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Highlights • DPCPX dose-dependently blocked the brain ischemic tolerance of rats induced by LIP. • DPCPX blocked the up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK of rats induced by LIP. • Adenosine could induce the brain ischemic tolerance of rats. • Adenosine up-regulates the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK of rats. Abstract Our previous studies have demonstrated that limb ischemic preconditioning (LIP) induced brain ischemic tolerance and up-regulated the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of adenosine in brain protection and up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK induced by LIP. It was found that adenosine A1 receptor antagonist DPCPX dose-dependently inhibited the protective effect of LIP. The up-regulation of p38 MAPK and ERK induced by LIP could be blocked by DPCPX. Furthermore, we observed the effect of adenosine on the brain ischemia. The results showed that pre-administration of adenosine could partly mimic the neuroprotective effect on the brain, up-regulate the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that adenosine participated in brain protection and up-regulation of the expression of p38 MAPK and ERK during the induction of brain ischemic tolerance after LIP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ), which enjoyed a good potential to be a promising clinical theranostic agent for cancer treatment, is still subject to the tedious synthesis procedure., Methods: Here, we reported a one-pot 'bottom-up' hydrothermal strategy for the fabrication of PEGylated WS 2 nanoparticles (NPs). The WS 2 -PEG nanoparticles were characterized systematically. The CT imaging and photothermal therapy against tumor as well as biosafety in vitro and in vivo were also investigated., Results: The obtained WS 2 -PEG NPs enjoyed obvious merits of good solubility and favorable photothermal performance. WS 2 -PEG NPs exhibited desirable photothermal ablation ability against cancer cells and cancer cell-bearing mice in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and histological analysis demonstrated the low cytotoxicity and biotoxicity of WS 2 -PEG NPs, providing a valid biosafety guarantee for the coming biomedical applications. In addition, thanks to the obvious X-ray attenuation of W atom, the WS 2 -PEG NPs can also be served as a favorable contrast agent for CT imaging of tumors., Conclusion: WS 2 -PEG NPs has enjoyed a good potential to be a promising clinical CT-guided photothermal therapeutic agent against cancers., (Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier Inc.)