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Abstract The goal to eliminate malaria from the Asia-Pacific by 2030 will require the safe and widespread delivery of effective radical cure of malaria. In October 2017, the Asia Pacific Malaria Elimination Network Vivax Working Group met to discuss the impediments to primaquine (PQ) radical cure, how these can be overcome and the methodological difficulties in assessing clinical effectiveness of radical cure. The salient discussions of this meeting which involved 110 representatives from 18 partner countries and 21 institutional partner organizations are reported. Context specific strategies to improve adherence are needed to increase understanding and awareness of PQ within affected communities; these must include education and health promotion programs. Lessons learned from other disease programs highlight that a package of approaches has the greatest potential to change patient and prescriber habits, however optimizing the components of this approach and quantifying their effectiveness is challenging. In a trial setting, the reactivity of participants results in patients altering their behaviour and creates inherent bias. Although bias can be reduced by integrating data collection into the routine health care and surveillance systems, this comes at a cost of decreasing the detection of clinical outcomes. Measuring adherence and the factors that relate to it, also requires an in-depth understanding of the context and the underlying sociocultural logic that supports it. Reaching the elimination goal will require innovative approaches to improve radical cure for vivax malaria, as well as the methods to evaluate its effectiveness.

Understanding how natural selection shapes unique traits in mammals is a central topic in evolutionary biology. The mammalian order Chiroptera (bats) is attractive for biologists as well as the general public due to their specific traits of extraordinary immunity and inverted resting posture. However, genomic resources for bats that occupy key phylogenetic positions are not sufficient, which hinders comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the origin of specific traits in bats. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of 5 bats that are phylogenetically divergent and occupy key positions in the phylogenetic tree of bats. In combination with the available genomes of 19 bats and 21 other mammals, we built a database consisting of 10 918 one‐to‐one ortholog genes and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of these mammals. We found that genes related to immunity, bone remodeling, and cardiovascular system are targets of natural selection along the ancestral branch of bats. Further analyses revealed that the T cell receptor signaling pathway involved in immune adaptation is specifically enriched in bats. Moreover, molecular adaptations of bone remodeling, cardiovascular system, and balance sensing may help to explain the reverted resting posture in bats. Our study provides valuable transcriptome resources, enabling us to tentatively identify genetic changes associated with bat‐specific traits. This work is among the first to advance our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of inverted resting posture in bats, which could provide insight into healthcare applications such as hypertension in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let n≡0(mod4) be a positive integer, M=(mi,j) be a magic square, where 0≤mi,j≤n2−1,0≤i,j≤n−1 . M is called most perfect magic square (MPMS(n) for short) if mi,j+mi+n2,j+n2=n2−1 , and mi,j+mi,j+1+mi+1,j+mi+1,j+1=2(n2−1) . Let M=nA+B , where A=(ai,j),B=(bi,j),0≤ai,j,bi,j≤n−1 . M is called rational if both A and B possess the property that the sums of the numbers in every row and every column are the same; otherwise, M is said to be irrational. It was shown that there exists an MPMS(n) if and only if n≡0(mod4) and n≥4 . In this paper, it is proved that there exists an irrational MPMS(n) if and only if n=2tk,t≥2,k≡1(mod2), and k>1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Element composition, micro morphology and crystal structure of blue and white porcelain was tested using scientific and technological means including x ray fluorescence, x ray diffraction and polarisation optical microscope analysis, respectively. Other kinds of porcelain were also tested as comparisons in order to explain the halo dispersion of blue and white porcelains. According to the results, dispersion diffusion layer between pigment and glaze is the cause of halo dispersion, generating a distinctive visual effect. Anorthite crystals are not the dispersion reason as there are also free anorthite crystals in blue and white porcelain without halo dispersion. In addition, the crystallisation rule of ancient ceramics was also summarised. Ceramic bodies with high alumina content tend to promote the growth of anorthite crystals from body to glaze. In Zhangzhou kiln porcelain, the fusion of colour and glaze is smooth, and the comparison with imitation samples demonstrates that the process of glazing before colouring may be adopted in parts of ancient blue and white porcelain, which is the so-called in-glaze colour process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study the loading dynamics of an optical dipole trap and an optical lattice both experimentally and theoretically. A simple power dependence for the number of trapped atoms (N∝P3/2) is revealed in both cases. We then study the parametric excitation of the trapped atoms. High order parametric resonance is observed close to but lower than 4ν in a CO2 laser optical lattice. The existence of the high harmonic and its shift toward lower frequency are attributed to the anharmonicity of the optical trapping potential. We investigate the discrepancy between experimentally measured optical lattice frequencies and the theoretical calculation for several published experiments and present corrected formula for trap frequency calculations. Using this corrected formula and accounting for the off-center lattice sites, we present a modified formula for calculating the optical lattice frequency and obtain better agreement between experimental measurement and theoretical calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]