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The process of hydrogen bond donor accelerating the cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2 is a green conversion. In this text, commercial drug flufenamic acid which contains O-H and N-H groups is introduced to promote the coupling. The reaction is capable of tolerating a relatively wide range of groups with the aid of catalytic system flufenamic acid/TBAB. Moreover, the reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of reported literatures.

A catalyst system derived from commercially available Cu(NO3)2.3H2O and 2,5- dihydroxyterephthalic acid is applied to the homocoupling reaction of arylboronic acids. This transformation provides a convenient approach to symmetrical biaryls with good to excellent yields (39%- 95%), and exhibits good functional group compatibility. Furthermore, biaryl can be prepared in gram quantities in good yield.

Additional file 1. Table A. 1. Risk factors for short-term mortality by univariate Cox regression analysis. Figure A. 1. Comparison of plasma suPAR concentrations in different disease groups. No statistical significance was found between each pair of groups. Figure A. 2. The effect of suPAR on ROS production in neutrophils in HC and CHB under E.coli stimulation. Whole blood from healthy controls (n = 13) and patients with CHB (n = 12) was stimulated with E. coli in the presence of suPAR (50 ng/ml) or PBS for 30 minutes in vitro. ROS levels in neutrophils were determined. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. *p < 0.05; ns, not statistically significant. Figure A. 3. The effect of suPAR on ROS production in neutrophils in ACLF without E. coli stimulation. Whole blood from patients with ACLF (n = 10) was incubated with suPAR (50 ng/ml) or PBS for 30 minutes in vitro without E. coli stimulation. ROS levels in neutrophils were determined. Statistical analyses were performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. ns, not statistically significant. Figure A. 4. The correlation of serum suPAR and spontaneous ROS production in neutrophils from ACLF. The spontaneous ROS production in neutrophils from patients with ACLF (n = 11) was directly determined without E.coli stimulation. Statistical analyses were performed using the using spearman correlation. Supplementary methods: The limitations of cytokine measurements. Supplementary methods: Combining MELD or SOFA with suPAR.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has an extremely poor prognosis and is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Immune checkpoint suppression has become the most effective treatment option for liver cancer. The strategies used for immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting cancer therapies have been affected by some significant successes, including blocking the advanced-stage malignant tumor by death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand (PDL-1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) pathways. T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT) is an immune checkpoint that participates in tumor immune surveillance. Mainly expressed on T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and other antigen-presenting cells (APCs), it diminishes cytokine production and exhibits strong suppressive properties. TIGIT achieves a more active antitumor immune response and highlights a pivotal role for cancer immunotherapy. Preclinical studies have found inhibitory effects using a targeted approach. Monotherapy targeting TIGIT or in combination with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of patients with advanced solid malignancies have demonstrated improved antitumor immune responses. Due to the high tumor heterogeneity of liver cancer, immune checkpoint suppression therapy still needs further exploration. Therefore, we provide insights into the characteristics of TIGIT and the immune system in HCC.