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1. Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity.

Author

Delavaux, Camille, LaManna, Joseph, Myers, Jonathan, Phillips, Richard, Aguilar, Salomón, Allen, David, Alonso, Alfonso, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina, Baker, Matthew, Baltzer, Jennifer, Bissiengou, Pulchérie, Bonfim, Mariana, Bourg, Norman, Brockelman, Warren, Burslem, David, Chang, Li-Wan, Chen, Yang, Chiang, Jyh-Min, Chu, Chengjin, Clay, Keith, Cordell, Susan, Cortese, Mary, den Ouden, Jan, Dick, Christopher, Ediriweera, Sisira, Ellis, Erle, Feistner, Anna, Freestone, Amy, Giambelluca, Thomas, Giardina, Christian, He, Fangliang, Holík, Jan, Howe, Robert, Huaraca Huasca, Walter, Hubbell, Stephen, Inman, Faith, Jansen, Patrick, Johnson, Daniel, Kral, Kamil, Larson, Andrew, Litton, Creighton, Lutz, James, Malhi, Yadvinder, McGuire, Krista, McMahon, Sean, McShea, William, Memiaghe, Hervé, Nathalang, Anuttara, Norden, Natalia, Novotny, Vojtech, OBrien, Michael, Orwig, David, Ostertag, Rebecca, Parker, Geoffrey, Pérez, Rolando, Reynolds, Glen, Russo, Sabrina, Sack, Lawren, Šamonil, Pavel, Sun, I-Fang, Swanson, Mark, Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Vandermeer, John, Wang, Xihua, Ware, Ian, Weiblen, George, Wolf, Amy, Wu, Shu-Hui, Zimmerman, Jess, Lauber, Thomas, Maynard, Daniel, Crowther, Thomas, Averill, Colin, and Gilbert, Gregory|Greg

Subjects
Mycorrhizae, Feedback, Symbiosis, Plants, Soil
Abstract

One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.

Published
2023

4. Plates

Author

Wu, Shu-hui, primary and Wright, David Curtis, additional

Published
2023
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9. Comparative Study on the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Two FeCr - Based High Velocity Arc - Sprayed Coatings

Author

QIAN Wei - xing, LI Jie, SHENG Yao - biao, LIU Cheng - wei, TAN En - wei, CHEN Guo - xing, LU Hai - feng, WEI Shao - chong, YIN Song, WU Shu - hui

Subjects
high velocity arc - spraying, fecr - based coating, microstructure, mechanical properties, wear resistance, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492, Technology
Abstract

Based on the wear resistance application scenarios of the heat surface tubes, fans and other components of popwer station boiler, coatings were prepared on the substrate 20G steel by high velocity arc - spraying technology with the application of two kinds of FeCr - based coating materials containing different carbon and rare earth element contents. Subsequently, the microscopic morphology and phase composition of the coatings were characterized through optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X - ray diffractometer (XRD) and white light interferometer system, and the mechanical and wear resistance properties of the coatings were tested through Vickers microhardness, tensile bonding strength, ball - disk friction and wear tests. Results showed that the microstructure of these two coatings was a typical lamellar structure. As B, C and other hard phase elements were distributed in FeCr solid solution, the microhardness of the coatings was much higher than that of the substrate. Furthermore, the high carbon content and the addition of rare earth elements contributed to a decrease of the porosity of the coatings from 2.22±0.47% to 0.92±0.13%, an increase of the microhardness from 8.05±0.53 GPa to 10.47±0.68 GPa, and a reduction of the wear weight loss by 40%. Judging from the wear morphology of the coatings, high microhardness and low porosity made the wear mechanism changed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear. In general, applying FeCr - based coatings to protect the wear surfaces could effectively solve the wear problem of the boiler parts of the power station, and thus ensure the safe and stable operation of the boiler units.

Published
2022
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16. EMSGD: An Improved Learning Algorithm of Neural Networks With Imbalanced Data

Author

Qian Ya-Guan, Ma Jun, Zhang Xi-Min, Pan Jun, Zhou Wu-Jie, Wu Shu-Hui, Yun Ben-Sheng, and Lei Jing-Sheng

Subjects
Data imbalance, back propagation algorithm, stochastic gradient descent, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971
Abstract

In this paper, the influence of data imbalance on neural networks is discussed, and an improved learning algorithm to solve this problem is proposed. The experimental results show that in the case of imbalanced data, the training error of neural network converges slowly and the generalization ability is poor. Our theoretical analysis shows that in the process of training, the gradient descent direction of the weights is dominated by the major-classes, which accounts for the slow convergence of the training error. Based on these results, we propose the Equilibration Mini-batch Stochastic Gradient Descent (EMSGD) method to ensure the equilibrium of the data in the mini-batch. The advantage of this technique is that it makes full use of the existing random sampling step of MSGD without increasing the computational complexity. In addition, by over-sampling of minor-classes in the mini-batch, duplicated instances would be greatly reduced, thus preventing the model from overfitting. The experimental results show that under the condition of the imbalanced training data, EMSGD can make the neural network training error converge rapidly.

Published
2020
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17. Global importance of large-diameter trees

Author

Lutz, James A., Furniss, Tucker J., Johnson, Daniel J., Davies, Stuart J., Allen, David, Alonso, Alfonso, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J., Andrade, Ana, Baltzer, Jennifer, Becker, Kendall M. L., Blomdahl, Erika M., Bourg, Norman A., Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, Burslem, David F. R. P., Cansler, C. Alina, Cao, Ke, Cao, Min, Cárdenas, Dairon, Chang, Li-Wan, Chao, Kuo-Jung, Chao, Wei-Chun, Chiang, Jyh-Min, Chu, Chengjin, Chuyong, George B., Clay, Keith, Condit, Richard, Cordell, Susan, Dattaraja, Handanakere S., Duque, Alvaro, Ewango, Corneille E. N., Fischer, Gunter A., Fletcher, Christine, Freund, James A., Giardina, Christian, Germain, Sara J., Gilbert, Gregory S., Hao, Zhanqing, Hart, Terese, Hau, Billy C. H., He, Fangliang, Hector, Andrew, Howe, Robert W., Hsieh, Chang-Fu, Hu, Yue-Hua, Hubbell, Stephen P., Inman-Narahari, Faith M., Itoh, Akira, Janík, David, Kassim, Abdul Rahman, Kenfack, David, Korte, Lisa, Král, Kamil, Larson, Andrew J., Li, YiDe, Lin, Yiching, Liu, Shirong, Lum, Shawn, Ma, Keping, Makana, Jean-Remy, Malhi, Yadvinder, McMahon, Sean M., McShea, William J., Memiaghe, Hervé R., Mi, Xiangcheng, Morecroft, Michael, Musili, Paul M., Myers, Jonathan A., Novotny, Vojtech, de Oliveira, Alexandre, Ong, Perry, Orwig, David A., Ostertag, Rebecca, Parker, Geoffrey G., Patankar, Rajit, Phillips, Richard P., Reynolds, Glen, Sack, Lawren, Song, Guo-Zhang M., Su, Sheng-Hsin, Sukumar, Raman, Sun, I-Fang, Suresh, Hebbalalu S., Swanson, Mark E., Tan, Sylvester, Thomas, Duncan W., Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Valencia, Renato, Vicentini, Alberto, Vrška, Tomáš, Wang, Xugao, Weiblen, George D., Wolf, Amy, Wu, Shu-Hui, Xu, Han, Yamakura, Takuo, Yap, Sandra, and Zimmerman, Jess K.

Published
2018

20. Mycorrhizal feedbacks influence global forest structure and diversity

Author

Delavaux, Camille S., LaManna, Joseph A., Myers, Jonathan A., Phillips, Richard P., Aguilar, Salomón, Allen, David, Alonso, Alfonso, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J., Baker, Matthew E., Baltzer, Jennifer L., Bissiengou, Pulchérie, Bonfim, Mariana, Bourg, Norman A., Brockelman, Warren Y., Burslem, David F.R.P., Chang, Li-Wan, Chen, Yang, Chiang, Jyh-Min, Chu, Chengjin, Clay, Keith, Cordell, Susan, Cortese, Mary, den Ouden, Jan, Dick, Christopher, Ediriweera, Sisira, Ellis, Erle C., Feistner, Anna, Freestone, Amy L., Giambelluca, Thomas, Giardina, Christian P., Gilbert, Gregory S., He, Fangliang, Holík, Jan, Howe, Robert W., Huaraca Huasca, Walter, Hubbell, Stephen P., Inman, Faith, Jansen, Patrick A., Johnson, Daniel J., Kral, Kamil, Larson, Andrew J., Litton, Creighton M., Lutz, James A., Malhi, Yadvinder, McGuire, Krista, McMahon, Sean M., McShea, William J., Memiaghe, Hervé, Nathalang, Anuttara, Norden, Natalia, Novotny, Vojtech, O’Brien, Michael J., Orwig, David A., Ostertag, Rebecca, Parker, Geoffrey G. ('Jess'), Pérez, Rolando, Reynolds, Glen, Russo, Sabrina E., Sack, Lawren, Šamonil, Pavel, Sun, I-Fang, Swanson, Mark E., Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Vandermeer, John, Wang, Xihua, Ware, Ian, Weiblen, George D., Wolf, Amy, Wu, Shu-Hui, Zimmerman, Jess K., Lauber, Thomas, Maynard, Daniel S., Crowther, Thomas W., Averill, Colin, Delavaux, Camille S., LaManna, Joseph A., Myers, Jonathan A., Phillips, Richard P., Aguilar, Salomón, Allen, David, Alonso, Alfonso, Anderson-Teixeira, Kristina J., Baker, Matthew E., Baltzer, Jennifer L., Bissiengou, Pulchérie, Bonfim, Mariana, Bourg, Norman A., Brockelman, Warren Y., Burslem, David F.R.P., Chang, Li-Wan, Chen, Yang, Chiang, Jyh-Min, Chu, Chengjin, Clay, Keith, Cordell, Susan, Cortese, Mary, den Ouden, Jan, Dick, Christopher, Ediriweera, Sisira, Ellis, Erle C., Feistner, Anna, Freestone, Amy L., Giambelluca, Thomas, Giardina, Christian P., Gilbert, Gregory S., He, Fangliang, Holík, Jan, Howe, Robert W., Huaraca Huasca, Walter, Hubbell, Stephen P., Inman, Faith, Jansen, Patrick A., Johnson, Daniel J., Kral, Kamil, Larson, Andrew J., Litton, Creighton M., Lutz, James A., Malhi, Yadvinder, McGuire, Krista, McMahon, Sean M., McShea, William J., Memiaghe, Hervé, Nathalang, Anuttara, Norden, Natalia, Novotny, Vojtech, O’Brien, Michael J., Orwig, David A., Ostertag, Rebecca, Parker, Geoffrey G. ('Jess'), Pérez, Rolando, Reynolds, Glen, Russo, Sabrina E., Sack, Lawren, Šamonil, Pavel, Sun, I-Fang, Swanson, Mark E., Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Vandermeer, John, Wang, Xihua, Ware, Ian, Weiblen, George D., Wolf, Amy, Wu, Shu-Hui, Zimmerman, Jess K., Lauber, Thomas, Maynard, Daniel S., Crowther, Thomas W., and Averill, Colin

Abstract

One mechanism proposed to explain high species diversity in tropical systems is strong negative conspecific density dependence (CDD), which reduces recruitment of juveniles in proximity to conspecific adult plants. Although evidence shows that plant-specific soil pathogens can drive negative CDD, trees also form key mutualisms with mycorrhizal fungi, which may counteract these effects. Across 43 large-scale forest plots worldwide, we tested whether ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibit weaker negative CDD than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. We further tested for conmycorrhizal density dependence (CMDD) to test for benefit from shared mutualists. We found that the strength of CDD varies systematically with mycorrhizal type, with ectomycorrhizal tree species exhibiting higher sapling densities with increasing adult densities than arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Moreover, we found evidence of positive CMDD for tree species of both mycorrhizal types. Collectively, these findings indicate that mycorrhizal interactions likely play a foundational role in global forest diversity patterns and structure.

Published
2023

21. Effect of Flame Remelting on the Microstructure, Wear and Corrosion Resistance of HVOF Sprayed NiCrBSi Coatings

Author

Liu, Cheng Wei, Qin, En Wei, Chen, Guo Xing, Wei, Shao Chong, Zou, Yang, Ye, Lin, and Wu, Shu Hui

Abstract

As a post treatment, thermal remelting is an effective method to eliminate pores and establish a metallurgical bonding for thermal sprayed coatings. However, it is rather difficult to obtain simultaneously high corrosion and wear resistance, since additional energy input usually leads to more homogeneous microstructure in coatings, which deteriorates mechanical hardness. In this work, flame remelting has been imposed to high velocity oxygen-fuel sprayed self-flux NiCrBSi coatings. The remelting effects on microstructure were characterized in terms of porosity and phase analysis. The microhardness, wear resistance and corrosive behaviors were compared among substrate steel, as-sprayed and as-remelted coatings. Results show that the lamellar boundaries and internal defects in the as-sprayed coatings have been eliminated by remelting. The coating porosity has substantially reduced from 7.36% to 0.75%, and a metallurgical bonding at the coating/substrate interface has been formed. Comparing with the as-sprayed coatings, the microhardness of the remelted coatings increases about 21% and the wear weight loss reduces about 42%. By flame remelting, the wear mechanism changes from furrow and abrasive wear to micro-cutting and local fracture. The remelted coatings have also exhibited better corrosion resistance by means of salt spraying and potentiodynamic tests.

Published
2024
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22. Energy Efficient Configurable Layout of Logic Block in QCA Frame Work for an FPGA

Author

F.O. Franca Rafael, N. da Silva Iseu, D. Petrović Zorica, Morbelli Silvia, Dong Pin, Haghparast-kenari Beheshteh, P. Petrović Vladimir, Daryani Ahmad, Taghi Rahimi Mohammad, Kishore Baireddy, N.L. de Morais Clarice, A.N. Azevedo Elisa, da Silva Santos Lucas, Marini Cecilia, Brahmeshwari Gavaji, Zhu Jing-Jing, de Pilla Varotti Fernando, Ran Hao, César Dias Lopes Julio, Sharif Mehdi, Simijonović Dušica, Pereira de Freitas Rossimiriam, I.O. de Sousa Larissa, C. Lima Morganna, Cui Yingtong, Yan Yong, Prasoona Gumpula, Nayeri Tooran, Sadhu Arindam, Dey Sarkar Rimpa, Fillipe Langanke de Carvalho Matheus, Claudia de Souza Pinto Ana, Pan Xin, Branković Jovica, Brondi Alves Rosemeire, Miceli Alberto, A. Bogdanović Goran, Sarvi Shahabeddin, Raffa Stefano, Wu Xue-Jun, M. Carvalho Bruno, Li Jing-Min, Li Xin-Qian, Sambuceti Gianmario, Jiang Ting-Ting, Wu Shu-Hui, Ahmadpour Ehsan, Quan Guilan, Liu Weibin, Luisa da Fonseca Amanda, Das Kunal, Bauckneht Matteo, Milovanović Vesna, Liu Yu-Ying, Ray Kanjilal Maitreyi, De Debashis, Cossu Vanessa, Novaković Slađana, Mladenović Milan, Chen Xiang, Wu Chuanbin, Isabella Donegani Maria, and Huang Ying

Subjects
Computer science, Logic block, business.industry, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Building and Construction, Frame work, Field-programmable gate array, business, Computer hardware, Hardware_LOGICDESIGN, Efficient energy use
Abstract

Aims: Embedded system plays a vital role in today’s life. Hence, our interest is in areadelay- energy efficient embedded system design in post-CMOS technology, i.e., QCA. Objectives: The research is focused on efficient area-delay-energy Configurable Logic Block (CLB) design for Field-Programmable Gate Array architecture (FPGA) with successful simulation-based on next-generation technology, Quantum-dot cellular automata. Methods: Each proposed circuit is designed on post CMOS 4 dot 2 electron technology, i.e. QCA (Quantum dot Cellular Automata), is adopted in circuit implementation due to low power dissipation, high clock frequency and high package density. QCADesigner is used to verify the functionality of every circuit. QCAPro tool is used for determining power dissipation. Results: In contrast, a new approach of using de-multiplexer replacing the decoder has been introduced that results in the reduction of the average energy dissipation by almost 57%. A NOR based D flip-flop memory architecture and multiplexer are also used in the lookup table for the configurable logic block. The proposed architecture thus reduces the overall latency. The proposed CLB consists of 6356 QCA cells covering 7.44 um2 area. Write and read latency of proposed CLB are 12 and 7.25 QCA clock, respectively. Conclusion: The present paper concludes that read and write latency reduction occurs; average energy dissipation, leakage, and switching energy dissipation are reduced in a large amount resulting in an advantage of the overall minimization of the latency for the proposed CLB in the process.

Published
2021

26. Consistency of demographic trade‐offs across 13 (sub)tropical forests

Author

Kambach, Stephan, primary, Condit, Richard, additional, Aguilar, Salomón, additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, additional, Chang‐Yang, Chia‐Hao, additional, Chen, Yu‐Yun, additional, Chuyong, George, additional, Davies, Stuart J., additional, Ediriweera, Sisira, additional, Ewango, Corneille E. N., additional, Fernando, Edwino S., additional, Gunatilleke, Nimal, additional, Gunatilleke, Savitri, additional, Hubbell, Stephen P., additional, Itoh, Akira, additional, Kenfack, David, additional, Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, additional, Lin, Yi‐Ching, additional, Makana, Jean‐Remy, additional, Mohamad, Mohizah Bt., additional, Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, additional, Pérez, Rolando, additional, Rodriguez, Lillian Jennifer V., additional, Sun, I‐Fang, additional, Tan, Sylvester, additional, Thomas, Duncan, additional, Thompson, Jill, additional, Uriarte, Maria, additional, Valencia, Renato, additional, Wirth, Christian, additional, Wright, S. Joseph, additional, Wu, Shu‐Hui, additional, Yamakura, Takuo, additional, Yao, Tze Leong, additional, Zimmerman, Jess, additional, and Rüger, Nadja, additional

Published
2022
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28. Author response for 'Consistency of demographic trade-offs across 13 (sub)tropical forests'

Author

null Kambach, Stephan, null Condit, Richard, null Aguilar, Salomon, null Bruelheide, Helge, null Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, null Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, null Chen, Yu-Yun, null Chuyong, George, null Davies, Stuart J., null Ediriweera, Sisira, null Ewango, Corneille E. N., null Fernando, Edwino S., null Gunatilleke, Nimal, null Gunatilleke, Savitri, null Hubbell, Stephen P., null Itoh, Akira, null Kenfack, David, null Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, null Lin, Yi-Ching, null Makana, Jean-Remy, null Mohamad, Mohizah Bt., null Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, null Perez, Rolando, null Rodriguez, Lillian Jennifer V., null Sun, I-Fang, null Tan, Sylvester, null Thomas, Duncan, null Thompson, Jill, null Uriarte, Maria, null Valencia, Renato, null Wirth, Christian, null Wright, S. Joseph, null Wu, Shu-Hui, null Yamakura, Takuo, null Yao, Tze Leong, null Zimmerman, Jess, and null Rueger, Nadja

Published
2022

29. Consistency of demographic trade‐offs across 13 (sub)tropical forests

Author

Kambach, Stephan, Condit, Richard, Aguilar, Salomón, Bruelheide, Helge, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, Chang‐Yang, Chia‐Hao, Chen, Yu‐Yun, Chuyong, George, Davies, Stuart J., Ediriweera, Sisira, Ewango, Corneille E.N., Fernando, Edwino S., Gunatilleke, Nimal, Gunatilleke, Savitri, Hubbell, Stephen P., Itoh, Akira, Kenfack, David, Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, Lin, Yi‐Ching, Makana, Jean‐Remy, Mohamad, Mohizah Bt., Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, Pérez, Rolando, Rodriguez, Lillian Jennifer V., Sun, I‐Fang, Tan, Sylvester, Thomas, Duncan, Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Valencia, Renato, Wirth, Christian, Wright, S. Joseph, Wu, Shu‐Hui, Yamakura, Takuo, Yao, Tze Leong, Zimmerman, Jess, Rüger, Nadja, Kambach, Stephan, Condit, Richard, Aguilar, Salomón, Bruelheide, Helge, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, Chang‐Yang, Chia‐Hao, Chen, Yu‐Yun, Chuyong, George, Davies, Stuart J., Ediriweera, Sisira, Ewango, Corneille E.N., Fernando, Edwino S., Gunatilleke, Nimal, Gunatilleke, Savitri, Hubbell, Stephen P., Itoh, Akira, Kenfack, David, Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, Lin, Yi‐Ching, Makana, Jean‐Remy, Mohamad, Mohizah Bt., Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, Pérez, Rolando, Rodriguez, Lillian Jennifer V., Sun, I‐Fang, Tan, Sylvester, Thomas, Duncan, Thompson, Jill, Uriarte, Maria, Valencia, Renato, Wirth, Christian, Wright, S. Joseph, Wu, Shu‐Hui, Yamakura, Takuo, Yao, Tze Leong, Zimmerman, Jess, and Rüger, Nadja

Abstract

1. Organisms of all species must balance their allocation to growth, survival and recruitment. Among tree species, evolution has resulted in different life-history strategies for partitioning resources to these key demographic processes. Life-history strategies in tropical forests have often been shown to align along a trade-off between fast growth and high survival, that is, the well-known fast–slow continuum. In addition, an orthogonal trade-off has been proposed between tall stature—resulting from fast growth and high survival—and recruitment success, that is, a stature−recruitment trade-off. However, it is not clear whether these two independent dimensions of life-history variation structure tropical forests worldwide. 2. We used data from 13 large-scale and long-term tropical forest monitoring plots in three continents to explore the principal trade-offs in annual growth, survival and recruitment as well as tree stature. These forests included relatively undisturbed forests as well as typhoon-disturbed forests. Life-history variation in 12 forests was structured by two orthogonal trade-offs, the growth−survival trade-off and the stature−recruitment trade-off. Pairwise Procrustes analysis revealed a high similarity of demographic relationships among forests. The small deviations were related to differences between African and Asian plots. 3. Synthesis. The fast–slow continuum and tree stature are two independent dimensions structuring many, but not all tropical tree communities. Our discovery of the consistency of demographic trade-offs and life-history strategies across different forest types from three continents substantially improves our ability to predict tropical forest dynamics worldwide.

Published
2022

32. EMSGD: An Improved Learning Algorithm of Neural Networks With Imbalanced Data

Author

Zhang Xi-Min, Zhou Wu-Jie, Ma Jun, Pan Jun, Wu Shu-Hui, Lei Jing-Sheng, Qian Yaguan, and Yun Ben-sheng

Subjects
Training set, General Computer Science, Artificial neural network, Generalization, Computer science, Data imbalance, General Engineering, Process (computing), Training (meteorology), 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, Overfitting, 01 natural sciences, Stochastic gradient descent, stochastic gradient descent, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, General Materials Science, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, Gradient descent, Algorithm, back propagation algorithm, lcsh:TK1-9971, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In this paper, the influence of data imbalance on neural networks is discussed, and an improved learning algorithm to solve this problem is proposed. The experimental results show that in the case of imbalanced data, the training error of neural network converges slowly and the generalization ability is poor. Our theoretical analysis shows that in the process of training, the gradient descent direction of the weights is dominated by the major-classes, which accounts for the slow convergence of the training error. Based on these results, we propose the Equilibration Mini-batch Stochastic Gradient Descent (EMSGD) method to ensure the equilibrium of the data in the mini-batch. The advantage of this technique is that it makes full use of the existing random sampling step of MSGD without increasing the computational complexity. In addition, by over-sampling of minor-classes in the mini-batch, duplicated instances would be greatly reduced, thus preventing the model from overfitting. The experimental results show that under the condition of the imbalanced training data, EMSGD can make the neural network training error converge rapidly.

Published
2020

36. The growth−survival and stature−recruitment trade-offs structure the majority of tropical forests.

Author

Kambach, Stephan, primary, Condit, Richard, additional, Aguilar, Salomón, additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, additional, Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, additional, Chen, Yu-Yun, additional, Chuyong, George, additional, Davies, Stuart, additional, Ediriweera, Sisira, additional, Ewango, Corneille, additional, Fernando, Edwino, additional, Gunatilleke, Savitri, additional, Gunatilleke, Nimal, additional, Hubbell, Stephen, additional, Itoh, Akira, additional, Kenfack, David, additional, Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, additional, Lin, Yiching, additional, Makana, Jean-Remy, additional, Mohamad, Mohizah, additional, Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, additional, Perez, Rolando, additional, Rodriguez, Lilian, additional, Sun, Ifang, additional, Tan, Sylvester, additional, Thomas, Duncan, additional, Thompson, Jill, additional, Uriarte, Maria, additional, Valencia, Renato, additional, Wirth, Christian, additional, Wright, S. Joseph, additional, Wu, Shu-Hui, additional, Yamakura, Takuo, additional, Yao, Tzeleong, additional, Zimmerman, Jess, additional, and Rüger, Nadja, additional

Published
2021
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40. Consistency of demographic trade-offs across tropical forests

Author

Kambach, Stephan, primary, Condit, Richard, additional, Aguilar, Salomón, additional, Bruelheide, Helge, additional, Bunyavejchewin, Sarayudh, additional, Chang-Yang, Chia-Hao, additional, Chen, Yu-Yun, additional, Chuyong, George, additional, Davies, Stuart, additional, Ediriweera, Sisira, additional, Ewango, Corneille, additional, Fernando, Edwino, additional, Gunatilleke, Savitri, additional, Gunatilleke, Nimal, additional, Hubbell, Stephen, additional, Itoh, Akira, additional, Kenfack, David, additional, Kiratiprayoon, Somboon, additional, Lin, Yiching, additional, Makana, Jean-Remy, additional, Mohamad, Mohizah, additional, Pongpattananurak, Nantachai, additional, Perez, Rolando, additional, Rodriguez, Lilian, additional, Sun, Ifang, additional, Tan, Sylvester, additional, Thomas, Duncan, additional, Thompson, Jill, additional, Uriarte, Maria, additional, Valencia, Renato, additional, Wirth, Christian, additional, Wright, S. Joseph, additional, Wu, Shu-Hui, additional, Yamakura, Takuo, additional, Yao, Tzeleong, additional, Zimmerman, Jess, additional, and Rüger, Nadja, additional

Published
2021
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47. ZnO Nanoparticles Induced Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis in Gingival Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Mitochondrial Dysfunction and p70S6K Signaling Pathway

Author

Wang, Shih-Wei, primary, Lee, Chien-Hsing, additional, Lin, Ming-Shen, additional, Chi, Chih-Wen, additional, Chen, Yu-Jen, additional, Wang, Guo-Shou, additional, Liao, Kuang-Wen, additional, Chiu, Li-Pin, additional, Wu, Shu-Hui, additional, Huang, Dong-Ming, additional, Chen, Luke, additional, and Shen, Yung-Shuen, additional

Published
2020
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50. Defect Evolution in Laser Remelting of Thermally Sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr Cermet Coating

Author

Qin, En Wei, Lu, Hai Feng, Li, Wen Li, Qin, Hong Zhuan, Pan, Chen Yang, and Wu, Shu Hui

Abstract

Pores and weak bonding are the inherently drawbacks for thermally sprayed coating. Laser beam is an attractive approach to remelt thermal spray coating for obtaining fully dense coating with metallurgical bonding with substrate. However, defects of holes or cracks are highly inevitable with unmatching remelting processing parameters. In this work, a thermally sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr cermet coating by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying was post-processed by laser remelting with a series of varying beam energy densities from 37.5 J/mm2 to 225 J/mm2. The defect evolution was investigated by both experimental and numerical simulation methods. Large holes and through-thickness cracks were typical defects observed in the remelt coating by optical microscopy. The experimental results show that remelting-induced defects evolve into three stages with laser energy density. The effect of energy density on remelt structure was further verified with the temperature field by numerical simulation with ABAQUS code. The stress field interpreted the crack formation at periodical formation sites. The results on the defect evolution shed light on obtaining functional coatings for industrial applications.

Published
2022
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