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The key role of soil quality improvement in achieving sustainable agricultural development based on highly intensive use of farmland is increasingly being recognized, as is the ponderance of suitable evaluation of the soil quality. The overarching goal of this study was to determine an accurate assessment framework by the comparison of the scoring function (linear and non-linear) and integration method (area and weighted additive), which integrally evaluates the soil quality of an eleven-year field fertilization experiment (including CK, no fertilizer; CF, conventional fertilization; SF, formulated fertilization; SFO, SF with organic fertilizer). Thirty-three properties, including eighteen physiochemical-related and fifteen biological-related properties, associated with soil functions were measured as potential soil quality indicators, and the soil multifunctionality (SMF) was applied to validate the soil quality indices (SQIs). Principal component analysis and relationship analysis were used with indicators sensitive to management to determine a minimum data set (MDS). The results showed that the electrical conductivity, large macroaggregate-associated total nitrogen, small macroaggregate-associated organic carbon, carbon fixation, and enzyme activities of phenol oxidase and cellulase were chosen as the MDS. All the SQIs were significantly correlated with the SMF (p < 0.05). The fertilization strategies affected most indicators in different ways, and the index developed using the non-linear function and weighted additive integration method (SQI-NL) had the best sensibility and discriminability. The SQI value with the SQI-NL-MDS method was higher following the fertilization treatments than that of no fertilizer (p < 0.05), and the treatment of the organic fertilizer had the highest SQI value (0.66). Soil quality evaluation in long-term fertilized farmland suggested that the soil quality constraints between treatments of synthetic and organic fertilizer are related to the soil functions of nutrient cycling and sustain biological activity due to their higher contribution rates to the SQI in the organic fertilizer treatment, which provides insights into ways to reduce the gap in soil quality. The framework method can provide an accurate quantitative tool for the evaluation of soil quality from the target indicators by bridging management objectives and field-level actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous Fe3O4-loaded silver nanocomposites (Fe3O4@Ag) were simply fabricated as bi-functional nanozymes for the catalysis-based detection and removal of Hg2+ ions. It was found that the as-prepared magnetic Fe3O4@Ag could display peroxidase-like catalysis activity that could be rationally enhanced in the presence of Hg2+ ions. To our surprise, the shell of the Ag element may decrease the catalysis of the Fe3O4 to some degree. However, the Ag particles could serve as the probes for specifically recognizing Hg2+ ions and trigger increased catalysis through the formation of Ag–Hg alloys, with a decreased signal background. A high-throughput colorimetric analytical method was thereby developed based on the Fe3O4@Ag catalysis for probing Hg2+ ions in the muscles of fish by using 96-well plates, at linear Hg2+ concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 2.5 mg kg−1. Moreover, the developed colorimetric analytical method was applied to evaluate Hg2+ levels in muscle samples of different kinds of fish. Unexpectedly, an obvious difference of Hg2+ levels in muscles of four kinds of fish was discovered, with the order of snakehead (Ophicephalus argus) > largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) > crucian carp (Carassius auratus) > silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), where the carnivorous fish showed higher Hg2+ levels than the omnivorous or plant-based ones. Moreover, the as-fabricated Fe3O4@Ag adsorbents with their large specific surface area and high environmental robustness could exhibit efficient Hg2+ adsorption with capacities of up to 397.60 mg g−1. A removal efficiency of 99.40% can also be expected for Hg2+ ions from wastewater, with the magnet-aided recycling of Fe3O4@Ag adsorbents. Such an Fe3O4@Ag-based colorimetric analysis and removal strategy for Hg2+ ions should find wide applications in the fields of aquatic food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics of Hg-poisoning diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were fabricated with a hierarchical flower-like hollow structure, possessing a large specific surface area, high porosity, and excellent environmental stability. In situ growth of noble silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) onto COFs was conducted yielding COF–Ag nanozymes. The structural advantages of COFs can ensure the uniform dispersion and effective size control of AgNPs. More interestingly, the oxidase-like catalytic activity of the obtained COF–Ag nanozymes could be enhanced in the presence of Hg2+ ions, which could specifically interact with AgNPs to form Ag–Hg alloys. A COF–Ag catalysis-based colorimetric platform was thereby constructed for highly selective and sensitive analysis of Hg2+ ions, showing a linear concentration range from 0.050 to 10.0 μM, with a limit of detection of about 3.7 nM. Besides, the developed colorimetric strategy was successfully applied for detecting Hg2+ ions in human blood with favorable detection recoveries, indicating its potential for applications in the biomedical analysis, environmental monitoring, and food safety fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbivore damage by chewing insects activates jasmonate (JA) signalling that can elicit systemic defense responses in rice. Few details are known, however, concerning the mechanism, whereby JA signalling modulates nutrient status in rice in response to herbivory. (15NH4)2SO4 labelling experiments, proteomic surveys, and RT‐qPCR analyses were used to identify the roles of JA signalling in nitrogen (N) uptake and allocation in rice plants. Exogenous applications of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to rice seedlings led to significantly reduced N uptake in roots and reduced translocation of recently‐absorbed 15N from roots to leaves, likely occurring as a result of down‐regulation of glutamine synthetase cytosolic isozyme 1–2 and ferredoxin–nitrite reductase. Shoot MeJA treatment resulted in a remobilization of endogenous unlabelled 14N from leaves to roots, and root MeJA treatment also increased 14N accumulation in roots but did not affect 14N accumulation in leaves of rice. Additionally, proteomic and RT‐qPCR experiments showed that JA‐mediated plastid disassembly and dehydrogenases GDH2 up‐regulation contribute to N release in leaves to support production of defensive proteins/compounds under N‐limited condition. Collectively, our results indicate that JA signalling mediates large‐scale systemic changes in N uptake and allocation in rice plants. Exogenous methyl jasmonate applications significantly inhibited N uptake in rice roots and N‐assimilating enzymes, mediated plastid disassembly, and reduced N translocation from roots to leaves. Jasmonate signalling mediates large‐scale systemic changes in N uptake and allocation in rice plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autophagy is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which cells sense and respond to glucose starvation to induce autophagy remains incomplete. Here, we show that calcium serves as a fundamental triggering signal that connects environmental sensing to the formation of the autophagy initiation complex during glucose starvation. Mechanistically, glucose starvation instigates the release of vacuolar calcium into the cytoplasm, thus triggering the activation of Rck2 kinase. In turn, Rck2-mediated Atg11 phosphorylation enhances Atg11 interactions with Bmh1/2 bound to the Snf1-Sip1-Snf4 complex, leading to recruitment of vacuolar membrane-localized Snf1 to the PAS and subsequent Atg1 activation, thereby initiating autophagy. We also identified Glc7, a protein phosphatase-1, as a critical regulator of the association between Bmh1/2 and the Snf1 complex. We thus propose that calcium-triggered Atg11-Bmh1/2-Snf1 complex assembly initiates autophagy by controlling Snf1-mediated Atg1 activation in response to glucose starvation., (© 2024 Yao et al.)

Mesoporous Fe 3 O 4 -loaded silver nanocomposites (Fe 3 O 4 @Ag) were simply fabricated as bi-functional nanozymes for the catalysis-based detection and removal of Hg 2+ ions. It was found that the as-prepared magnetic Fe 3 O 4 @Ag could display peroxidase-like catalysis activity that could be rationally enhanced in the presence of Hg 2+ ions. To our surprise, the shell of the Ag element may decrease the catalysis of the Fe 3 O 4 to some degree. However, the Ag particles could serve as the probes for specifically recognizing Hg 2+ ions and trigger increased catalysis through the formation of Ag-Hg alloys, with a decreased signal background. A high-throughput colorimetric analytical method was thereby developed based on the Fe 3 O 4 @Ag catalysis for probing Hg 2+ ions in the muscles of fish by using 96-well plates, at linear Hg 2+ concentrations ranging from 0.010 to 2.5 mg kg -1 . Moreover, the developed colorimetric analytical method was applied to evaluate Hg 2+ levels in muscle samples of different kinds of fish. Unexpectedly, an obvious difference of Hg 2+ levels in muscles of four kinds of fish was discovered, with the order of snakehead ( Ophicephalus argus ) > largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ) > crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) > silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ), where the carnivorous fish showed higher Hg 2+ levels than the omnivorous or plant-based ones. Moreover, the as-fabricated Fe 3 O 4 @Ag adsorbents with their large specific surface area and high environmental robustness could exhibit efficient Hg 2+ adsorption with capacities of up to 397.60 mg g -1 . A removal efficiency of 99.40% can also be expected for Hg 2+ ions from wastewater, with the magnet-aided recycling of Fe 3 O 4 @Ag adsorbents. Such an Fe 3 O 4 @Ag-based colorimetric analysis and removal strategy for Hg 2+ ions should find wide applications in the fields of aquatic food safety, environmental monitoring, and clinical diagnostics of Hg-poisoning diseases.

Mec1 is a DNA damage sensor, which performs an essential role in the DNA damage response pathway and glucose starvation-induced autophagy. However, the functions of Mec1 in autophagy remain unclear. In response to glucose starvation, Mec1 forms puncta, which are recruited to mitochondria through the adaptor protein Ggc1. Here, we show that Mec1 puncta also contact the phagophore assembly site (PAS) via direct binding with Atg13. Functional analysis of the Atg13-Mec1 interaction revealed two previously unrecognized protein regions, the M ec1- B inding R egion (MBR) on Atg13 and the A tg13- B inding R egion (ABR) on Mec1, which mediate their mutual association under glucose starvation conditions. Disruption of the MBR or ABR impairs the recruitment of Mec1 puncta and Atg13 to the PAS, consequently blocking glucose starvation-induced autophagy. Additionally, the MBR and ABR regions are also crucial for DNA damage-induced autophagy. We thus propose that Mec1 regulates glucose starvation-induced autophagy by controlling Atg13 recruitment to the PAS.

Cherry (Prunus avium) has become an important economical fruit in China. In October 2020, a leaf spot disease was found on cherry in the orchard of Taizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang, China. The symptoms appeared as small, water-soaked spots on the leaves, which later became larger, dark brown, and necrotic lesions of 1 cm to 3 cm in width, 4 cm to 8 cm in length. Disease incidences of approximately 60% of the leaves were observed by sampling five locations. To isolate the causing agent, small fragments from five target symptomatic leaves were surface-sterilized with 1.0% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 min and then rinsed three times with sterilized water. Afterwards the leaf fragments were air-dried, plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated at 25 ℃ in the dark for 2 days. The pure cultures were obtained by transferring hyphal plug of 2 mm in diameter onto PDA, which followed single spore isolation. The colony morphology showed light to dark gray, cottony mycelium, with the underside of the culture became brownish after 7 days. Conidia (n = 28) were hyaline, smooth-walled, cylindrical, aseptate, broadly rounded ends, and average size around 3.84 × 12.82 μm (2.99 to 4.87 × 10.27 to 15.68 μm). Appressoria (n = 27) were mostly brown, ovoid and slightly irregular in shape, and average size around 8.04 × 9.68 μm (6.29 to 9.67 × 9.32 to 12.06 μm). Perithecia average size is 106.25 μm, textura angularis, thick-walled. Asci 26.35-49.18 × 5.00-12.03 μm (average size 37.44 × 7.80 μm, n = 17), unitunicate, thin-walled, clavate or cymbiform. Ascospores 13.69-20.93 × 3.86-6.69 μm (average size 16.00 × 5.42 μm, n = 30), one-celled, hyaline, one or two large guttulate at the centre, slightly rounded ends. The morphological characteristics matched well with previous descriptions of Colletotrichum species of C. gloeosporioides species complex, including C. fructicola (Prihastuti et al. 2009; Fu et al. 2019). The identity of two representative isolates (cf2-3 and cf4-4) from different leaves was confirmed by means of multi-locus gene sequencing. To this end, genomic DNA was extracted by the Plant Direct PCR kit (Vazyme Biotech Co., Ltd, China). Molecular identification was conducted by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region, partial glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene, partial actin (ACT) gene, partial beta-tubulin 2 gene (TUB2), and partial chitin synthase gene (CHS). The obtained sequences have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MW581851 and MW581852 (ITS), MW590586 and MW590587 (GAPDH), MW616561 and MW616562 (ACT), MW729380 and MW729381 (TUB2), MW729378 and MW729379 (CHS). The results of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis revealed that the ITS, GAPDH, ACT, TUB2 and CHS sequences of both isolates matched with 100% identity to Colletotrichum fructicola culture collection sequences in GenBank database (JX010165, JX009998, JX009491, JX010405, and JX009866 respectively). These morphological characteristics and molecular analyses allowed the identification of the pathogen as C. fructicola. Koch's postulates were performed with healthy detached cherry leaves of cultivar namely 'HongMi' from Taizhou Academy of Agriculture Sciences. Surface-sterilized leaves were inoculated with five-day-old cultures of C. fructicola mycelial discs of 2 mm in diameter after being wounded with a needle or non-wounded. Control leaves were inoculated with discs of same size PDA agar. Treated leaves were incubated at 25 ℃ in the dark at high relative humidity. Anthracnose symptoms appeared within 3 days both on non-wounded and wounded inoculation approaches. Mock-inoculated controls remained asymptomatic. Biological repetitions were carried out three times. The fungus was reisolated from infected leaves and confirmed as C. fructicola following the methods described above. Until recently, it has been found that C. fructicola can infect tea, apple, pear, Pouteria campechiana in China (Fu et al. 2014; Li et al. 2013; Shi et al. 2018; Yang et al. 2020). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. fructicola on cherry in China.

Gibberellin is one of the most important plant growth regulators, and widely used in agricultural production. However, the high cost of gibberellins production is restricting its efficient application. In recent years, biotechnological innovations have improved the synthesis of gibberellin. Gibberellin biosynthesis requires various enzymes. Current research focuses on the biosynthetic mechanisms of gibberellin and the metabolic engineering techniques to improve the production of gibberellin. This paper reviews the current research on gibberellin biosynthesis pathway, the key and enzymes environmental factors involved, and the metabolic regulation of gibberellin in Gibberella fujikuroi, summarizes the application of metabolic regulation in gibberellin biosynthesis, to provide the basis for achieving stable gibberellins production.