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Objectives The objective of this study was to explore the phenomenon and determinants of healthcare service utilization in Chinese older adults with multimorbidity. Methods We adopted a mixed-methods explanatory design from July 2022 to May 2023. The quantitative research was a social network analysis to explore the phenomenon of healthcare service utilization in target participants. The quantitative results were further interpreted as the participant's propensity for healthcare services and the potential for information sharing between healthcare providers through shared patients. Logistic regression was conducted to identify individual determinants for healthcare service utilization. The quantitative research was followed by qualitative interviews with stakeholders to deeply understand the phenomenon of interest from the individual, healthcare system, and societal perspectives. Results We recruited 321 participants for the quantitative study. They preferred using medication services from primary healthcare providers, pharmacists at private pharmacies, and hospital specialists, and preferred using other services from hospital specialists. Dense relationships arose from shared patients among healthcare providers across various professions and settings, making it possible to share patient information. Primary healthcare providers were particularly important in the process, as they were closely related to others through patient sharing. Health status was identified through logistic regression and qualitative interviews as an individual determinant for healthcare service utilization. More determinants were explored in qualitative interviews with 30 stakeholders, including trust, resource allocation, healthcare accessibility, medical treatment process, and healthcare awareness. Discussion Strategies should be proposed to intervene with patients' nonoptimal propensity toward healthcare services and promote information sharing among healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among various types of precision stages, magnetically levitated precision positioning stages offer unique capabilities including frictionless motion, vacuum compatibility, and contamination-free operation, making them highly attractive for various applications such as photolithography scanners, micro-machining tools, and microscopes. However, today's magnetically levitated stages often only offer long-stroke motion in the planar directions, and typically have a limited motion range in the vertical axis. This fact limits their applicability in machines and instruments that require precision motion in all translational degrees of freedom (DOFs). Aiming to address this challenge, this paper presents the design, modeling, prototyping, and experimental evaluations for a novel magnetically levitated nanopositioning stage, which we call the LevCube, that can provide nano-precision positioning with a motion stroke of 10 mm in all translational DOFs. The LevCube prototype stage was successfully levitated with a positioning control bandwidth of 100 Hz in the translational DOFs and 70 Hz in the rotational DOFs. The maximum force of the stage is 25.5 N under 3.5 A current amplitude, which generates a maximum stage acceleration of 2.5 times the gravitational acceleration. These performances show the potential of the proposed stage to provide all-axis long-stroke precision positioning capability for future microscopes and manufacturing machines. [Display omitted] • A novel design for magnetically levitated precision stage with 10 mm motion stroke in XYZ DOFs. • Modeling and optimization for stage design to achieve constant force constant over full stroke • Design and built a LevCube prototype to validations for its positioning capability and performance [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives: To establish a set of scientific and practical nursing care quality evaluation indicators for PACU in China. Background: No unified nursing care quality evaluation indicators for post‐anaesthesia care unit (PACU) were found in China. Design: An international literature review, domestic cross‐sectional survey and two‐round e‐Delphi study. Methods: The international literature review and domestic cross‐sectional survey were conducted to identify the potential nursing care quality evaluation indicators for PACU. A total of 38 and 32 indicators were extracted from 24 articles and the cross‐sectional survey respectively. Two rounds of e‐Delphi study were conducted to collect opinions from a panel of 20 independent experts and establish the final version of the nursing care quality evaluation indicators for PACU. A GRRAS checklist was used to guide the reporting of this study. Results: Of 20 experts, 19 completed the first round of e‐Delphi study and 18 completed the second round, with a response rate of 95% and 90% respectively. The experts' authority coefficient in the two rounds of e‐Delphi study was 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. The Kendall W value of the two rounds ranged between 0.108 and 0.385 (p <.01). Four structure indicators, 12 process indicators and seven outcome indicators were included in the nursing care quality evaluation indicators for PACU. Conclusions: With the methods of literature review, cross‐sectional survey and e‐Delphi study, we established a set of scientific and practical nursing care quality evaluation indicators for PACU, to improve the nursing care quality, reduce incidence of complications and ensure patient safety. Relevant to clinical practice: The findings from this study enable nurses and managers in PACU settings to evaluate clinical nursing care quality using a robust framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The dose–response association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome is unclear, which indicates an important knowledge gap in public health. The objective of this study was to determine the categorical and continuous dose–response associations between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome. A systematic literature search of English articles published in PubMed, CINHAL, Embase, and Web of Science Core Collection prior to June 2022 was conducted. All cohort and cross‐sectional studies that examined the association between sedentary time and the risk of metabolic syndrome were considered, and duplicate and non‐related studies were excluded. Data extraction using a standardized chart and quality assessment using two appraisal tools were also performed. Two independent reviewers were involved in these processes. In categorical meta‐analyses, the pooled effect sizes for metabolic syndrome associated with different categories of sedentary time were calculated by comparing the highest and intermediate with the lowest categories. In continuous meta‐analyses, the linear and nonlinear dose–response associations were estimated using generalized least squares and restricted cubic spline models, respectively. Data were collected and analyzed from March to June 2022. Four prospective cohort studies and 22 cross‐sectional studies with 105,239 participants and 16,185 MetS cases were included in this study. In categorical analyses, both intermediate (median duration: 4.11 h/day; pooled OR: 1.17, 95% CI: 1.08–1.26, P < 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 7.26 h/day; pooled OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43–2.04, P < 0.001) of total sedentary time were significantly associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome. Similarly, a significant association between screen time and the risk of metabolic syndrome was also found in intermediate (median duration: 2.22 h/day; pooled OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10–1.32, P < 0.001) and high levels (median duration: 3.40 h/day; pooled OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.44–1.86, P < 0.001) of exposure. Of note, these associations were significantly stronger in women. Different patterns of the behavior‐disease association were not observed in children, adolescents, and adults. The findings of continuous meta‐analyses could not provide solid evidence for the linearity and nonlinearity of the behavior‐disease association. This study demonstrated that long‐time sedentary behavior was associated with a higher risk of MetS independent of physical activity and the patterns of association varied by gender instead of age. These findings have implications for future guideline recommendations on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and prevention of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report an amino acid salt-catalyzed direct desymmetrization of 3-substituted cyclobutanones through a direct aldol reaction under mild reaction conditions. The developed method provides an array of highly functionalized cyclobutanones bearing three contiguous stereogenic centers in high yields and stereoselectivities with varied functional-group compatibility. Furthermore, the obtained adducts can be smoothly converted into polyfunctional 1,4-butyrolactones with maintained enantioselectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A high-temperature AFM was employed to evaluate reservoir properties. • Porosity and permeability decrease due to mineral thermal expansion. • An accuracy model was established of porosity and permeability at high temperatures. Accurately evaluating the influence of temperature variations is crucial for geothermal engineering. Existing conventional testing methods are limited in providing detailed characterizations of reservoir micro properties at high temperatures. This study employed variable-temperature AFM testing techniques to examine sandstone and limestone under in-situ temperatures (25-200°C). The study analyzed the mechanisms behind the temperature effects on rock properties and established theoretical models for porosity and permeability variations with elevated temperatures based on these mechanisms. The research revealed that sandstone and limestone exhibit similar temperature effects at high temperatures. The pore fractal dimension of sandstone and limestone does not change with temperature change. As the temperature increases, sandstone and limestone experience mean roughness (R a) and porosity reductions. The impact of high temperature was more pronounced on sandstone compared to limestone, with sandstone showing a decrease of 2.8 % and 0.59 % in mean roughness (R a) and AFM porosity, respectively, from 25 °C to 200 °C, while limestone exhibited reductions of 1.4 % and 0.085 %, respectively. With increasing temperature, sandstone transformed some pores with equivalent diameters of 1-2.5 μm to pores smaller than 1μm, while limestone did not show significant changes in pore structure. The temperature effects on sandstone and limestone were attributed to mineral expansion. Sandstone contains a higher proportion of minerals with a high coefficient of thermal expansion, such as quartz. In contrast, limestone primarily comprises minerals with lower thermal expansion coefficients, such as calcite, resulting in a more significant temperature impact on sandstone than on limestone. The theoretical models based on the mechanisms for porosity and permeability at high temperatures exhibited good predictive performance for sandstone and are more suitable for reservoirs predominantly composed of minerals with high coefficients of thermal expansion. The variation of porosity and permeability at high temperatures have different impacts on geothermal reservoirs. Temperature effects on porosity and permeability should be considered in geothermal engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3D porous graphene aerogel (GA) was prepared via one-step hydrothermal method and freeze-drying technology, in which organic amine reagents were used as cross-linker to combine the graphene oxide (GO) sheets. With abundant amino groups, the organic amine reagents also acted as adsorption sites to improve CO2 adsorption capacity. Morphology, pore structure and surface chemical structure of the as-prepared materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, Raman, TG, N2 adsorption–desorption. CO2 adsorption performance was evaluated by dynamic adsorption experiments in a fixed-bed column. Aminated by tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), the prepared 3D graphene aerogel (TEPA-GA-3–1) achieved a CO2 adsorption capacity as high as 2.27 mmol g−1 at 25 °C, 0.1 bar, which was attributed to its developed porous structure and high amino density. Further, the existence of water could improve the CO2 adsorption amount because H2O directly participates the reaction of CO2 with amine to form bicarbonates. The prepared GA adsorbent also exhibited good stability after six adsorption–desorption cycles. The above result suggests that amine-modified graphene aerogel has a potential application for CO2 capture from flue gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diagrammatic sketch of flotation separation of calcite and quartz from malachite ore by using DHH/OHA. [Display omitted] • N1,N10 -dihydroxydecanediamide (DHH) was introduced in malachite flotation firstly. • Calcite and quartz were separated by flotation using DHH collector. • DHH exhibited an excellent collecting ability to malachite. In this study, a novel collector, N1,N10 -dihydroxydecanediamide (DHH) was synthesized in our lab and introduced in flotation of malachite ore. The separation performance and action mechanism of DHH were explored and compared with octyl hydroxamic acid (OHA). The results of single mineral flotation tests indicated that DHH exhibited a stronger collecting ability to malachite and better selectivity against quartz and calcite than OHA, and floated out 94 % malachite, 8.5 % quartz and 17 % calcite at pH = 10 with a collector concentration of 60 mg/L. The FTIR spectra, zeta-potential tests and XPS tests proved that DHH could absorb onto malachite surface though a chemical mode. DFT calculation results showed that DHH anion owned a stronger affinity to malachite than DHH molecular and OHA anion/molecular, and its bis-minerophilic groups could form C(=O)NHO-Cu bond with surface Cu atom. It exhibited that DHH was an excellent candidate and capable for high efficiency flotation of malachite ore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel porous solid amine adsorbent (PEI@polyHIPE) with a highly interconnected pore network was prepared by high inner phase emulsion (HIPE) polymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene, and was simultaneously functionalized with high molecular weight (Mw = 70 000 Da) polyethylenimine (PEI). This proposed route requires fewer chemical reagents and less energy than conventional solid amine adsorbents that were prepared by amine post-modification such as chemical grafting and wet impregnation. The SEM image shows that a PEI layer was formed on the adsorbent's surface without damaging its original structure. And the CO2 adsorption capacity and pore structure of PEI@polyHIPE could be adjusted by adding different amounts of PEI. The one-step fabricated 4.0PEI70k@polyHIPE adsorbent showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 4.18 mmol CO2 per g-adsorbent at 20 °C under humid conditions. It obviously exhibited better CO2 adsorption performance, high amino utilization efficiency, and quick adsorption kinetics compared to PEI post-modification porous polystyrene (polyHIPE-PEI). This was attributed to its well-interconnected hierarchical structure, which could remarkably reduce gas diffusion resistance. Meanwhile, owing to the high-molecular-weight of PEI, the amount of amine loss could decrease during the process of adsorption/desorption, thus the adsorbent of PEI@polyHIPE showed promising regeneration performance. This one-step synthetic route provides a novel strategy for preparing amine functionalized adsorbents with high sorption capacity, amine efficiency, and regeneration stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of nanocomposite films, polyethylene/silver (PE/Ag) and polypropylene/silver (PP/Ag), were prepared and characterised. Assessment of silver released under the effect of ionising irradiation was performed on the nanocomposite films. The release experiment was carried out by immersing the nanocomposite films in water, 3% acetic acid or 95% ethanol as food simulants and measuring the Ag release from nanocomposite films treated with and without gamma or electron beam irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. In general, irradiation treatment increased the Ag release regardless of the type of polymer and food simulant. One reason could be radiation-induced metal oxidation at the surface which in turn promoted ion release into food simulants. The oxidising radicals produced by radiation in solution could be another factor speeding up metal oxidation and subsequent ion release. When comparisons were made between the two types of irradiation, greater Ag release into water and 3% acetic acid was observed after electron beam irradiation, while gamma irradiation was likely to induce greater Ag release into 95% ethanol. Such phenomena reveal the influence of different types of radiation on the solutions which in turn affect the Ag release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between sedentary behavior and health-related outcomes has been well established, whereas it is inconclusive whether a sedentary behavior pattern is an additional risk factor for health-related outcomes independent of total sedentary time and physical activity. To determine sedentary behavior patterns and their association with risks of noncommunicable diseases and all-cause mortality and to assess whether this association is independent of total sedentary time and physical activity. This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies were obtained by searching the Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed/Medline, the Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus up to April 2023. All observational studies published in English or Chinese were included if they explored sedentary behavior patterns and their association with risks of abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality among individuals who had never experienced the outcome event before the baseline assessment. Data extraction using a standardized form and quality appraisal using two authoritative tools were then performed. All these steps were completed by two independent reviewers from December 2022 to May 2023. If data were sufficiently homogenous, meta-analyses were performed; otherwise, narrative syntheses were employed. Harvest plots were also used to visually represent the distribution of evidence. Eighteen studies comprising 11 prospective cohort studies and seven cross-sectional studies were included. The findings suggested that prolonged sedentary time and usual sedentary bout duration were two metrics that reflected the nonlinear dose–response effect of prolonged sedentary behavior patterns. Only extremely high levels of prolonged sedentary behavior patterns significantly increased the risk of adverse health outcomes, independent of physical activity. Whether prolonged sitting was an additional risk factor for adverse health outcomes, independent of total sedentary time, was inconclusive due to an insufficient number of primary studies that included total sedentary time as one of the potential covariates. There was some evidence that supported a sedentary bout that significantly increased the risk of adverse health outcomes was 30–60 min. The threshold of prolonged sedentary time differed with outcomes, and future studies are needed to make this threshold more precise. A prolonged sedentary behavior pattern was associated with increased risks of several major noncommunicable diseases and all-cause mortality. People, especially those who do not reach the recommended level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, are encouraged to interrupt sedentary bouts every 30 to 60 min and limit prolonged sedentary time per day as much as possible. Breaking up consecutive sedentary bouts > 30 to 60 min and substituting them with brief bouts of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emerging non-noble metal two-dimensional (2D) catalyst, such as MoS 2 , for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is known to have an inert basal plane unless being converted to a metastable metallic phase or defect engineered. In order to take advantage of the majority of the material in such layered catalysts, fast screening of 2D catalysts with superior basal plane activity is imperative. A local electrochemical measurement method assisted by the e-beam lithography patterning was developed and applied to quantify the activity of basal planes of different layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) toward HER. This local measurement offers a robust platform to discover active TMDs fast and precisely. The construction of HER volcano plot leads to the discovery of superior basal plane active group VB metal disulfides, especially 3R-NbS 2. Interestingly, the trends found in the volcano plot imply distinctive differences in the mechanism of TMD catalysts compared to their metal counterparts. The intensive hydrogen evolution reaction in-between the basal planes drives self-nanostructuring in morphology of 3R-NbS 2. The increase in the effective surface area, and decrease in the electron-transfer resistance across the substrate and basal plane interface induced by the self-nanostructuring in turn enhances the HER performance of 3R-NbS 2. The 3R-NbS 2 clearly stands out among non-noble metal catalysts for HER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the complex construction environment for hydropower construction (HC) and the differences in evaluation experts, there is uncertainty involving in the evaluation information, which is prone to produce evaluation deviation. Describing uncertain information accurately and adequately is difficult for traditional safety evaluation approaches, which results in the inconsistency of the assessment with actual situations in most cases. Therefore, a novel safety evaluation approach for HC based on intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) was proposed to describe and handle the imprecise or not totally reliable evaluation information. Firstly, the limitations and irrationalities of existing score functions were illustrated through numerical examples, and a novel score function was constructed according to the characteristics of the safety assessment process and the IFS theory. Then the properties of the mentioned score function were discussed, and the superiority of the proposed score function were exhibited by comparison with existing score functions. Furthermore, the safety evaluation index system of HC was established, and a safety evaluation approach based on IFS was proposed with the novel score function. Lastly, the evaluation approach was applied to the case of Maojiahe hydropower station in Guizhou Province of China. Results indicate that the safety evaluation approach based on IFS can deal with the uncertain evaluation information effectively and properly; the evaluation results are in accordance with the actual construction conditions; the approach is characterized by flexibility and can be extended to solve other uncertain decision-making problems. The findings in this study indicate that the proposed approach is feasible and valid for the safety evaluation for HC, which has a significant meaning in providing decision support for enhancing the management of construction safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis is the most promising method for achieving artificial photosynthesis, but a bottleneck is encountered in finding materials that could efficiently promote the water splitting reaction. The nontoxicity, low cost, and versatility of photocatalysts make them especially attractive for this application. This study demonstrates that small amounts of α-Fe2O3 nanosheets can actively promote exfoliation of g-C3N4, producing 2D hybrid that exhibits tight interfaces and an all-solid-state Z-scheme junction. These nanostructured hybrids present a high H2 evolution rate >3 × 104 µmol g-1 h-1 and external quantum efficiency of 44.35% at λ = 420 nm, the highest value so far reported among the family of g-C3N4 photocatalysts. Besides effectively suppressing the recombination of electron-hole pairs, this Z-scheme junction also exhibits activity toward overall water splitting without any sacrificial donor. The proposed synthetic route for controlled production of 2D g-C3N4-based structures provides a scalable alternative toward the development of highly efficient and active photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective separation of the electron and hole (e-h) pairs plays a key role in enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the semiconductors. The density of electrons participating in the reduction reaction also determines photocatalytic performance. We report here a rational design of a photocatalyst assembly composed of n-type semiconducting two-dimensional g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets (2D-C 3 N 4 ), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and plasmonic Ag nanocubes, which exhibits enhanced density of electrons and controlled unidirectional change flow to promote the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction. Plasmonic Ag nanocubes inject the hot-electrons into conduction band of 2D-C 3 N 4 to increase the density of electrons while the CNTs act as a power pump of the electrons to steer electron flow from the conduction band of 2D-C 3 N 4 to reactants. The photocatalytic performance of Ag/2D-C 3 N 4 /CNTs assembly was dramatically enhanced for the H 2 evolution from water. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is due to the efficient unidirectional transfer of the electrons with high density and efficient separation of the e-h pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a facile one-pot method was employed to synthesize CoNi 2 S 4 and CuCo 2 S 4 with various morphologies. The required overpotentials for CoNi 2 S 4 nanorod and CuCo 2 S 4 cluster are only 111 mV and 135 mV, respectively, to reach the current density of 10 mA/cm 2 . The Tafel slopes for CoNi 2 S 4 nanorod (53 mV/dec) and CuCo 2 S 4 cluster (63 mV/dec) are lower than that for binary systems of CoS 2 and NiS 2 . The CoNi 2 S 4 nanorod shows better long-term durability than CuCo 2 S 4 cluster during the galvanostatic electrolysis. Overall these ternary sulfides exhibit promising activity and fair stability for hydrogen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D CoNi2S4-graphene-2D-MoSe2 (CoNi2S4-G-MoSe2) nanocomposite is designed and prepared using a facile ultrasonication and hydrothermal method for supercapacitor (SC) applications. Because of the novel nanocomposite structures and resultant maximized synergistic effect among ultrathin MoSe2 nanosheets, highly conductive graphene and CoNi2S4 nanoparticles, the electrode exhibits rapid electron and ion transport rate and large electroactive surface area, resulting in its amazing electrochemical properties. The CoNi2S4-G-MoSe2 electrode demonstrates a maximum specific capacitance of 1141 F g-1, with capacitance retention of ≈108% after 2000 cycles at a high charge-discharge current density of 20 A g-1. As to its symmetric device, 109 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1 is exhibited. This pioneering work should be helpful in enhancing the capacitive performance of SC materials by designing nanostructures with efficient synergetic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) have been considered as a promising electrocatalyst for carbon-dioxide-reduction reactions, but two fundamental chemistry questions remain obscure: 1) What are the active centers with respect to various defect species and 2) what is the role of defect density on the selectivity of NCNTs? The aim of this work is to address these questions. The catalytic activity of NCNTs depends on the structural nature of nitrogen in CNTs and defect density. Comparing with pristine CNTs, the presence of graphitic and pyridinic nitrogen significantly decreases the overpotential (ca. −0.18 V) and increases the selectivity (ca. 80 %) towards the formation of CO. The experimental results are in congruent with DFT calculations, which show that pyridinic defects retain a lone pair of electrons that are capable of binding CO2. However, for graphitic-like nitrogen, electrons are located in the π* antibonding orbital, making them less accessible for CO2 binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) have been considered as a promising electrocatalyst for carbon-dioxide-reduction reactions, but two fundamental chemistry questions remain obscure: 1) What are the active centers with respect to various defect species and 2) what is the role of defect density on the selectivity of NCNTs? The aim of this work is to address these questions. The catalytic activity of NCNTs depends on the structural nature of nitrogen in CNTs and defect density. Comparing with pristine CNTs, the presence of graphitic and pyridinic nitrogen significantly decreases the overpotential (ca. −0.18 V) and increases the selectivity (ca. 80 %) towards the formation of CO. The experimental results are in congruent with DFT calculations, which show that pyridinic defects retain a lone pair of electrons that are capable of binding CO2. However, for graphitic-like nitrogen, electrons are located in the π* antibonding orbital, making them less accessible for CO2 binding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Central to the conversion of CO2 in a full electrochemical cell is its cathode microstructure, which governs gas diffusion, charge exchange and transfer, and subsequently carbon dioxide reduction reaction. In this article, we report the effects of microstructure of Sn catalyst layer on the Faradaic efficiency towards formate formation as a function of Nafion loading, thickness of the catalyst layer, and catalyst particle size. Electrode with 17–20 wt.% Nafion was found to exhibit the highest partial current density towards the formation of formate when the average particle size of Sn catalysts ranged from 100 nm to 1.5 μm. This Nafion fraction is lower than what was reported, 30–36 wt.%, in the cathode of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Moreover, the partial current density for formate formation was observed to increase with the thickness of catalyst layer, but eventually saturated because the reaction zone was limited by mass transfer. The Faradaic efficiency towards the formation of formate exhibited nearly thickness-independence due to the counteractive effects caused by increasing local proton concentration and decreasing electrical field when catalyst layer thickness was increased. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Geographical information systems (GIS) are essential tools for mineral prospectivity modeling (MPM). Three-dimensional (3D) MPM is able to learn the association between geological evidence and mineralization in shallow zones and thereby build a prospectivity model for deep zones, making it a desirable technique to target deep-seated orebodies. However, existing 3D MPM methods directly generalize the model learned in shallow zones to the deep zones without attention to model transferability caused by the different metallogenic mechanisms between the two zones. In this study, we aim to robustly transfer the prospectivity model learned from shallow zones to deep zones. We cast the 3D MPM as a domain adaptation problem, which is an important realm of transfer learning. Because the metallogenic mechanism can be closely associated with spatial locations, we specifically focus on domain adaption concerning the spatial locations that are ignored by conventional domain adaptation methods. To measure the spatial-associated domain discrepancy, we propose a novel spatial-associated maximum mean discrepancy (SAMMD), which compares the joint distributions of features and spatial locations across domains. Based on the SAMMD criterion, a deep neural network, referred to as the spatial-associated domain adaptation network, is devised to learn cross-domain but mineralization-indicative features for building prospectivity model that is transferable to deep zones. A case study of the world-class Sanshandao gold deposit, in eastern China, was carried out to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods. The results show that compared with other leading MPM methods and other domain adaption variants, the proposed method has superior prediction accuracy and targeting efficiency, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method in targeting deep-seated orebodies in areas with different metallogenic mechanisms and no labeled data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation on CoPc-Pt/C co-catalysts, prepared by impregnation method, was studied in details through electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) result demonstrates that CoPc has higher forward anodic peak current density and jf / jb value (forward anodic peak current density/backward anodic peak current density) than Pt/C. Chronoamperometry (CA) analysis indicates that CoPc-Pt/C exhibits both excellent transient current density and stable current density for methanol electro-oxidation compared with Pt/C. Two main mechanisms related to the promotion of catalytic activity are as follows: CoPc-Pt/C has the activity of tolerance to carbonaceous intermediates, thus inhibiting the self-poisoning of catalysts; CoPc-Pt/C owns prominent intrinsic catalytic activity indicated by the apparent activation energy for methanol oxidation on CoPc-Pt/C, which is 18 kJ/mol, less than that on Pt and PtRu catalysts as reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial application of food irradiation has raised increasing concern regarding the migration of chemical hazards from irradiated food packaging materials which may threaten food safety and human health. In this study, polymer additives and radiolysis products that migrated from irradiated PET/PE films into a fatty food simulant (95% ethanol) were identified using a UHPLC-QTOF/MS method. Based on the identification results, six additives were selected and their migration behaviors were evaluated under the effect of gamma and electron beam irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. No significant change in migration levels was observed after irradiation treatment in additives with superior resistance to irradiation (e.g., fatty acid amides). Migration levels of additives vulnerable to irradiation (e.g., antioxidants and disubstituted glycerides) exhibited a decrease, which varied between the different types of irradiation treatments. Decrease in the concentration of phosphite antioxidant (Irgafos 168) was associated with increase in the concentration of its oxidized product (Irgafos 168-ox) that was induced by irradiation. In addition, migration levels of additives were affected by partitioning between the polymer and the food simulant. A high migration level was observed in antioxidants that were predominantly present in the food simulant (due to migration) rather than in the polymer before irradiation treatment. The findings of the present study provide insights into future studies on chemical migration from packaging materials into irradiated food. • The chemicals migrated from irradiated PET/PE films were identified by UHPLC-QTOF/MS. • Radiolysis products were formed via reaction of Irgafos 168 with free radicals in solution. • Migration behaviors of some additives under the impact of irradiation were evaluated. • The migration level depended on the additive stability and the irradiation type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data-driven three-dimensional (3D) mineral prospectivity modeling (MPM) employs diverse 3D exploration indicators to express geological architecture and associated characteristics in ore systems. The integration of 3D geological models with 3D computational simulation data enhances the effectiveness of 3D MPM in representing the geological architecture and its coupled geodynamic processes that govern mineralization. Despite variations in modality (i.e., data source, representation, and information abstraction levels) between geological models and simulation data, the cross-modal gap between these two types of data remains underexplored in 3D MPM. This paper presents a novel 3D MPM approach that robustly fuses multimodal information from geological models and simulation data. Acknowledging the coupled and correlated nature of geological architectures and geodynamic processes, a joint fusion strategy is employed, aligning information from both modalities by enforcing their correlation. A joint fusion neural network is devised to extract maximally correlated features from geological models and simulation data, fusing them in a cross-modality feature space. Specifically, correlation analysis (CCA) regularization is utilized to maximize the correlation between features of the two modalities, guiding the network to learn coordinated and joint fused features associated with mineralization. This results in a more effective 3D mineral prospectivity model that harnesses the strengths from both modalities for mineral exploration targeting. The proposed method is evaluated in a case study of the world-class Jiaojia gold deposit, NE China. Extensive experiments were carried out to compare the proposed method with state-of-the-art methods, methods using unimodal data, and variants without CCA regularization. Results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in terms of prediction accuracy and targeting efficacy, highlighting the importance of CCA regularization in enhancing predictive power in 3D MPM. • Casting 3D mineral prospectivity modeling (MPM) as a deep multimodal fusion problem. • Joint fusion network for integrating features of 3D geological models and simulation data. • Canonical correlation analysis regularization to guide network fusion of the cross-modal gap. • Maximizing the correlation of multimodal information boosts the performance of 3D MPM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to different solvent conditions, double helix DNA exists in various conformations, such as B-DNA, A-DNA, C-DNA, and Z-DNA. Studies have found that A-DNA is present in complexes with proteins and has an important biological role in the context of cellular defense mechanisms under harsh conditions. In this study, the well-tempered meta-dynamics (WTM-eABF) were used to explore the free energy barriers for base flipping of the four natural bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in both A-form and B-form DNA duplex. The results show that the free energy barriers for base flipping were lower in A-DNA than that in B-DNA for all of the four natural bases. We analyzed the factors that may affect base flipping, such as π-π stacking, SASA, H-bonding, and conformational changes, and concluded that conformational changes and π-π stacking are the most important factors affecting base flipping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Catalyst surface dynamics drive the generation of active species for electrocatalytic reactions. Yet, the understanding of dominant site formation and reaction mechanisms is limited. In this study, we thoroughly investigate the dynamic reconstruction of two‐dimensional defective Bi nanosheets from exfoliated Bi2Se3 nanosheets under electrochemical CO2 and nitrate (NO3−) reduction conditions. The ultrathin Bi2Se3 nanosheets obtained by NaBH4‐assisted cryo‐mediated liquid‐phase exfoliation are more easily reduced and reconstructed to Bi nanosheets with high‐density grain boundaries (GBs; GB‐rich Bi). The reconstructed GB‐rich Bi catalyst affords a remarkable yield rate of 4.6 mmol h−1 mgcat.−1 and Faradaic efficiency of 32 % for urea production at −0.40 V vs. RHE. Notably, this yield rate is 2 and 8.2 times higher than those of the low‐GB Bi and bulk Bi catalysts, respectively. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the GB sites significantly reduce the *CO and *NH2 intermediate formation energy and C−N coupling energy barrier, enabling selective urea electrosynthesis on the GB‐rich Bi catalyst. This work will trigger further research into the structure‐activity interplay in dynamic processes using in situ techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract:Catalyst surface dynamics drive the generation of active species for electrocatalytic reactions. Yet, the understanding of dominant site formation and reaction mechanisms is limited. In this study, we thoroughly investigate the dynamic reconstruction of two‐dimensional defective Bi nanosheets from exfoliated Bi2Se3 nanosheets under electrochemical CO2 and nitrate (NO3−) reduction conditions. The ultrathin Bi2Se3 nanosheets obtained by NaBH4‐assisted cryo‐mediated liquid‐phase exfoliation are more easily reduced and reconstructed to Bi nanosheets with high‐density grain boundaries (GBs; GB‐rich Bi). The reconstructed GB‐rich Bi catalyst affords a remarkable yield rate of 4.6 mmol h−1 mgcat.−1 and Faradaic efficiency of 32 % for urea production at −0.40 V vs. RHE. Notably, this yield rate is 2 and 8.2 times higher than those of the low‐GB Bi and bulk Bi catalysts, respectively. Theoretical analysis demonstrates that the GB sites significantly reduce the *CO and *NH2 intermediate formation energy and C−N coupling energy barrier, enabling selective urea electrosynthesis on the GB‐rich Bi catalyst. This work will trigger further research into the structure‐activity interplay in dynamic processes using in situ techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsic capacity (IC), a composite of physical and mental capacities, is a marker of healthy aging. Social determinants of health (SDOH), namely the economic and social environments across a lifespan, are the most fundamental factors influencing health outcomes and health disparities. However, there is limited evidence on the influence of the individual and combined burden of the SDOH on IC. Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2015), and data analysis was conducted in 2023. Linear mixed-effect regression was employed to investigate the association between SDOH and IC in a longitudinal analysis. This study comprised 7,669 participants (mean [SD] age, 68.5 [7.1] years; 49.8% female; mean [SD] IC, 7.2 [1.6]). In the longitudinal analysis, all five SDOH domains were independently and significantly associated with IC. The absence of social association within the social and community context domain exhibited the weakest association with IC (β: −0.11 [95% CI −0.20, −0.02]), while illiteracy within the education access and quality domain demonstrated the strongest association with IC (β: −0.51 [95% CI −0.60, −0.42]). Furthermore, the adverse effects of SDOH on IC became more distinguishable with the cumulative number of SDOH variables (coefficient for 2 SDOH, −0.41 [−0.64, −0.19]; 3 SDOH, −0.70 [−0.93, −0.48]; ≥4 SDOH, −1.10 [−1.33, −0.88]) compared with those without any SDOH. Certain SDOH levels were significantly and negatively associated with IC. Targeted interventions may be needed to improve SDOH in individuals at high risk of poor IC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify amphetamines, opiates, ketamine, cocaine, and metabolites in human hair is described. Hair samples (50 mg) were extracted with methanol utilizing cryogenic grinding. Calibration curves for all the analytes were established in the concentration range 0.05–10 ng/mg. The recoveries were above 72%, except for AMP at the limit of quantification (LOQ), which was 48%. The accuracies were within ±20% at the LOQ (0.05 ng/mg) and between −11% and 13.3% at 0.3 and 9.5 ng/mg, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions were within 19.6% and 19.8%, respectively. A proficiency test was applied to the validated method with z‐scores within ±2, demonstrating the accuracy of the method for the determination of drugs of abuse in the hair of individuals suspected of abusing drugs. The hair concentration ranges, means, and medians are summarized for abused drugs in 158 authentic cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Little is known about the potential mechanisms of healthy eating and exercise change, and design interventions which aim to promote healthy eating and exercise change among individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome. This study aimed to identify key determinants of healthy eating, exercise behaviors, and health among individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome using the integrated common-sense model of illness self-regulation. Method: A cross-sectional study with a multi-wave data collection strategy. A total of 275 participants at risk of metabolic syndrome based on the clinical prediction model were included in the final analysis. Path analysis was employed to explore the pattern of relationships between key variables using AMOS. Results: The mediation analysis suggested that personal and treatment control, and coherence can positively affect self-reported health via intentions and health behaviors (exercise and healthy eating). Additionally, relationships between self-efficacy (exercise and healthy eating) and health outcomes can be mediated by health behaviors, and both intentions and health behaviors. Conclusions: This current research used the integrated common-sense model of illness self-regulation to predict healthy eating, exercise behaviors, and self-reported health among individuals at risk of metabolic syndrome. The results suggested that self-efficacy, intention, consequences, personal control, treatment control, and coherence were the key determinants of behavior and health, which can help design interventions to encourage healthy eating and exercise changes among individuals with a high risk of MetS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Abstract Although quantum dots (QDs) based on two dimensional (2D) materials have manifested fascinating properties and promising applications in a wide range of fields, a low cost and non-tedious approach for the preparation of atomically thick 2D QDs with high yield remains elusive. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate a reflux pretreatment-mediated sonication approach to produce a series of ultrathin 2D QDs (e.g., graphene, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , MoSe 2 , WSe 2 , NbS 2 , SnS 2 , and h-BN QDs) from their bulk counterparts. The solvent molecules, confined in the channels of layered materials during reflux, assist the delamination and fracture of 2D sheets in the process of bath sonication. The resulting 2D QDs exhibited uniform lateral size distribution of 2–7 nm and a mean thickness of 0.8–1 nm, almost identical to the monolayer thickness of layered materials. To demonstrate the unique property of these 2D QDs, the optical limiting activity was studied using open aperture z-scan technique. TiS 2 QDs exhibited appreciable nonlinear optical limiting, reaching 50% by a tapered and sharp absorption at input laser fluence of 4.24 GW/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Electrochemical reduction of CO2 provides an opportunity to reach a carbon‐neutral energy recycling regime, in which CO2 emissions from fuel use are collected and converted back to fuels. The reduction of CO2 to CO is the first step toward the synthesis of more complex carbon‐based fuels and chemicals. Therefore, understanding this step is crucial for the development of high‐performance electrocatalyst for CO2 conversion to higher order products such as hydrocarbons. Here, atomic iron dispersed on nitrogen‐doped graphene (Fe/NG) is synthesized as an efficient electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction to CO. Fe/NG has a low reduction overpotential with high Faradic efficiency up to 80%. The existence of nitrogen‐confined atomic Fe moieties on the nitrogen‐doped graphene layer is confirmed by aberration‐corrected high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis. The Fe/NG catalysts provide an ideal platform for comparative studies of the effect of the catalytic center on the electrocatalytic performance. The CO2 reduction reaction mechanism on atomic Fe surrounded by four N atoms (Fe–N4) embedded in nitrogen‐doped graphene is further investigated through density functional theory calculations, revealing a possible promotional effect of nitrogen doping on graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on hydrogen production from coal gasification is mainly focused on the formation of CO and H 2 from coal and water vapor in high-temperature environments. However, in the process of underground coal gasification, the water gas shift reaction of low-temperature steam will absorb a lot of heat, which makes it difficult to maintain the combustion of coal seams in the process of underground coal gasification. In order to obtain high-quality hydrogen, a pure oxygen-steam gasification process is used to improve the gasification efficiency. And as the gasification surface continues to recede, the drying, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion reactions of underground coal seams gradually occur. Direct coal gasification can't truly reflect the process of underground coal gasification. In order to simulate the hydrogen production laws of different coal types in the underground gasification process realistically, a two-step gasification process (pyrolysis of coal followed by gasification of the char) was proposed to process coal to produce hydrogen-rich gas. First, the effects of temperature and coal rank on product distribution were studied in the pyrolysis process. Then, the coal char at the final pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C was gasified with pure oxygen-steam. The results showed that, the hydrogen production of the three coal chars increased with the increase of temperature during the pyrolysis process, the hydrogen release from Inner Mongolia lignite and Xinjiang long flame coal have the same trend, and the bimodality is obvious. The hydrogen release in the first stage mainly comes from the dehydrogenation of the fat side chain, and the hydrogen release in the second stage mainly comes from the polycondensation reaction in the later stage of pyrolysis, and the pyrolysis process of coal contributes 15.81%–43.33% of hydrogen, as the coal rank increases, the hydrogen production rate gradually decreases. In the gasification process, the release of hydrogen mainly comes from the water gas shift reaction, the hydrogen output is mainly affected by the quality and carbon content of coal char. With the increase of coal rank, the hydrogen output gradually increases, mainly due to the increasing of coal coke yield and carbon content, The gasification process of coal char contributes 56.67–84.19% of hydrogen, in contrast, coal char gasification provides more hydrogen. The total effective gas output of the three coal chars is 0.53–0.81 m3/kg, the hydrogen output is 0.3–0.43 m3/kg, and the percentage of hydrogen is 53.08–56.60%. This study shows that two-step gasification under the condition of pure oxygen-steam gasification agent is an efficient energy process for hydrogen production from underground coal gasification. • A two steps gasification process: pyrolysis and pure oxygen atmosphere was proposed. • The hydrogen production during pyrolysis and gasification of different coals was analyzed. • The pyrolysis process of coal contributes 15.81–43.33% of hydrogen. • The gasification process of coal char contributes 56.67–84.19% of hydrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Adherence to diet and exercise recommendations is crucial among metabolic syndrome (MetS) individuals. However, no studies have focused on comprehensive behavioural changes of diet and exercise among individuals with MetS. The present study aimed to explore determinants of adherence to diet and exercise behaviours among people with MetS based on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, and Behaviour (COM-B) model. Methods and results: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a health promotion centre of a large and general university hospital in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2021. A total of 241 individuals with MetS completed all scales. The mediation model was tested using structural equation modelling with bootstrapped samples. In the regression-based path analysis, MetS knowledge (β = 0.140), socioeconomic status (β = 0.162), and social support (β = 0.143) directly positively influenced diet behaviour. In addition, social support indirectly positively influenced exercise behaviour through coping and adaptation (β = 0.090). The final theoretical model showed a good fit (root mean square error of approximation = 0.057, comparative fit index = 0.946). Conclusion: Factors associated with diet behaviour were knowledge of MetS, socioeconomic status, and social support. Adaptation may be a mediator between social support and exercise behaviour. Intervention programmes targeting increased adherence to diet and exercise could include these factors for individuals with MetS. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promotion of C C bond coupling in the electrochemical conversion of CO 2 to fuels is of great scientific and practical interest. Selective formation of C 2 over the C 1 products, however, is a formidable challenge on all electrocatalysts known in literature. Here, we report the selectivity of CuO-derived porous copper nanoribbon arrays as the electrode to convert CO 2 to C 2 products. The C C bond coupling occurred at electrode potentials <−0.701 V vs. RHE. The total Faradaic efficiency towards the formation of these C 2 compounds (C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 and C 2 H 5 OH) reached to ∼40% at −0.816 V vs. RHE under ambient pressure and temperature. More importantly, at the same condition, the total Faradaic efficiency for C 1 products (CO and HCOO − ) was <3%, which were major products when a Cu 2 O-derived Cu electrode was used. Methane was not observed, a key product on a Cu foil electrode. This increased selectivity towards the formation of C 2 chemicals, meanwhile suppressed C 1 chemicals, are attributed to the presence of surface defects and a large number of grain boundaries on the CuO-derived porous Cu nanoribbon arrays electrode. Moreover, the activation of CO 2 was found to likely occur at the copper surface; while the presence of copper oxide layer reported in literature may result from the interaction between copper and water during the post analysis process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highly ordered TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNAs) with large specific surface exhibit excellent electrochemical performance but their poor electrical conductivity limits the practical applications in supercapacitor. Here, we present a simple strategy for improving the electrical conductivity of TNAs by introduction of oxygen vacancies in NaBH 4 aqueous solution. The reduced TNAs (rTNAs) electrodes exhibit significant improvement on electrical conductivity and carrier density compared to those of the pristine TNAs. Interestingly, the rTNAs electrode obtained from 5 M NaBH 4 aqueous solution exhibits the highest specific capacitance of 23.24 mF cm −2 at a scan rate of 2 mV s −1 with outstanding long term cycling stability. Moreover, the reduced MnCo 2 O 4 /TNAs electrodes are also prepared by a facile chemical bath deposition method and then reduced in NaBH 4 aqueous solution. The reduced MnCo 2 O 4 /TNAs electrode prepared in 5 M NaBH 4 aqueous solution achieves a high specific capacitance of 484.35 mF cm −2 at a scan rate of 2 mV s −1 . The enhancement of capacitance and cycling stability of reduced MnCo 2 O 4 /TNAs electrodes can be attributed to the improved electrical conductivity of MnCo 2 O 4 /TNAs by introduction of oxygen vacancies and the tubular structure of TNAs that accelerate the electron and ions transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adherence to physical activity is inadequate in adults with metabolic syndrome. Adherence to physical activity recommendations is crucial and can result in improved health outcomes and reduced medical burdens. A comprehensive behavior change intervention, including identifying determinants of adherence to physical activity recommendations, intervention options, intervention content and implementation options, was imperative for enhancing physical activity adherence. The aim of the study is to develop an intervention to increase physical activity adherence among individuals with metabolic syndrome.Methods: The study followed the eight steps of the Behavior Change Wheel guide, including defining the problem in behavioral terms (Step 1), selecting target behavior (Step 2), specifying target behavior (Step 3), identifying what needs to change (Step 4), identifying intervention functions (Step 5), identifying policy categories (Step 6), identifying behavior change techniques (Step 7), and determining model of delivery (Step 8). The semi-structured, in-depth interviews were employed to identify the determinants of adherence to physical activity among twenty-eight individuals with metabolic syndrome based on capability, opportunity, motivation and behavior model. Next, the intervention functions and policy categories were chosen to address these determinants. Finally, behavior change techniques were selected to assist in the delivery of the intervention functions and be translated into intervention content.Results: Our study identified eighteen facilitators and fifteen barriers to physical activity adherence. It resulted in the selection of seven intervention functions and nineteen behavior change techniques for the intervention program. Then, the current study identified an app as the delivery mode. Finally, a behavioral change intervention was generated for individuals with metabolic syndrome to increase physical activity recommendation adherence.Conclusions: The Behavior Change Wheel provided a systematic approach to designing a behavior change intervention, which helped improve the health outcomes and reduce medical burdens and economic burdens among individuals with metabolic syndrome. The findings suggested that potential intervention should pay special attention to increasing knowledge in metabolic syndrome, imparting skills of physical activity, offering a supportive environment, and providing suggestions on regular physical activity using the appropriate behavior change techniques. A feasibility study will be undertaken to assess the acceptability and effectiveness of the intervention program in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction can be used to produce value‐added hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals by coupling with clean electrical energy. However, highly active, selective, and energy‐efficient CO2 conversion to multicarbon hydrocarbons, such as C2H4, remains challenging because of the lack of efficient catalysts. Herein, an ultrasonication‐assisted electrodeposition strategy to synthesize CuO nanosheets for low‐overpotential CO2 electroreduction to C2H4 is reported. A high C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 62.5% is achieved over the CuO nanosheets at a small potential of −0.52 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode, corresponding to a record high half‐cell cathodic energy efficiency of 41%. The selectivity toward C2H4 is maintained for over 60 h of continuous operation. The CuO nanosheets are prone to in situ restructuring during CO2 reduction, forming abundant grain boundaries (GBs). Stable Cu+/Cu0 interfaces are derived from the low‐coordinated Cu atoms in the reconstructed GB regions and act as highly active sites for CO2 reduction at low overpotentials. In situ Raman spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory computation reveal that the Cu+/Cu0 interfaces offer high *CO surface coverage and lower the activation energy barrier for *CO dimerization, which, in synergy, facilitates CO2 reduction to C2H4 at low overpotentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient catalysts towards overall water electrolysis in alkaline electrolytes were highly desirable for the hydrogen production technology. The surface electronic states of copper in CuS nanocrystal catalysts were modified by iron doping through a simple wet-chemical method. The iron-doped CuS catalysts displayed drastically enhanced catalytic activities for overall water electrolysis in the strong alkaline electrolyte of 1 M KOH after a simple cyclic voltammetry activation. The optimized catalytic performance for overall water electrolysis was achieved in the CuFe 0.6 S 1.6 catalyst, which exhibited a low overpotential of −237 mV for HER and 302 mV for OER to reach 10 mA cm−2. The high activities for overall water electrolysis in CuFe 0.6 S 1.6 were induced by the enhanced charge transfer from Cu to S via iron doping, which not only modified the surface electronic state of copper but also enhanced charge transfer during the electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the catalysts displayed satisfying stability for over 20 h at a high current density of 300 mA cm−2 for both HER and OER, showing great potential for industrial water electrolysis. • The surface electronic states of copper in CuS nanocrystal catalysts were modified by iron doping. • The iron doped CuS was explored as bifunctional catalyst for overall water electrolysis to produce hydrogen. • The optimized catalytic performance for overall water electrolysis was achieved in the CuFe 0.6 S 1.6 catalyst. • The underneath mechanism for enhanced overall water electrolysis in CuFe 0.6 S 1.6 was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to clarify the concept of perceived health from the perspective of rural adults in China. Methods: Walker and Avant's concept analysis was applied. Findings: Perceived health from rural adults in China is a subjective assessment of their health status, which is deeply affected by Chinese traditional culture and being in a rural environment. Conclusions: Most rural adults in China could perceive their health as good or poor, however, rural areas have disadvantages in health care, geographical location, and educational resources compared with urban counterparts, which may lead to some unscientific health attitudes and lifestyles and hinder their healthcare‐seeking behaviors. Implication for Nursing Practice: To help nurses understand better the concept of perceived health with the rural background, which is different from urban areas. Perceived health provides rich information resources for nurses to carry out holistic care, and to lead rural adults in China to form a correct and positive attitude and lifestyle as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Lithium ion hybrid capacitors (LIHCs) have a capacitor-type cathode and a battery-type anode and are a prospective energy storage device that delivers high energy/power density. However, the kinetic imbalance between the cathode and the anode is a key obstacle to their further development and application. Herein, we prepared TiNb 2 O 7 nanoparticles through a facile solvothermal method and annealing treatment. Then a homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) self-supported reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-coated TiNb 2 O 7 (TiNb 2 O 7 /rGO) nanocomposite was constructed by freeze-drying, followed by a high-temperature reduction, which demonstrates an enhanced pseudocapacitive lithium ions storage performance. Benefiting from the improved electrical conductivity, ultrashort ions diffusion paths, and 3D architecture, the TiNb 2 O 7 /rGO nanocomposite exhibits a high specific capacity of 285.0 mA h g−1, excellent rate capability (73.6% capacity retention at 8 A g−1), and superior cycling stability. More importantly, quantitative kinetics analysis reflects that the capacity of TiNb 2 O 7 /rGO is mainly dominated by capacitive behavior, making it perfectly match with the capacitor-type activated carbon (AC) cathode. By using pre-lithiated TiNb 2 O 7 /rGO as anode material and AC as cathode material, a high-rate TiNb 2 O 7 /rGO//AC LIHC device can be fabricated, which delivers an ultrahigh energy density of 127 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 200 W kg−1, a maximum power density of 10 kW kg−1 at the energy density of 56.4 Wh kg−1, and durable service life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A novel catalyst, a monolayer of nickel phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonic acid (NiPcTs) on platinum nanoparticles supported on carbon black (Pt@NiPcTs/C), was synthesized successfully and described in this paper. The catalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical method. These nanoparticles exhibit structural characteristics of fcc Pt nanocrystals, revealing NiPcTs on the surface of Pt particles. The molar ratio of Pt to Ni is 15.13:1, close to the theoretical value for a monolayer of NiPcTs cover on a 3.7nm in diameter Pt particle. Electrochemical measurement shows that the Pt@NiPcTs/C exhibits excellent performance for methanol oxidation in comparison with the other catalysts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Here we report that in situ reconstructed Cu two-dimensional (2D) defects in CuO nanowires during CO2RR lead to significantly enhanced activity and selectivity of C2H4 compared to the CuO nanoplatelets. Specifically, the CuO nanowires achieve high faradaic efficiency of 62% for C2H4 and a partial current density of 324 mA cm−2 yet at a low potential of −0.56 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode. Structural evolution characterization and in situ Raman spectra reveal that the high yield of C2H4 on CuO nanowires is attributed to the in situ reduction of CuO to Cu followed by structural reconstruction to form 2D defects, e.g., stacking faults and twin boundaries, which improve the CO production rate and *CO adsorption strength. This finding may provide a paradigm for the rational design of nanostructured catalysts for efficient CO2 electroreduction to C2H4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A tandem electrode concept for CO 2 -to-C 2+ products conversion proposed. • Spatial management of CO transport to enhance C 2+ products yield. • CO utilization efficiency as the key to increase the C 2+ products yield discussed. • A high yield of C 2+ products demonstrated in Cu/ZnO tandem electrodes. The electrochemical reduction of CO 2 into C 2+ products is a promising route to store renewable electricity in the form of chemical energy. The current barrier to this technique is the low efficiency of C-C coupling through dimerization of adsorbed *CO or coupling of *CO with its hydrogenated derivatives over the Cu catalyst. Tandem catalysts, which integrate Cu with another CO-generation catalyst (e.g., ZnO), can enhance the C-C coupling kinetics by increasing the local concentration of the key intermediate of CO. However, the degree of enhancement is strongly dependent on the spatial manipulation of supplementary CO transport. Herein, inspired by the reactant species concentration profile in a plug flow reactor, Cu/ZnO tandem electrodes are designed by spatially adding a ZnO catalyst layer on top of the Cu catalyst layer, in which the ZnO catalyst layer fed CO concentration progressively decreases over the Cu catalyst layer. Such a spatial management of CO transport dramatically increases the CO utilization efficiency, leading to an enhancement of Faradaic efficiency and partial current density of C 2+ products by 1.2 and 3.4 times, respectively, compared to the bare Cu electrode, while by 1.3 and 1.8 times, respectively, compared to the Cu&ZnO mixed electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient exfoliation of layered materials has attracted considerable attention in various applications due to their superior photoelectric, physical and chemical properties. Here, we report a universal, rapid approach to prepare the two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets and zero-dimensional (0D) quantum dots (QDs) using a simple cryo-mediation liquid phase exfoliation of layered materials (graphite, MoS 2 , WS 2). The QDs decorated nanosheets 0D/2D homostructure can be subsequently formed by the self-assembly of the as-exfoliated QDs and nanosheets. The unique structural properties of the mono- or few-layer mesoporous nanosheets interspersed with QDs can expose abundant active edge sites as well as improve the conductivity, which exhibits excellent activity and stability towards electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This work offers a powerful methodology to prepare 2D homostructures from a variety of layered materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) is a complementary route to the traditional Haber‐Bosch process. Boosting the reaction kinetics of electrocatalytic NRR is key to promote the NH3 yield. Herein, we demonstrate that the confinement of reactive intermediates (e. g. *N2) in highly ordered blue TiO2 nanotubes (b‐TiO2) can significantly enhance the surface reaction rate of electrocatalytic NRR on the encapsulated metal oxide catalysts. The enhancement of the reaction rate of NH3 synthesis is attributed to the increased surface coverage of intermediates inside the b‐TiO2 nanotubes. Benefiting from the confinement effect of intermediates, the b‐TiO2 nanotubes enclosing metal oxide electrodes show both higher production rate and Faradaic efficiency of NH3 than the combined ones of individual metal oxide and b‐TiO2 electrodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MoS 2 QDs are decorated onto ultrathin NiO nanosheets (NSs) by a one-pot hydrothermal process. • The heterointerfaces synergistic effect promotes electrocatalytic HER and OER. • The two-electrode electrolyzer only needs a small cell voltage of 1.61 V to achieve 10 mA cm−2. Atomically thin 2D materials with high surface areas allow engineering its physical and chemical properties with help of combining or decorating with different classes of materials. The hybrid or heterostructure of two different atomically thin materials exhibits completely different chemical and electronics behavior as compared to its parent components. Here, MoS 2 quantum dots (QDs) are decorated onto ultrathin NiO nanosheets (NSs) by using a one-pot hydrothermal process. Uniformly dispersed MoS 2 QDs and ultrathin NiO NSs hybrid/heterostructure can provide more active reaction sites and accelerate the charge transfer rate. Benefiting from the heterointerfaces synergistic effect between MoS 2 QDs and NiO NSs, the MoS 2 QDs/NiO NSs electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). As a bifunctional electrocatalyst, the MoS 2 QDs/NiO NSs electrode has achieved highly efficient overall water splitting activity, which needs a low voltage of 1.61 V to deliver a 10 mA cm−2 with superior stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational construction of binder-free electrode is regarded as a promising way to improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor. Herein, we synthesize a hierarchical NiCo2O4/MnO2 core–shell nanosheets arrays by two-step cathodic electrodeposition method. The optimized NiCo2O4/MnO2 electrode prepared by the electrodeposition potential of − 1.8 V for 240 s shows a large specific capacitance of 3.81 F cm−2 at 2 mA cm−2. The enhanced electrochemical performance is attributed to the unique core–shell structure of NiCo2O4/MnO2 nanosheets arrays with appropriate interspaces between nanosheets that can offer more active sites and accelerate ion/electron transfer rate. Besides, the NiCo2O4/MnO2//AC flexible asymmetric supercapacitor achieves a high energy density of 2.55 mWh cm−3 with good stability (86.1% of initial capacitance can remain after 10000 cycles), indicating the perfect energy storage features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three-dimensional (3D) carbon-coated NiCo 2 S 4 nanowires structures doped with nitrogen are used for energy storage and conversions. The nitrogen doping in both the carbon layer and NiCo 2 S 4 nanowires enhances the electrochemical performances. Here, an easily scalable and simple temperature treatment has been used to decorate carbon-coated NiCo 2 S 4 nanowires with nitrogen doping (N C@NiCo 2 S 4 NWs) in 3D carbon architecture (carbon cloth). Benefiting from the nitrogen doping and ultrathin carbon layer, the as-prepared 3D N C@NiCo 2 S 4 NWs electrode exhibits the superior electrochemical performance for both asymmetric supercapacitor and electrocatalytic water splitting. An asymmetric supercapacitor assembled by the N C@NiCo 2 S 4 NWs and active carbon electrodes achieves a high energy density of 1.72 mWh cm−3 (68.87 Wh kg−1) under a power density of 10.63 mW cm−3 (425 W kg−1) with 90.1% retention of initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles. When employed as the electrocatalyst, the N C@NiCo 2 S 4 NWs show high activities towards electrocatalytic water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a typical wide bandgap semiconductor material, silicon carbide (SiC) has been widely used in the field of electrical and electronic materials due to its excellent electron transport characteristics. In this paper, two-dimensional (2D) ultrathin SiC nanosheets (SiC NSs) were for the first time achieved directly through an improved cryo-mediated liquid phase exfoliation process. Then three-dimensional (3D) SiC/rGO hybrid aerogels were assembled by a facile hydrothermal treatment followed by freeze drying. The supercapacitive performance of the as-obtained 3D SiC/rGO hybrid aerogels is systematically investigated by the combined use of cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The specific energy of 53.22 Wh kg−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 could be achieved with outstanding long-term cycling stability, demonstrating that ultrathin SiC NSs may be developed as promising electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors. 3D SiC/rGO aerogels with porous network structure shows excellent supercapacitive performances and long-term cyclic stability. Unlabelled Image • 2D ultrathin SiC nanosheets were firstly achieved by cryo-mediated exfoliation. • 3D SiC/rGO porous hybrid aerogels were assembled by a facile hydrothermal process. • 3D aerogels exhibits remarkable specific capacitance and long cycling stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]