West Pacific and commented that the genus could be separated into two groups. Davie & Ng (2007) subsequently found more characters diagnosing the two groups, and established a new genus, Karstarma, for the cave-dwelling species previously assigned to Sesarmoides. Davie & Ng (2007) used both spellings Karstarma and Karstama in their original paper (see also Ng et al. 2008) but Wowor & Ng (2009) selected the former name as the correct one in accordance with Article 24.2.3 of the Code (ICZN 1999) (see also Husana et al. 2010). Fifteen species of Karstarma were heretofore known, all from the Indo-West Pacific: K. ardea Wowor & Ng, 2009, K. balicum (Ng, 2002), K. boholano (Ng, 2002), K. cerberus (Holthuis, 1964), K. emdi (Ng & Whitten, 1995), K. guamense (Ng, 2002), K. jacksoni (Balss, 1934), K. jacobsoni (Ihle, 1912), K. loyalty (Ng, 2002), K. microphthalmus (Naruse & Ng, 2007), K. novabritannia (Ng, 1988), K. philippinarum Husana, Naruse & Kase, 2010, K. sulu (Ng, 2002), K. ultrapes (Ng, Guinot & Iliffe, 1994), and K. waigeo Wowor & Ng, 2009 (Naruse et al. 2005; Ng et al. 2008; Wowor & Ng 2009; Husana e t al. 2010). The present paper adds one more species, the second from Java. As discussed by Wowor & Ng (2009), there are two major groups of Karstarma; one with relatively shorter ambulatory legs and a smaller vulva (with the type species), while a second has prominently longer ambulatory legs and a large vulva; suggesting the genus may need to be separated in the future. Among the group (with shorter ambulatory legs), three species (K. jacobsoni, K. microphthalmus and K. malang n. sp.) are also distinct in that they live deeper in caves and tend to stay on the ground (i.e. not climbers), have distinct reduced eyes and at least two of the Javan species have large eggs suggesting direct development (see later). They appear to be more related to species of Geosesarma De Man, 1892, which are very species-rich in Java and other Indonesian islands (see Ng et al. 2015).