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Post-use corrugated packaging cardboard is commonly known as old corrugated containers (OCC). They are complex and heterogeneous materials composed of various sources of unbleached cellulose pulp derived from several raw material processes which must be revalued due to its functionality, recyclability, and biodegradability. Besides, as recovered pulp have a greater composition of long fiber than short fiber because are mainly manufactured from softwood pulp by the kraft process. OCC are the main category of recovered paper; however, due to their high lignin content and hemicelluloses, additives, pollutants, hornification and degradation of fibers and other problems resulting from the pulp to cardboard conversion processes, their physical properties decrease with each recycling or reprocessing, which justifies evaluating a set of technologies to improve it. The objective of this work was to obtain improved unbleached and bleached OCC pulp more ecologically and economically justifiable than derived from wood chips for higher grade papers using sustainable processes evaluated in pilot scale tests. Mixed OCC were collected as waste from a landfill, cleaned, repulped, and treated with extended delignification with the alkaline soda process, obtaining a pulp with significant physical–mechanical improvements in relation to the original material, such as tensile strength, tearing resistance, bursting strength and folding endurance. The OCC soda pulp was bleached by a sequence totally free of chlorinated compounds (TCF), obtaining bleached pulp with optical and mechanical properties comparable to virgin pulps of annual plants such as bagasse but with improved drainage properties and lower processing costs. According to their properties, it is a competitive pulp obtained with emerging and existing technologies, available for use in various grades of printing and writing paper replacing totally or partially bleached wood pulp.

Purpose: This community service activity aimed to improve the skills or knowledge of lecturers in writing scientific papers as an urgent need in the academic world. Method: The coaching and training were conducted to lecturers/partners of the Kadesi Yogyakarta Theological College. The method used was coaching and training in scientific article writing. Results: The results of this activity showed that there was an increase of about 70% after coaching and training were carried out using the lecture, question, and answer, discussion, and simulation methods. It can be seen from the enthusiasm of the partners when making the article outline. Conclusion: Coaching and training activities for writing scientific articles have a very positive impact on partners in fostering interest in writing scientific papers in online journals. Keywords: Coaching, Training, Lecturers, Trick of writing paper

This study aims to evaluate the writing paper skills of students majoring in Elementary School teacher education study program. The research method used descriptive quantitative. The population of this study was 90 groups of students who programmed the Learning Outcomes Evaluation course. The sample consisted of 10 groups of students selected by purposive sampling based on the theme of their papers. The data were collected from the papers they compiled. Aspects that were evaluated are the systematics, introduction, discussion, conclusions, and references used. Additional data collected were the students’ assessment data on other group papers. The results of the analysis show that the degree of mastery of students in compiling papers was in a sufficient category. The ability to assess papers was still low. The difficulty lied in conformity to the template, writing the background, using sources, and presenting data in the form of tables or figures. All of these aspects were categorized as very low. This information can be used as a reference in developing a lecture system that can facilitate students to develop their skills in compiling papers.

This study is to identify errors made by rural primary school pupils in writing and to get information about the causes or sources of errors that lead to pupils’ writing problems. The conceptual framework concerns four types of errors committed by rural primary school pupils in writing, namely tense, spelling, and vocabulary. The study is based on Corder’s (1971) Error Analysis (EA) and Richards’ (1974) Causes or Sources of Errors as its theoretical framework. It was conducted at two rural schools with 44 pupils of Primary 5, aged 11, as the research sample. A written task was taken as the study instrument in order to answer two research questions. This study has revealed that tense is the most frequent error committed by the pupils, followed by punctuation, vocabulary, and spelling. Moreover, the pupils’ errors are caused by both interlingual and intralingual transfer. It is concerned with rural primary school settings in Kerian where the majority of the pupils use the Malay language as their medium of instruction. In addition, this study has its implication for English Language Education in Malaysia, in which it affects rural pupils’ performance especially in Primary School Achievement Test also known as Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (UPSR) in English Writing paper. Some adjustments in the education system and the total involvement from education departments are meant to better reduce the number of low performers, especially in English writing to enhance the level of English proficiency in rural schools.

This study amis at establishing instructional material for the Subject of Seminar on English Language Teaching based on Flipped Learninng. In English Educational Study Program fifth semester students students of English Educational Study Program, FBS, UNIMED. The study was conducted by utilizing Research and Developmental Study There were three phases realized in this study: : First Survey and Evaluation Phase, second designing the material and finally validating theinstructional material. Based on the phases of the study followed, the following topics of instructional material were developed ; Foundation of Seminars, Some Key Terms s of Seminars and Paper Presentations, Analyzin Topics for Seminar , Working out Pertinant Topics, Establising Paper Outline, Writing Paper Draft, Editing and Finalizing Paper, Designing Paper Presentations, Developing Power Point Presentation, Rehearsing Presentation, Paper Presentation, Running Productive Seminar. The feasibility test of teaching materials by the specialist. The findings indicated that theoutcome of the study established were suitable pertinent and fit in with the students of English Education Study Program with the mean 4.32.The material was upload to E-Learning FBS UNIMED to be utilized by the students.

The forest-based sectors are in a period of significant transition due to climate change mitigation efforts, changes in forest products demand and other external mega-trends. This study applies a three-step Delphi process to identify the main drivers and formulate possible scenarios for the development of the Norwegian forest sector towards 2040. The impacts of these scenarios are analyzed with a partial equilibrium forest sector model covering the Nordic countries. Experts in the sectors expected a further decrease in demand for printing and writing paper, but a significant increase in wood-based biofuel production. A “conservative” scenario, with a prolongation of current trends and no wood-based biofuel production, leads to declining wood prices but still slightly increased harvest levels in the Nordic countries—especially in Norway, due to increased timber volumes available for harvest. In a “green” scenario, the production of wood-based biofuels and new forest products increased, leading to higher wood prices from the end of the next decade. This will further decrease the production of printing paper.

Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) puts a significant emphasis on improving the proficiency level of English language among students by developing numerous English programs. However, the outcomes are undesirable with the amount of investment put in. It is evident in the Primary School Evaluation Report 2018 where 25.45% of National School students failed the English language writing paper. The high percentage of failure indicates their ineptitude in writing skills. The exam-oriented learning culture has caused teachers to resort to traditional rote-learning and memorization methods which lead to meaningless teaching and no output. Hence, this study introduced a writing module, ‘The Write Stuff’ based on Project-based Learning techniques to enhance students’ writing skill. This mixed method study collected data from sixty students of two different schools. Survey questionnaires, content analysis and pre-test and post-test were used in the data collection. The results of the evaluation show an increment in students’ mean scores in the post-test which indicates that student writing skills were improving. The results also show potential use of ‘The Write Stuff’ to promote fun and active learning, as well as enhancing learners’ collaborative participation and dedication in completing the tasks in hand.

This paper proposes that Picasso’s landmark 1907 painting, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, is full of images of books and pages, especially at the borders of the canvas. The curving shapes which are traditionally seen as “curtains” can alternatively be interpreted as the white pages and brown paper wrappers of open books, rotated 90 degrees. This “visual marginalia” supports the interpretation of Picasso’s famous brothel scene as a semiotic construction, befitting the painting’s early title (devised by Picasso’s writer friends), “The Philosophical Brothel”. The painting also contains iconographic representations of textuality. A slightly open book can be perceived in the middle of the painting, and along the bottom border, an open envelope and writing paper can be seen laid atop the tipped-up table, under the fruit. I claim that Picasso’s images of texts derive from his acquaintance with the text-driven, monumental novel, Don Quixote. I give special attention to the narrative Author’s Preface to the Spanish literary classic, in which the author describes assembling quotations from diverse sources to compose the first and last pages of his book. Picasso visually represents this allusion by depicting pages at the left and right “ends” of his canvas. Other texts and images are considered as sources for the bibliographic imagery, which generally reframes this canvas as a fictive tissue of quotations, akin to the overabundance of texts that Don Quixote is reading in Cervantes’s novel. Picasso’s painted image of a blank leaf of writing paper and its envelope, finally, encourages viewers to see the painting as a letter of communication, for which we ourselves must provide the writing that would represent our interpretations.

The category of household and sanitary products is the most important category in the paper industry, because it is related to people’s daily lives all around the world. This category is seeing a rapid increase in consumption, while consumption in other categories, such as printing or writing paper, is presently declining. China is the largest manufacturer, as well as the largest consumer of household and sanitary paper. Nowadays, environmental consciousness and concerns are rising in China and have started to influence customers’ behavior in selecting and using paper products. In the present study, surveys were conducted of the paper industry, the retail market for paper, and end consumers of paper. The relationship between new challenges of the paper industry and consumers’ environmental concerns has been investigated and reported.

The paper discussed that education of persons with visual impairment cannot gain any achievement without the use of special learning facilities and equipment and personnel. The special learning facilities and equipment can either be electronic or manual. Also highlighted in the paper includes assistive technologies for reading, writing, mobility, mathematics among others. The personnel in education of persons with visual impairment include Braillist, opticians, Rehabilitation therapist among others. Facilities for education of persons with visual impairment requires; Braille room, Typing pool, Resource room, among others were highlighted. The equipment for persons with visual impairment; Braillers, typewriters, audible ball among others were included in the paper. Equipment for mathematics; Taylor frame, Abacus Raised clock faces among others. Equipment for geography; Brailled atlas, Moulded plastic dissected relief maps among others. Equipment for writing; Raised-line writing paper among others. Assistive technologies for computer access; JAWS Talking Software, Refreshable Braille displays among others. The paper concluded that it is a necessity to have facilities, equipment and personnel as they are very useful in the education of persons with visual impairment as they are to every other living being.

Both trade and production of graphic paper have decreased over the last three decades. While this general decrease can partially be attributed to increased prominence of information technology, the overall figure is devoid of context and thus of most of its meaning to global economy. In this study we aim to break this trend down across the geographical and temporal scope, across its supply-chain commodities and to find out what drives the global trade patterns. Econometric trade models focus on the trading countries and direct exports or imports but fail to consider the structural and the indirect trade relations. We take the approach of network analysis, where the emphasis is on the structure of trade and not on country-level descriptors. We focus on 1995–2017 period as within it this decrease can be observed and assess the entire graphic paper and pulp supply chain, consisting out of printing and writing paper, mechanical wood pulp, chemical wood pulp, semichemical wood pulp, pulp made from fiber other than wood, recovered paper and paperboard. We employ descriptive statistical and network analysis, grouping and role analysis, and end with an inferential logistic regression quadratic assignment procedure model. Results show that newsprint trade decline is mirrored in printing and writing paper and mechanical wood pulp. The trade network densities have remained generally stable throughout the observed period, but the topological proprieties of the individual product groups vary greatly. Although no stabile grouping of countries throughout the assessed period could be observed, role analysis shows that countries tend to trade within their continent, that European countries are at the core of the trade network, and that the structural shift of decline of the trade value is followed by increasing prominence of several Asian countries, such as China and Indonesia. The most important finding of the study is that internal trade effects such as reciprocity and transitivity are much more explanatory than classical effects used in trade models such as GDP per capita, geographical distance or forest endowment.

To solve the problem that the existing electronic word learning device only had a single character writing exercise function, the interaction structure and the stroke force analysis algorithm of Chinese characters were studied from aspects such easy use, smart technology and writing paper simulation. In re-sponse to the problems in the writing process and the limitations of smart guidance, the writing problems occurred the resistive touch screen were ana-lyzed, and a fuzzy evaluation method for Chinese strokes was proposed. The main contents included membership template construction, fuzzy subset se-lection, template parameter generation and evaluation. The experimental re-sult showed that the interaction structure can inherit the advantages of paper writing and exert the advantages of electronic devices. It is concluded that human-computer interaction based on interactive structures can better apply the intelligent machine to character practitioner.

International audience; Despite predictions of the paperless office, global demand for printing and writing paper remains strong, and paper appears to be here to stay for some time. Not only firms, but also governments, libraries, and archives are in possession of large collections of legacy documents that still must be sorted and scanned. In this study, terahertz-based techniques are demonstrated to address several routine tasks related to the automated paper handling of unsorted legacy documents. Specifically, we demonstrate terahertz-based counting of the number of sheets in unconsolidated paper stacks, as well as locating stapled documents buried in paper stacks.

Cellulose has a long history dating back to ancient times in the evolution of humanity. It was a key material for basic needs, especially for the construction of shelters, paper making, which allowed our ancestors to perpetuate the valuable literary, philosophical or artistic works. In modern era, cellulose has acquired new dimensions of knowledge and scientific interest. This increased interest in cellulose is due to the need to exploit the still unknown resources that cellulose provides us, possibly due to the remarkable progress made lately in the field of fine characterization of the structure using sophisticated electron microscopes and other characterization techniques that have recently emerged. The growing demands of modern society in the direction of computerization and technology, have led the general interest to move from the classical writing paper to other types of "papers" that incorporates a high degree of ingenuity and intelligence, the so-called special papers, ranging from sensors, chips, motherboards, papers with a high degree of security, and many others. Among these, paper-based biosensors are of special interest, due to their high selectivity, simplicity, low price, and fast response. In this article we will review the new trends in the immobilization of biomolecules on various cellulose-based supports. In the first part, we will discuss the stages prior to the manufacture of a such support by specific chemical modification of the cellulosic substrate, followed by an overview of the most studied proteins, but also the most commonly used methods in monitoring protein adsorption on cellulosic substrates.

The unique features of cellulosic paper including flexibility, biodegradability, and low cost enables it as a versatile, sustainable biomaterial for promising applications. In the paper industry, microsized mineral particles are widely used in the production of printing/writing paper grades, while rosin derived from trees is the earliest internal sizing agent for paper hydrophobication. On the basis of existing commercial practices associated with the use of mineral particles and rosin in paper production, we present a process concept of converting cellulosic fibers (paper-grade pulp) into "sticky" superhydrophobic paper involving the use of microsized mineral particles and rosin (a tree-derived natural product, mainly a mixture of resin acids, especially abietic acid with chemical formula of C19H29COOH). Internal filling of cellulosic networks with mineral particles was basically used to hold out the mineral particles added at the surface, and the delicate integration of wet-end/surface applications of mineral particles with paper surface engineering with rosin/alum led to the development of "sticky" superhydrophobicity, i.e., ultrahigh water-repellency and strong adhesion to water. This proposed concept may provide valuable implications for expanding the use of paper-based products to unconventional applications, e.g., ultrahigh-performance ink jet printing paper for mitigating the "coffee-ring effect" and paper-based microfluidic devices for biomedical testing.

To clarify the socioeconomic factors influencing global paper and paperboard demand, a panel data analysis was conducted covering the period 1961–2014. This study used paper and paperboard demand as the dependent variable, and a country’s economic level, Internet usage rate, plastic packaging demand, and time trend as the explanatory variables. An inverse U-shaped quadratic relationship, such as an environmental Kuznets curve, was found between economic level and paper and paperboard demand, which saturates and begins to decline as economic level increases. The economic level representing the turning point differs significantly with the use, ranging from around 37,000 US$/person for newsprint paper to around 66,000 US$/person for printing and writing paper. For both newsprint paper and printing and writing paper, demand declines owing to the spread of the Internet as the economic level rises, although this reductive effect is greater for printing and writing paper than for newsprint paper. A substitution relationship is not found between wrapping paper and corrugated cardboard on the one hand and plastic packaging on the other hand as the economic level becomes higher.

Report writing is one of the two tasks in the Malaysian University English Test (MUET) writing paper. In order to write a good report for Task 1, several conventions must be adhered to, which can be arduous and challenging for students. As the application of many technical terms is crucial, it was deemed necessary to inject an innovative and novel way to teach this serious subject matter in a lighter way. The researchers prepared a comic book of 23 pages on the plot of report writing, with several characters in a classroom setting. Standard comic book conventions of spoken and conversational language were used in the presentation of the comic book. An action research on a class of 15 students was conducted; the students were given the comic book to reinforce what had been learnt in the previous 4 h of instruction on report writing. The use of comic book in the 5th and 6th hours of instruction showed that it was a welcome and refreshing change for the students, as it injected fresh interest in learning report writing and added variety to instruction. Pre- and post-comic reports written by students indicated improvement in several aspects, namely, organisation of paragraphs, verbs to show trends, report title, inclusion of key features and word count. As a whole, students agreed that the comic book is primarily effective as a follow-up material for classroom instruction or as reinforcement and revision, due to the many technical terms which need to be mastered through overt instruction.

While such linguistic features as lexical complexity and syntactic complexity have been used to analyse the texts written by college-level L2 learners and experts in previous research, the findings may not be applicable to the writing of secondary students in their learning contexts. This study, based on a corpus of 64,060 words comprising 120 high-, mid- and low-scored reports and letters written by candidates of the HKDSE English Language Writing paper, adds to the existing literature by investigating how lexical and syntactic complexity features can distinguish and predict the quality of L2 writing. Automated tools were adopted to measure the lexical and syntactic complexity features of the writings, followed by the use of one-way ANOVA and post-hoc analyses to examine the differences among the three levels of examination scripts. Correlation and regression models were also performed to test the predictive power of lexical and syntactic complexity features. It was found that lexical complexity, when compared to syntactic complexity, is a stronger predictor of L2 writing quality. The impact of text types, examination prompts and learners’ English proficiency on L2 writing quality are discussed, and the implications for the teaching and assessment of L2 writing are considered.

The main goal of this study was to characterize chemically and morphologically elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum), and evaluate the potential of its fibers for production of printing and writing paper grade pulp. The elephant grass was chemically and morphologically characterized and cooked by the soda process to two different degrees of delignification (kappa 17.5 and 10.6). The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the O-D*-(EP)-D sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability and physical-mechanical properties. The lignin content (20.2%) was low, indicating that this grass should be easier to pulp. The morphological analyses of the elephant grass indicated a short fiber material, similar to hardwoods. The soda pulp from elephant grass cooked to kappa number 17.5 presented higher screened yield than 10.6 kappa pulp, with alkali demands of 15.0% and 20.0%, respectively. The total active chlorine required by the 17.5 and 10.6 kappa pulps, were 42.1 and 35.1 kg/odt pulp, respectively, to achieve an ISO brightness of approximately 90.0%. The bleached soda pulps cooked to 17.5 and 10.6 kappa number showed similar refinability and resistance to drainage, but the tensile and burst index were highest for the 17.5 kappa pulp at beating energy consumptions in the range of 0-6 Wh. It was concluded that both 10.6 and 17.5 kappa pulps from elephant grass are suitable for the production of printing and writing paper grade pulps, but the highest kappa 17.5 pulp is more economically attractive given its highest pulping yield, despite the significantly increased of chemical demand for bleaching A produção de papel para impressão e escrita Grau de celulose a partir de capim-elefante. RESUMO O principal objetivo desse estudo foi caracterizar química e morfologicamente o capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum), e avaliar o potencial das suas fibras para a produção de polpa para papéis de impressão e escrita. O capim elefante foi caracterizado química e morfologicamente e cozinhado pelo processo soda com dois diferentes graus de deslignificação (número kappa 17,5 e 10,6). As polpas resultantes foram completamente branqueadas pela sequência O-D*-(EP)-D e caracterizadas quanto as suas refinabilidades, drenabilidades e propriedades físico-mecânicas. O conteúdo de ligina (20,2%) foi baixo, indicando ser uma gramínea fácil polpação. A análise morfológica do capim elefante indicou ser um material de fibra curta, semelhante a madeiras de folhosas. A polpa de capim elefante cozida pelo processo soda até número kappa 17,5 apresentou maior rendimento depurado que a polpa de kappa 10,6 com uma demanda de álcali de 15,0% e 20,0%, respectivamente. O cloro ativo total requerido para as polpas de kappa 17,5 e 10,6 foi de 42,1 e 35,1 kg/tas, respectivamente, para atingirem uma alvura de aproximadamente 90,0% ISO. As polpas cozidas pelo processo soda até números kappa 17,5 e 10,6 e branqueadas apresentaram valores similares de refinabilidade e resistência à drenagem, mas o índice de tração e arrebentamento foram maiores para a polpa com número kappa 17,5 até atingirem uma energia de consumo de na faixa de 0-6 Wh. Foi concluído que ambas as polpas de capim elefante com kappas 10,6 e 17,5 são apropriadas para a produção de papéis de imprimir e escrever, sendo a polpa de maior número kappa economicamente mais atraente dado o seu rendimento de polpação superior, sem significativo aumento da demanda de reagentes químicos de branqueamento.

English is getting more crucial to be mastered since its important part in the world nowadays. It is not only as a means of communication but also a means transferring knowledge, news, and technology around the world. There are four basic skills in English such as listening, speaking, reading, and writing, every students must have problem in learning and mastering those skill. But writing is the main issue to be discussed in this article. In writing, some of the writer’s students feel difficult to determine the topic when they want to write, they are hardly to complete a writing paper because they run out of idea. In this case the students need to absorb some information to understand a word, including how to combine a word with the other words. Therefore the teacher should have a strategy to get the students understanding and overcome their problems.Teaching is about just how to encourage the learners to achieve their goals and other times it requires that we actually facilitate resources and foster experiences so students can learn, continue learning and love the process. It is an art of the teacher to know how to make the students able to create knowledge of their own. Brainstorming is one of the teaching techniques in writing that can encourage the students to think about the topic as many as possible. This technique is help the students to enrich their vocabularies then create an idea become a writing composition. By using this strategy the students will be able to improve their writing skill. Brainwriting is an alternative method to brainstorming that tries to encourage a more uniform participation within a group. Like brainstorming, it is designed to generate lots and lots of ideas in a short amount of time.

This study aimed to identify (1) writing ability differences between students which given recitation in writing research proposal and analyzing thesis, compared with recitation only in writing research sproposal, (2) writing paper ability differences between male students and female students, (3) writing paper ability differences based on the recitation and gender. while sample taken from 2 classes and treated as experiment class I and II. In experiment class I students were given assignment to write research proposal and then analyzed thesis which had been tested. In experiment class II students were only writing the proposal. The instrument were pretest and posttest in essay. And to analyze the data used t test, ANOVA one way and two way by using SPSS program. Based on the result can be concluded that : (1) students writing ability who given recitation in writing proposal and analyzed the thesis are better than students who given recitation and writing proposal only with F count = 11,987 which significant at level 1% (2) female students have better writing ability than male students, with Fcount = 6,623 significant level 5% (3) female group which given recitation to write proposal and analyze thesis is the highest group in writing paper ability, then the male group which given the recitation to write and analyze thesis, the female group which given recitation only in writing proposal and the last is female group which given recitation only in writing proposal. Score F count between factors F = 6,467 significant at level 1%.

In this work, we studied the infl uence on the mechanical and physical properties of paper made of pulp from recycled cardboard and paper (printing/writing and newsprint) by adding different percentages of nanofi brillated cellulose. For each type of recycled pulp, we formed paper with incorporation of 0, 5 and 10 wt% nanofi brillated cellulose. The results showed that addition of nanofi brillated cellulose reduced the paper thickness and increased the density values. Papers with nanofi brillated cellulose presented resistance properties with values statistically superior to the treatments without addition. Addition of 10 % provided the best results, with improvement of tensile, burst and tear resistance of 97, 133 and 104 %, respectively, in comparison to normal papers. The paper produced with the recycled newspaper pulp had lower increase in mechanical properties from the nanofi brillated cellulose in relation to the papers with recycled pulp from cardboard and printing and writing paper. The considerable improvement in the mechanical properties is related to the increase of hydrogen bonds between the fi bers and nanofi bers, forming a dense network, resulting in greater surface area of nanofi brillated cellulose.

Nowadays the smart pen either write on a digital pad or they write on the standard Anoto dot pattern paper. The digital pen is lacking to convert the written text into editable document. These pens are mostly concentrating on taking the image of the written text. Few pens are written on any type of paper and converts into document. They were able to correct the spelling mistakes of the user but the grammatical mistakes were unknown by the pen. This paper proposes an idea to correct the grammatical errors and correct the spelling mistakes by parsing and having a training data set stored in the in the database which ultimately make the pen smarter and intelligent. This pen will learn by itself as to what kind of mistake the user is doing frequently and this ultimately will lead to efficient and faster results.

Drawing upon Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (SCT), this study aimed at investigating the effect of two writing modes, namely, peer-mediated/collaborative vs. individual writing on measures of fluency, accuracy, and complexity of female EFL learners’ writing. Based on an in-house placement test and the First Certificate in English writing paper, a total of 108 intermediate (N = 54) and advanced (N = 54) participants out of a pool of 150 EFL learners were randomly selected and assigned equally to collaborative (N = 18 pairs in each proficiency level, that is, intermediate and advanced) and individual writing classes (N = 18 participants in each proficiency level). All the participants wrote six argumentative compositions either individually or collaboratively in six subsequent sessions. Data on detailed discourse analytic measures of fluency, accuracy, and complexity obtained from the written compositions were submitted to a series of a two-way analysis of variance statistics. The findings revealed that, a...

The main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of depithed bagasse for the production of printing and writing paper. Industrial whole bagasse was separated into two fractions: pith and depithed bagasse. The depithed bagasse was cooked by the soda process to two different degrees of delignification. The resulting pulps were fully bleached by the O-D*-(EP)-D sequence and characterized for their beatability, drainability, and physical-mechanical properties. Bleached soda pulps cooked to kappa 17.5 and 10.8 showed similar refinability and resistance to drainage, but the strength properties (tensile, burst, and tear) were slightly higher for the kappa 17.5 pulp at beating energy consumptions in the range of 2-7 W•h. We concluded that both pulps from depithed sugar cane bagasse would be suitable for the production of printing and writing paper grade pulps, but the higher kappa pulp is more economically attractive given its higher pulping yield, without significantly increasing the bleaching chemical demand.

In Iran, due to abundant restrictions on harvesting wood from northern forests by implementing the preservation project and also lack of possibility for sufficient wood production, development of the area of planting poplar is quite inevitable. Poplar wood properties have special importance to produce many wood production, particularly pulp and paper. Paper factories are the major consumers of poplar wood at the global level and this is because of unique morphological, physical, mechanical and technological properties of poplar wood. Therefore, regarding the importance of using this species in making various printing and writing paper, packaging or carton, cardboard and newsprint, in this study, costs of poplar production in one hectare including planting and harvesting were examined and determined. Then, based on conversion coefficients of FAO, required round wood, productivity and the cost of poplar wood were calculated for the producing various kinds of paper. The results indicate that carton and cardboard paper or packaging allocate the lowest cost and highest return, while printing and writing paper had highest cost and lowest return in terms of poplar wood supply needed for paper production.

New model "contest of comprehensive chemistry experiment" participants are university students major in science and engineering. The contest consists of theoretical knowledge examination and research projects completion. Theoretical knowledge examining stage is conducted in the way of closed-book examination. Research projects were completed under the tutors, including experimenting and research papers writing. The topics are related to chemistry or chemical engineering. Awards are evaluated by thesis query. Students many skills, such as consulting literature, experimental skill, writing paper and cooperating with others, can be trained in this contest, so their comprehensive qualities are enhanced.

Information about disputable phenomenon of control processes in pulp and paper industry is limited and exclusive. The manuscript is concentrated in problems to optimize and control the production process. Online data of wood and paper companies of Mazandaran corresponding to 165 variables were available. Data series were normalized. The study steps include the following; liner regression or stepwise, genetic algorithm and neural network. Mean error and mean absolute percent errors of model tester were calculated. The number of effective variables in the bursting strength of printing paper and newsprint were 16 and 12, respectively. As the results of Gamma test shows, effective variables of printing paper have been as following: Optical-Additives & Stock, RPM-Fan Pump2 and P-Take off DOC P & Life 4. Also, newsprint variables of Machine Consistence-Additives & Stock and Stock Valve-Additives & Stock have been the most amounts of Gamma test scales. Newsprint variable of Level-Condensate Collection Tank and variables of printing and writing paper such as; Broke Tower Level-Broke Tower Level and 7-Calendr (zones pressures) can be kept constant.

The earliest years of photography were full of experimentation and innovation; many photographers from this era carefully documented their experimental procedures. Consequently, it is possible to reproduce historically accurate photographs and negatives today. One of the oldest forms of photographic technology is the waxed paper negative, popular during the mid-19th century. It consists of a photosensitive sheet of writing paper coated with a layer of wax to render it transparent. Modern waxed paper negatives made using 19th century paper can potentially pass for historically significant 19th century negatives. This poses problems to museums and others interested in studying or collecting authentic 19th century photographic images. We have developed methods for separating the organic components of waxed paper negatives and measuring their radiocarbon content as a means of distinguishing between modern and historic waxed paper negatives. By detecting the presence or lack of bomb carbon in a given negative, this process can act as a tool for authentication. We have mainly focused on the extraction and 14C measurement of the wax component, reasoning that modern photographers might have easy access to 19th century paper, but would less likely use 19th century beeswax.

Automatically generating the related work section for a writing paper is useful for researchers as it can save a lot of time and avoid missing related works. The related work section of scientific paper usually introduces other researchers' work published before and makes comparisons with the current author's work. This paper proposes an approach to automatically generating related work by comparing the main text of the writing paper with the citations to the references from other papers. Our approach firstly collects the papers that cite the reference papers of the writing paper and extracts the corresponding citation sentences to form a citation document. It then makes a summarization that makes a comparison between the citation document and the writing paper's abstract, introduction and conclusion. It extracts the representative keywords from the citation document and the writing paper, and constructs a graph of the keywords. The discriminated nodes in the graph are figured out, and then the minimum Steiner tree that covers the nodes is extracted. A summary is generated by extracting the sentences covering the Steiner tree. The experiments show that our approach outperforms three baselines MEAD, ReWoS and ARWG according to ROUGE evaluation results.

This chapter describes the first OSM validation study. It compares paper-based and onscreen marking in Hong Kong using both classical statistics and Multi-faceted Rasch measurement (MFRM). The study was unlike those which usually compare experienced paper-based markers’ efforts when marking on screen in that it compares both experienced PBM markers and new markers who had only ever marked onscreen. In addition, it was innovative in that it investigated PBM and OSM in the context of the large scale implementation of OSM for all public examinations in Hong Kong at Year 11. The study consisted of an examination of English language essay scripts drawn from the live 2007 Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) Year 11 English Language Writing Paper, Part 1B2. In order to compare the two different modes of marking, it was arranged that of the total of 196 markers of the 2007 HKCEE Writing paper, 30 with good marker statistics would mark on paper (i.e., re-mark) 100 scripts – scripts that they had marked onscreen 9 months previously. Subsequent to the rating, they completed a questionnaire providing feedback on the exercise. An analysis of the data suggested that technologically, markers had no problems with OSM. Statistical results – correlations between the two forms of rating, the number of discrepancy scripts (where a third rating is required) – suggested no bias favouring either form of rating. Attitudinal differences surfaced, however, between new markers who had solely rated on screen compared with veteran markers, whose previous rating experiences had only been with paper-based rating. New markers felt that having to travel to a special marking centre was less of an inconvenience than did old markers. New markers, additionally, expressed a preference to mark on screen rather than on paper. The study concluded by predicting that as OSM became more prevalent, it would be accepted as the norm, with prejudice about fairness to candidates or convenience associated with PBM being preferable – for whatever reasons – gradually fading.

Questioned documents are documents whose authenticity is disputed. Documents are destroyed by fires and other means to conceal criminal activities. Charred or burnt documents are a type of questioned document that are likely to contain vital information. These documents are mainly linked to ransoms, forgery, fraud, suicide and other white collar offences. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of a Video Spectral Comparator (VSC-6000) for the enhancement of writings on charred documents and to determine the effectiveness of flood light and white spot beam in VSC on charred documents. A passage was written by different types of writing instruments on different types of writing paper available in Malaysia. Then the handwritten documents were burned until the writings became invisible. The charred documents were viewed under flood light and the white beam by adjusting the wavelengths. Results showed that the writings on the charred document exhibited appreciable enhancement suitable for forensic investigation. The writings were comparatively more visible under the white spot beam than the flood light beam. These findings were recorded through photography. The present study provides a promising method and an effective alternative way to enhance writings on charred documents.

With the rapid development of the information age, information technology has been widely applied to various industries and fields, educators have begun to explore the use and practice in the field of education. Given the traditional college English writing teaching efficiency is not high, and the bad effect caused by the heavy student curriculum teaching of English writing class scarcity issues. Use Microsoft Office Word assisted English writing technologies to replace the original form of writing paper and ink intersect, advocating students to use the Internet technology to support writing in English, using the E -mail technically good online English writing teaching follow-up courses, the technical advantages for PowerPoint English writing, English writing only changed the means of teaching and training, the environment and the teaching process, teachers and students to deepen the relative relationship between teaching and learning, and can effectively improve the level of students' interest in writing and English writing.

The purpose of this study was to examine handwriting production of first grade students using differently lined paper. Two groups of first grade students were assessed with the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment. The first group printed on a four-lined writing grid that included top, middle, base, and descender guidelines. The second group printed on double lined paper that provided middle and base guidelines only. There was no difference between groups for legibility, form, alignment, and space as measured by the Minnesota Handwriting Assessment. There was a statistical difference noted between the two groups for size, t(63) = –4.629, p < .001. Examination of sizing errors showed that 55% of the students in the double-lined paper group used the middle guideline as a top guideline. The results suggest that for first grade students, the number of lines on writing paper has no effect on letter legibility but can influence size. Writing paper that has both a top and a bottom guideline may be optimal for first ...

A life cycle assessment was conducted using IMPACT2002+ to estimate the environmental impact of producing printing and writing paper, which is entirely made with wastepaper. To confirm and add credibility to the study, uncertainty analysis was conducted using Taylor series expansion. Printing and writing paper produced from wood pulp was assessed for comparison. Compared with the wood pulp contained scenario, printing and writing paper made from wastepaper represented environmental benefit on non-carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, global warming, and non-renewable energy categories. In both scenarios, the technologies significantly contribute to the potential impacts of non-carcinogens, respiratory inorganics, terrestrial ecotoxicity, global warming, and non-renewable energy. The influence of the technologies on the way other categories affect the environment was negligible. Improved efficiency in electricity consumption, decreased transport distance from raw material buyers to suppliers, and change in the end-life treatment of solid waste from landfill to incineration are the key factors in reducing the overall environmental impact.

Keywords:forensic science;paper quality;tensile strength;tensile index;tension length;fluorescence Abstract: An organization had approved the sample of writing paper, and accordingly the supplier had to execute the supply. The supply received was suspected to be of different quality from approved one. The organization sent the samples for comparison to the Forensic Science Laboratory. Both the approved and supplied samples were compared using Tensile Testing Method with the Material Testing Machine and Fluorescence and spectral analysis using the Video Spectral Comparator (VSC2000). The difference between the mean loads at peak before rupture in the tensile testing mode for the two samples was about 33%. The two samples differed significantly in terms of UV fluorescence, and there was about 5% average difference in the percentage of maximum reflected intensity in the wavelength region of 400�900 nm. It has been observed in this study that these two methods can adequately distinguish paper samples of different origin.

Keywords : Writing Activities, Creative Writing Creative writing often used to introduce writing activity for the beginner.Creative writing is the simple and excited to guide students find their ideas. Its commonly used because this strategy will give unforgettable memories when they are writing something. This purpose of this thesis is describing the effect of the implementation of creative writing on ELT (English Language Teaching) to inspiring the students’ writing activities in Eleventh Grade of MAN 2 Ponorogo in Academic Year 2017/2018. The subject of this research is the student of Eleventh Grade of MAN 2 Ponorogo. This research provide classroom action research method which doing the observations about the students’ writing learning activities before and after the research and monitoring the development of the students’ tasks by guiding them in creative writing. The researcher also makes the interview with the students’ experienced when they’re conducting writing activities. The data comes from students’ interviews and observation conducts to students’ writing paper, which one that they are finding problems in finding ideas than the other students within their understanding to find the ideas. This study will show you how creative writing will improve the students’ ideas and also provide their abilities to stay in their way of writing; they can also find their style in writing. Creative writing also produce their energy in order to find new discovery in the topic they had been chosen. It also guide them to be discipline, confident, imaginative, be a planner, because they will make their deadline a project of writing, they also try to be a pioneer, not a plagiarism. The researcher suggestion about this research were the student should read intensively to increase their vocabularies, doing the example of the task for more understanding about the lesson, and the last the teacher should apply the various the teaching method to motivate the student in learning English.