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Objective To investigate the labial alveolar bone thickness of maxillary incisors and mesiodistal space in the maxillary adjacent central and lateral incisors based on cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) image data, and provide reference for aesthetic implantation in cases of consecutive missing maxillary incisors. Methods CBCT image data of 619 patients were selected in this study.The labial alveolar bone thickness of maxillary incisors as well as the mesiodistal space in the maxillary adjacent central and lateral incisors were measured at three millimeters apical to the cementoenamel junctio, followed by statistical analysis. Results The labial alveolar bone thickness at the maxillary central incisor and lateral incisor locations was (1.03±0.32)mm and (0.96±0.36)mm, respectively, with central incisors having greater thickness than lateral incisors. The mesiodistal space in the maxillary adjacent central and lateral incisors was (15.94±1.18)mm, with males (16.31±1.13)mm exhibiting slightly greater space than females (15.59±1.12)mm, showing no left-right positional differences. Among these, 5.01% failed to satisfy a space of 14 mm. Conclusion The majority of maxillary incisors fail to meet the ideal thickness requirements of labial alveolar bone for implantation, necessitating bone augmentation surgery. For the maxillary adjacent central and lateral incisors, approximately 5.01% of the mesiodistal spaces fail to meet the essential horizontal distance for the placement of two implants. In such situations after tooth loss, it is recommended to place only one implant in the region of the central incisor and aprosthetic restoration consisting of an implant crown on this implant connected with a cantilever at the position of the lateral incisor for long-term aesthetic results.

Hardness is one of the basic parameters of water, and a high-level hardness of drinking water may be harmful to human health. Thus, it is very important to monitor drinking water hardness. In this work, a portable lateral flow distance-based paper sensor for the semi-quantitative detection of drinking water hardness is demonstrated. In the presence of Ca2+/Mg2+, the hydrogel can be formed via the chelation between sodium alginate and Ca2+/Mg2+, inducing a phase separation process. The viscosity change of the sodium alginate solution is directly related to the Ca2+/Mg2+ concentration and can be determined by the water lateral flow distance on test strips. The sensor successfully realizes the quantification of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the range of 0–10 mmol L-1 and 4–20 mmol L-1, respectively. The recoveries are found varied from 95% to 108.9%. The water hardness is acceptable for drinking if the Cr values lies in the range of 0.259 to 0.419, and it is high with the Cr value above 0.595. Remarkably, the performance of the sensor is comparable with the commercial kit for real water samples, which avoids the subjective judgment. Overall, this method provides a portable approach for semi-quantitative detection of drinking water hardness with the merits of convenience and low cost, which shows great potential for the potential application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rational design and optimization of the photocatalyst architecture, aimed at effectively enhancing light absorption and accelerating charge separation and transfer, can lead to the accomplishment of sustainable photocatalytic hydrogen production. In this study, a ternary system of Au/ZnWO4/CdS is prepared with oxygen vacancy modification through a combination of hydrothermal, chemical precipitation, and photochemical deposition methods. The addition of CdS and Au nanoparticles significantly enhances the light absorption range of ZnWO4 (ZWO) and creates more active sites for hydrogen production. The type‐II engineered heterojunction, in combination with Au as a cocatalyst, is a viable and efficient method for enhancing the separation and transport of electron–hole pairs, thereby facilitating the effective precipitation of hydrogen through photocatalysis. 5A10ZC exhibits a hydrogen production rate of 5483.62 µmol g−1 h−1, which is 167 times higher than that of unmodified ZWO and 29 times higher than that of pure CdS. In addition, it exhibits excellent cycle stability in the hydrogen production cycle stability test. The photoelectrochemical test results show that the construction of the system improves the separation and transfer efficiency of photogenerated carriers. This study provides a new inspiration for the construction of high‐performance photocatalytic materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) or supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) can be used as an important solvent medium for preparing polymer particles through dispersion polymerization. However, based on the weak solvent characteristics of CO2, the development of stabilizers used in dispersion polymerization has always been an important challenge. These stabilizers are progressing toward the low‐cost, pollution‐free, and simple synthesis routes, et al. In this research, pentaerythritol tetra (3‐mercaptopropionate) (PTMP) is used to control the homopolymerization or copolymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc)/vinyl propionate (VPr), the homopolymers or copolymers with thiol group are synthesized by the one‐pot method. These homopolymers or copolymers are used as the stabilizers to stabilize the dispersion polymerization of N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) in ScCO2. The results show that the structural unit proportion of the stabilizers, the concentration of stabilizers or 2, 2´‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN), and the time interval for dispersion polymerization have significant impacts on the conversion percentage of NVP and the molecular weight of polymers. The maximum conversion percentage of NVP can get to 95%, and the molecular weight of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone)(PNVP) can reach 22.3 kPa. SEM analysis indicates that the PNVP obtained has regular spherical characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]