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We calculated electron energy loss and angular distributions for electrons transmitted through masks for electron projection lithography by a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. After comparing the improved continuous slowing down approximation model, the direct MC model, and the intensive direct MC model, the last model was used. The energy loss distributions calculated by the latter two models are much better than by the first model and the intensive direct MC model can be applied to more materials than the direct MC model. The effect of mask thickness on energy loss, transmission, and contrast was analyzed. We found that, for a W/Cr/Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] mask, the thicker the scattering layer the wider the angular distribution, the lower the transmission, and the higher the contrast. But the thickness of the membrane Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] layer has less effect on the contrast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasi-coherent mode (QCM) was measured by the tangential CO2 laser collective scattering diagnostic at high plasma electron density during both enhanced Dα/small edge-localized mode (ELM) and ELM-free H mode phases in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). Experimental results from only local oscillator CO2 laser scattering prove that the QCM is measured by the scattering diagnostic in the far-forward mode. The driven QCM density fluctuation ( k ⊥ < 3 cm−1) and magnetic fluctuation suggest that the QCM is an electromagnetic mode. The typical frequency of the QCM is f ≈ 26.5 kHz. A combination analysis of scattering signals and Mirnov signals suggests that the QCM has toroidal mode number n ≈ 17 and rotates along with the electron diamagnetic drift velocity direction in the lab frame. The analysis of Mirnov and reflectometer signals supports that the QCM locates in the edge pedestal region. The QCM power has been found to be related to both the Dα signal and the pedestal density gradient. A comparison of the EAST QCM and C-Mod quasi-coherent mode has been given in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Both k1 = 12 cm−1 (intermediate-k) and k2 = 22 cm−1 (high-k) micro-turbulence (k⊥ρs ∼ 1–4) in gradient region plasmas were measured simultaneously by the EAST poloidal CO2 laser collective scattering system. Their behaviors have been studied in detail in both ELM-free/type III ELMy and enhanced Da (EDA) H mode plasma discharges. Compared with that in the previous L mode phase, it can be seen obviously that the mean frequency of lower-k (k1) micro-turbulence increases and that of higher-k (k2) decreases during the ELM-free or type III ELMy H mode phase, while frequency-integrated spectral power (Stot) of both k1 and k2 micro-turbulence seems almost the same. On the other hand, both Stot and mean frequency of k1/k2 micro-turbulence show continuous increase during the EDA H mode phase. These results imply that the response of (intermediate, high)-k micro-turbulence on different type H mode is different. Further cross-correlation analysis between k1 and k2 micro-turbulence shows that their cross-correlation value is a little lower in H mode phase than the previous L mode phase. It can also be found that the cross-correlation value decreases gradually during the ELM-free and subsequent type-III ELMy phases, and it is almost zero in the EDA H mode phase. These new results could shed some light on the comprehensive understanding of mechanisms under H mode physics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Anorectal manometry ( ARM) is typically preformed in a lateral position. This non-physiological testing position has produced an unexpected negative rectoanal pressure gradient ( RAPG, i.e. difference between rectal and anal pressure) with normal defecation. This study was designed (i) to study differences in ARM parameters between water-perfused and solid-state sensors and between lateral and seated positions and (ii) to investigate the roles of ARM parameters in predicting balloon expulsion. Methods ARM was performed in 18 healthy volunteers ( HV) and 60 patients with functional constipation ( FC) under three randomized conditions: water-perfused in lateral position, solid-state in lateral position, and solid-state in seated position, followed by a balloon expulsion test in seated position. Key Results i) Under the same lateral position, solid-state sensors produced higher rectal resting pressure and RAPG than water-perfused sensors. ii) Using the solid-state sensors, ARM in the seated position revealed higher resting rectal pressure (34.9 vs 10.9 mmHg in HV, 30.9 vs 10.6 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) and higher RAPG (22.6 vs −6.2 mmHg in HV, 17.1 vs −8.1 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) than the lateral position. iii) When ARM was performed using solid-state sensors in seated position, RAPG was predictive of balloon expulsion; using 10 mmHg as a threshold, RAPG could predict balloon expulsion with specificity of 82% and sensitivity 77%. Conclusions and Inference ARM performed in a seated position using solid-state sensors seems more accurate in assessing rectal pressure, and the RAPG measured under these conditions is predictive of balloon expulsion in FC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we ultimately prepared an 8 mm wave composite coating applying genetic algorithm to achieve broadband absorbing by improving low-frequency characteristics. The prepared composite coating can defend against millimeter wave precision-guided effectively, which has important implications in military camouflage. We started with the typical background scattering characteristics of 8 mm wave to develop the composite coating which can make better integration of the target and background, and then did modification treatment on graphite, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite coating by adding mixed packing of carbonyl iron and SiO2 package carbonyl iron, based on the relationship between the electromagnetic parameters and the reflection coefficient. The experimental results demonstrate that our approach can prepare the composite coating with the absorption peak of -20.2 dB at 35.5 GHz, and the reflection coefficient less than -10 dB, bandwidth of 76.87%, so as to realise broadband absorption and good results of defending against detection of millimeter wave precision-guided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]