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The valorization of lignocellulose has received increasing attention due to the diminishing of conventional fossil energy (coal, petroleum, and natural gas). Lignocellulosic biomass is the most important form of biomass, which is naturally abundant, widely distributed, easily accessible, and renewable in earth. Upgrading the nonedible lignocellulosic biomass into various fine-chemicals and liquid fuels is of great importance to the sustainable development of mankind and society. Heterogeneous catalysts have played a significant role in the transformation of lignocellulose, owing to their easy recovery, environmentally friendly, and stability feature. This review focuses on the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into alcohols, acids, furan derivatives, ethylene glycol, and liquid hydrocarbon fuels using heterogeneous catalysts. A brief outlook is supplied at the end of this review to emphasize the challenges and prospective with respective to this interesting and important field. [Display omitted] • We focus on the production of sorbitol, EG, HMF, LA, hydrocarbons, and EtOH from cellulose over solid catalyst. • Challenges of using raw biomass were highlighted. • The balance of metal-acid in catalyst played an important role in the products distribution. • Developing heterogeneous catalysts with high efficiency and high stability was encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep clustering methods often estimate data correlations to guide unsupervised learning. However, since different kinds of correlations capture different data characteristics, a strong data correlation may not be appropriate for every case. In this paper, we propose a novel Teacher-Student framework to adaptively estimate correlation and interactively learn a deep clustering model for various data distributions. Specifically, a teacher module mines and integrates various kinds of correlations from different perspectives. To adapt to various cases, we propose a novel Ad aptive I ntegration Gate (ADI-Gate) to selectively and dynamically integrate different data correlations in a teaching-feedback manner. Furthermore, a student module performs unsupervised clustering inference with the estimated correlation and provides a preference for teacher module. We also design a Pairwise-Weighted loss (PW-loss) to enhance high-confident correlation guidance of data pairs during the learning process of student module. In image clustering experiments on four public datasets, our model achieves consistent improvements over state-of-the-art models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of composites are closely related to the interfacial behavior, especially under the hygrothermal circumstance. A catalytic sizing agent of titanium epoxy is designed to enhance interfacial, mechanical, and anti-hygrothermal properties of high modulus carbon fiber (HMCF)/cyanate ester composites simultaneously. The mechanisms of interface enhancement and low hygroscopicity of composites are investigated. The titanium epoxy is synthesized and its catalytic effect on the curing of cyanate ester is proved. The interfacial properties of HMCF composites with catalytic sizing agents are improved to 95.5 MPa, which is attributed to the interphase with high crosslinking density and sufficient triazine rings and oxazolidinone structure due to preferential curing induced by interfacial catalysis, stimulating the smooth transition of interphase modulus. Further, the formed interphase exhibits few interface defects and low content of hydroxyl groups, which changes the moisture diffusion path and reduces saturated water absorption of composites to only 0.36 %, resulting in the release of interfacial wet stress concentration and high retention of mechanical properties in hygrothermal environment. The resultant composites with high stiffness, excellent temperature resistance, superior dimensional stability and low moisture absorption are expected to be applied to high-orbit space, aerospace, precision instruments. [Display omitted] • The interfacial, mechanical, and anti-hygrothermal properties of composites are improved via catalytic sizing agents. • Catalytic sizing agents induce preferential curing of resin at the interface. • Catalytic sizing agents stimulate the smooth transition of modulus and increase IFSS. • The interphase with high interfacial adhesion and low hygroscopicity changes the moisture absorption path in composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovery growth is common in relay intercropping systems and is a useful practice to increase total productivity of these systems. A field experiment was conducted during 2014–2016 to investigate the phenotypic and physiological traits related to light interception and utilization changes and cultivars difference of soybean during the recovery growth period. Two cropping patterns (maize–soybean relay strip intercropping (RSI), analogous soybean monoculture (CK)) and two soybean cultivars (shade‐tolerant Nandou12 and shade non‐tolerant Jiuyuehuang) were evaluated. During the co‐growth period, the growth of both two soybean cultivars was suppressed and showed a series of shade avoidance traits. After maize harvest, the LAI and leaflet number of intercropped soybean exhibited rapid growth, the LAI of Nandou12 (3.09) and Jiuyuehuang (1.32) recovered to 79% and 43% of corresponding CK level, respectively. Subsequently, final biomass of Nandou12 (3972.7 kg ha−1) and Jiuyuehuang (2263.3 kg ha−1) recovered 85.7% and 52% of corresponding CK level, respectively. Leaf blade thickness of Nandou12 recovered to the corresponding CK level, while Jiuyuehuang was not. Pn recovered to 84.5% and 82.8% of sole Pn at 80 days after soybean sowing in 2015 and to 72% and 91.2% at 66 days after soybean sowing in 2016 for Nandou12 and Jiuyuehuang, respectively. The above recovery process promoted the recovery of pod formation and grain yield. The yield of Nandou12 (1159.5 kg ha−1) has no significant difference between the CK level (1325.5 kg ha−1) but significantly higher than that of Jiuyuehuang (566.8 kg ha−1). Taken together, some recovery growth did occur in Jiuyuehuang, but it did not completely compensate for the growth reduction that occurred during the co‐growth period. Shade‐tolerant soybean cultivar has more stronger recovery growth ability in LAI, leaflet number, leaf thickness, and photosynthesis after maize harvest, which promoted the recovery growth of aboveground biomass and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient synthesis of primary amines via reductive amination from carbonyl compounds using NH 3 and H 2 as nitrogen and hydrogen sources is promising and challenging. Herein, we reported the ultrasmall Ru clusters bonded to the nitrogen atoms encapsulated in nitrogen-dopped carbon layers supported on alumina (Ru@NC-Al 2 O 3) derived from metalated Al-MOF containing atomically dispersed Ru species, which served as highly active, selective, and reusable catalyst for the facile synthesis of primary amines. A series of carbonyl compounds including aliphatic and aryl ketones or aldehydes were converted to their corresponding primary amines under mild conditions. The excellent catalytic performance was attributed to the Ru-N coordination which could help to stabilize the Ru species and prevent their aggregation and leaching, and also ascribed to the proper Ru0 percentage that was facilitate the hydrogenation step, as well as originated from the Lewis acid sites that was beneficial to the activation of C N bond in intermediates. [Display omitted] • Ru clusters encapsulated in N-doped porous carbon supported on amorphous alumina was designed and synthesized. • A series of carbonyl compounds were converted to their corresponding primary amines under mild conditions. • The N atoms in frameworks facilitated the stabilization of Ru species and prevented their aggregation. • Proper amount of Ru0 and Lewis acid sites combined together contributed to the excellent catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selective conversion of biomass-derived γ-valerolactone (GVL) to alternative green transportation fuels with high selectivity through a one-step synthesis process remains very challenging. The current procedures for GVL conversion to liquid fuels suffer from low selectivity or multiple operation steps with high energy consumption. Herein, we reported a simple and efficient way for the one-step synthesis of pentane fuel from GVL over the designed Co/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst in a single fixed-bed reactor under mild reaction conditions. The excellent catalytic performance of 99.9% conversion of GVL with 93.5% selectivity to pentane fuel and good stability for 100 h on stream was obtained. Combined experimental and theoretical studies demonstrated that the synergetic effect of interfacial active sites between metallic Co0 and proton acids of HZSM-5 is crucial for the high catalytic performance via providing a spontaneous carbonyl carbon–oxygen single bond cleavage path of GVL toward the selective synthesis of targeted pentane fuel through a series of subsequent reactions such as hydrogenation and hydrodehydration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most existing research on rural–urban health inequalities focuses on disparities in service access and health outcomes based on region. This paper examines rural–urban disparities in maternal healthcare utilization and delivery modes based on household registration (hukou) status to understand the role of state institutions in producing healthcare disparities in China. Methods: Utilizing administrative data from the Public Maternal Health Insurance scheme, we analyzed 54,733 live births in City A (2015–2019) and 25,849 live births in City B (2018–2019) in Guangdong Province in China. We constructed regression models using hukou status (rural versus urban) as the explanatory variable. Results: While there is no statistically significant difference in rural and urban mothers' probability of obtaining the minimum recommended number of prenatal care checkups in City A (OR = 0.990 [0.950, 1.032]), mothers with rural hukou status have a lower probability of obtaining the minimum recommended number of visits in City B than their counterparts with urban hukou (OR = 0.781 [0.740, 0.825]). The probability of delivering in tertiary hospital is lower among mothers with rural hukou than among those with urban hukou in both cities (City A: OR = 0.734 [0.701, 0.769]; City B: OR = 0.336 [0.319, 0.354]). Mothers with rural hukou are more likely to have a Cesarean section than those with urban hukou in both cities (City A: OR = 1.065 [1.027, 1.104]; City B: OR = 1.127 [1.069, 1.189]). Compared with mothers with urban hukou, mothers with rural hukou incurred 4 % (95 % CI [-0.046, -0.033]) and 9.4 % (95 % CI [-0.120, -0.068]) less in total medical costs for those who delivered via Cesarean section and 7.8 % (95 % CI [-0.085, -0.071]) and 19.9 % (95 % CI [-0.221, -0.177]) less for those who delivered via natural delivery in City A and City B, respectively. Conclusions: Rural hukou status is associated with younger age, no difference or lower probability of having a minimum number of prenatal checkups, higher likelihood of delivering in nontertiary hospitals, increased Cesarean delivery rates, and lower medical cost for delivery in these two Chinese cities. Evaluating how hukou status influences maternal healthcare in Chinese cities is important for devising targeted public policies to promote more equitable maternal health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and relapsing immune‐mediated disease of the gastrointestinal tract with a gradually increasing global incidence and prevalence. A prolonged course of IBD leads to a decline in patient quality of life and the creation of a substantial economic burden on society. Owing to the lack of specific diagnostic markers, the diagnosis of IBD still needs a gold standard based on a combination of clinical manifestations, imaging, laboratory, and endoscopic results. Accordingly, the current goals of IBD treatment are to alleviate clinical symptoms and reduce recurrence rates. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a standard set of procedures to diagnose and treat IBD. In this review, we summarize prominent and emerging studies, outline classical and contemporary approaches to diagnosing and managing IBD, and integrate multiple guidelines. Furthermore, we propose the possibility of establishing an early and comprehensive diagnostic workflow and personalized management strategy in the future. We aim to enhance the quality and standardization of diagnostic and treatment procedures for IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The incidence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in people living with HIV is significantly higher than in people without HIV. MetS is not only a major driver of cardiovascular disease (CVD) but is also closely related to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for MetS and to further understand the degree of damage to target organs. Methods: This was a cross‐sectional descriptive study conducted at Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, China. Information was collected via questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory tests. We used the China Diabetes Society guidelines to define MetS. Pooled cohort equations were calculated to compare CVD risk in the next 10 years in people living with HIV aged ≥40 years with or without MetS. We used Student's t‐test, the chi‐squared test, Fisher's exact test, binary logistic regression, and multiple linear regression in the statistical analysis. Results: The study included 979 people living with HIV, including 13 who have experienced CVD, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The median age was 43.0 years, 20.9% were female, and the median ART time was 45.0 months. The prevalence of MetS was 33.9%. The components of MetS criteria were hyperglycaemia (50.4%), hypertriglyceridaemia (48.4%), hypertension (46.8%), low concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (28.2%), and abdominal obesity (25.0%). Higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.266; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.203–1.333), higher total cholesterol (OR 1.267; 95% CI 1.011–1.588), high alcohol consumption (OR 1.973; 95% CI 1.009–3.859), and family history of diabetes (OR 1.726; 95% CI 1.075–2.770) were independent risk factors for MetS. Compared with the non‐MetS group, the MetS group had a higher rate of urine albumin (23.8% vs 14.8%, p = 0.001), and the estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (18.37% vs. 12.8%, p = 0.020) and β2‐microglobin (p = 0.004) increased more markedly in the MetS group. Regarding the risk of developing CVD events in the next 10 years, 38.5% of those in the MetS group were at high or very high risk, which was significantly higher than in the non‐MetS group (p < 0.001). In addition, age (p < 0.001) and sex (p = 0.002) are independent risk factors for developing CVD events in the next 10 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS in people living with HIV on ART is high in Chongqing, China. Risk factors for the development of MetS are high alcohol consumption, family history of diabetes, higher body mass index, and higher total cholesterol levels. In addition, MetS is associated with a risk of CKD and the incidence of 10‐year CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although considerable efforts have been made in transforming carbon dioxide into high value‐added products, it still remains a big challenge to convert CO2 to CH4 directly at low temperature. Here, we report transition metals (including Fe, Co, Cr and Mn) modified Ni catalysts supported on Al2O3−ZrO2 via a single‐step sol‐gel method for low temperature CO2 methanation. Specially, incorporation of Mn metal into the Ni/Al2O3−ZrO2 catalyst was the most beneficial to the reduction and dispersion of NiO particles on the surface of Al2O3−ZrO2 composite support in comparison to other transition metals such as Fe, Co and Cr, which promoted the formation of active metallic Ni sites. Furthermore, the addition of Mn promoter facilitated the formation of surface oxygen vacancies, which combined with more metallic Ni active sites, thus improving the low‐temperature CO2 methanation performance significantly. An optimized Ni−Mn/Al2O3−ZrO2‐1 catalyst exhibited a superior CO2 conversion of 78 % with CH4 selectivity almost 100 % at a lower temperature of 300 °C without any deactivation in the long term 100 h reaction, which presented a potential industrial application for CO2 methanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical MOF‐on‐reduced graphene oxide (MOF‐on‐rGO) compartment was successfully synthesized through an in situ reduced and combined process. The unique properties of the MOF‐on‐rGO compartment combining the polarity and porous features of MOFs with the high conductivity of rGO make it an ideal candidate as a sulfur host in lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. A high initial discharge capacity of 1250 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 C (1.0 C=1675 mAh g−1) was reached using the MOF‐on‐rGO based electrode. At the rate of 1.0 C, a high specific capacity of 601 mAh g−1 was still maintained after 400 discharge–charge cycles, which could be ascribed to the synergistic effect between MOFs and rGO. Both the hierarchical structures of rGO and the polar pore environment of MOF retard the diffusion and migration of soluble polysulfide, contributing to a stable cycling performance. Moreover, the spongy‐layered rGO can buffer the volume expansion and contraction changes, thus supplying stable structures for Li‐S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China is a country burdened with a high incidence of both tuberculosis (TB) and HIV, Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) is an important early complication in TB and HIV co-infected patients, but data from China are limited. Additionally, as an integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen becomes the first-line treatment, concerns have arisen regarding the potential increase in the incidence of paradoxical TB-IRIS. Nevertheless, the existing data are inconclusive and contradictory. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study at Chongqing Public Health Clinical Center from January 2018 to December 2021. We collected demographic and clinical data of HIV/TB co-infected patients who initiated ART. We described the patient characteristics, identified predictors for TB-IRIS, and determined clinical outcomes. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 25) was used to analyse the data. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t-test or rank sum test. Counting data were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. The variables with statistical significance in the univariate analysis were added to the binary logistic regression. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 384 patients co-infected with naive HIV and pulmonary TB (PTB) who were given ATT and ART combination were included. 72 patients (18.8%) developed paradoxical TB-IRIS with a median of 15 (12, 21) days after initiating ART. Baseline age ≤ 40years, CD4 + T-cell counts ≤ 50cells/µL, HIV viral load ≥ 500,000 copies/mL were found to be significantly associated with development of paradoxical TB-IRIS. Mortality rates were similar in the TB-IRIS (n = 5, 6.9%) group and non-TB-IRIS (n = 13, 4.2%) group. Interestingly, CD4+ T-cell counts recovery post-ART was significant higher in the TB-IRIS group when compared to the non-TB-IRIS group at the end of 24 weeks (P = 0.004), as well as at 48 weeks (P = 0.015). In addition, we consider that INSTI- based ART regimen do not increased the risk of Paradoxical TB-IRIS. Conclusion: Paradoxical TB-IRIS, while often leading to clinical deterioration and hospitalization, is generally manageable. It appears to have a positive impact on the recovery of CD4 + T-cell counts over time. Importantly, our data suggest that INSTI-based ART regimens do not elevate the risk of TB-IRIS. Thus, paradoxical TB-IRIS should not be considered an impediment to initiating ART in adults with advanced immunodeficiency, except in the case of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf anatomy and the stomatal development of developing leaves of plants have been shown to be regulated by the same light environment as that of mature leaves, but no report has yet been written on whether such a long-distance signal from mature leaves regulates the total leaf area of newly emerged leaves. To explore this question, we created an investigation in which we collected data on the leaf area, leaf mass per area (LMA), leaf anatomy, cell size, cell number, gas exchange and soluble sugar content of leaves from three soybean varieties grown under full sunlight (NS), shaded mature leaves (MS) or whole plants grown in shade (WS). Our results show that MS or WS cause a marked decline both in leaf area and LMA in newly developing leaves. Leaf anatomy also showed characteristics of shade leaves with decreased leaf thickness, palisade tissue thickness, sponge tissue thickness, cell size and cell numbers. In addition, in the MS and WS treatments, newly developed leaves exhibited lower net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (E), but higher carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the intercellular space (Ci) than plants grown in full sunlight. Moreover, soluble sugar content was significantly decreased in newly developed leaves in MS and WS treatments. These results clearly indicate that (1) leaf area, leaf anatomical structure, and photosynthetic function of newly developing leaves are regulated by a systemic irradiance signal from mature leaves; (2) decreased cell size and cell number are the major cause of smaller and thinner leaves in shade; and (3) sugars could possibly act as candidate signal substances to regulate leaf area systemically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Pd nanoparticles encapsulated in MOF-303 was designed and synthesized. • The adjacent pair of N atoms in MOF-303 facilitated the stabilization of Pd species. • The Pd nanoparticles exhibited excellent performance for HMF conversion to DHMTHF under mild conditions. • Pd in Pd@MOF-303 could expose more defective sites that were highly selective for the hydrogenation reaction. Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived compounds into value-added chemicals or liquid fuels is of significant importance for the valorization of sustainable biomass. Currently, selective hydrogenation of typical biomass-derived 5‑hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to the valuable 2,5-dihydroxymethyl-tetrahydrofuran (DHMTHF) has attracted considerable interest, but still suffers from the low efficiency and harsh H 2 pressure (usually 4 ∼ 8 MPa) in this process. Therefore, developing more efficient catalysts for the facile synthesis of DHMTHF from HMF under mild conditions is highly desired. Herein, small Pd nanoparticles were encapsulated in a metal–organic framework (Pd@MOF-303), and highly stabilized by the adjacent pair of N atoms of organic linkers of MOF-303. The small Pd nanoparticles were significantly efficient for HMF conversion to DHMTHF, and exhibited a yield of 95.8 % with a production rate of 85.1 h−1 under 1 MPa H 2. The excellent catalytic performance was attributed to the small Pd nanoparticles which could expose more stable defective sites that were highly active and selective for this reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Single Cu atoms catalyst of Cu@UiO-66-(COOH) 2 was designed and synthesized. • High performance of LA hydrogenation to GVL was achieved via CTH route. • The defective sites in MOF facilitated the stabilization of Cu atoms. • The atomic dispersion of Cu and carboxyl group contributed to the high performance. Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have received great interests due to their high atomic utilization efficiency and unique electronic properties of active center atom. Here we reported a single-atom catalyst, Cu@UiO-66-(COOH) 2 , prepared by a simple, facile, and efficient solvothermal strategy, where Cu atoms were coordinated to the defect sites of secondary building units (SBUs) in a Zr-based metal–organic framework (MOF) UiO-66-(COOH) 2. The single-atom Cu@UiO-66-(COOH) 2 catalyst exhibited high activity for biomass derived platform chemical levulinic acid (LA) hydrogenation to γ-valerolactone (GVL) through catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) process using isopropanol (IPA) as hydrogen donor under mild reaction conditions, where 96.7% GVL yield was achieved. The site isolation and uniform distribution of single Cu atoms combined with the aid of acid sites in MOF, attributing to the excellent catalytic performance for biomass upgrading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China purchases around 62% of the soybean that is traded internationally and is currently only 14.3% self-sufficient, which strains the global food supply. A key question is to what extent China can produce soybeans to meet its demand. Here we used 3 years of data for 26 soybean cultivars across 146 locations in China, combined with APSIM modeling, to quantify soybean yield spatial variations and the impact of varietal and climate changes on soybean yield potential. We further analyzed the key drivers of national soybean production and explored a potential solution to increase national soybean production with maize-soybean strip intercropping system based on data from 32 locations in the past 10 years. The results showed that the contrasting climate conditions across regions in China resulted in diverse maturity types of soybean cultivars, ranging from MG000 to MGⅧ, with grain yield ranging from 1.4 t ha−1 to 4.5 t ha−1. The key climate drivers are temperature at high latitude cool regions and radiation at low latitude hot and humid regions. The key physiological trait for increasing yield is grain number that is closely related to post-anthesis growth. There exists an obvious yield gap between potential yield and actual yield. At national level, total soybean productivity was limited by planting area due to competing maize crop. It remains difficult for soybean to replace maize due to economic competitiveness. However, maize-soybean strip intercropping offers a sustainable solution to produce an additional soybean crop with around half of the yield of a sole soybean while maintaining the current maize yield. This would enable to potentially produce additional 67.4 million tons of soybean yield each year, with minimum reduction of maize yield (land equivalent ratio of maize =0.96). Fully closing the gap between actual unit yield and potential yield level would only increase national soybean production by 8 million tons. Further increase in production rely on increasing soybean planting area is unrealistic due to the more profitable maize crop. Maize-soybean strip intercropping offers a sustainable solution to potentially produce additional 67.4 million tons of soybean yield while maintaining the current maize yield. • We used APSIM NG model to quantify the impact of varietal and climate changes on soybean yield potential. • Grain yield of soybean ranging from 1.4 t ha-1–4.5 t ha-1 across regions in China. • The key climate drivers and physiological trait for increasing soybean yield have been identified. • Maize-soybean strip intercropping would enable to potentially produce additional 67.4 million tons of soybean yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The target region and diameter of maize stems are important phenotyping parameters for evaluating crop vitality and estimating crop biomass. To address the issue that the target region and diameter of maize stems obtained after transplantation may not accurately reflect the true growth conditions of maize, a phenotyping monitoring technology based on an internal gradient algorithm is proposed for acquiring the target region and diameter of maize stems. Observations were conducted during the small bell stage of maize. First, color images of maize plants were captured by an Intel RealSense D435i camera. The color information in the color image was extracted by the hue saturation value (HSV) color space model. The maximum between-class variance (Otsu) algorithm was applied for image threshold segmentation to obtain the main stem of maize. Median filtering, image binarization, and morphological opening operations were then utilized to remove noise from the images. Subsequently, the morphological gradient algorithm was applied to acquire the target region of maize stems. The similarity between the three types of gradient images and the manually segmented image was evaluated by pixel ratio extraction and image quality assessment indicators. Evaluation results indicated that the internal gradient algorithm could more accurately obtain the target region of maize stems. Finally, a checkerboard was employed as a reference for measurement assistance, and the stem diameter of maize was calculated by the pinhole imaging principle. The mean absolute error of stem diameter was 1.92 mm, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 5.16%, and the root mean square error (RMSE) was 2.25 mm. The R² value was 0.79. With an R² greater than 0.7 and a MAPE within 6%, the phenotyping monitoring technology based on the internal gradient algorithm was proven to accurately measure the diameter of maize stems. The application of phenotyping monitoring technology based on the internal gradient algorithm in field conditions provides technological support for smart agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO is a promising candidate for photocatalysts, whereas suffered from low activity due to the insufficient visible-light absorption and rapid recombination of photogenerated charges. In order to improve the visible-light catalytic activity of unmodified ZnO, a ZnO/Cu 2 O/CuO (ZCC) heterostructure photocatalyst constructed from in-situ growth of Cu-based MOF (HKUST-1) on ZnO nanosheets by in-situ growth was designed for photocatalytic H 2 evolution, which exhibited excellent visible-light H 2 production rate of 467.1 μmol h−1 g−1. It was confirmed that the enhanced photoactivity was mainly attributed to the wide visible-light absorption range and improvement of active sites. The construction of heterostructure promoted the migration and separation of photogenerated charges and enhanced the synergistic effect between the multicomponent hybrid semiconductor materials. This work highlights the design of using MOFs as precursor to construct metal oxide heterostructures with ZnO nanosheets for visible-light photocatalytic H 2 production. [Display omitted] • Construction of ZCC heterostructure from MOFs. • ZCC extends the light absorption range and increases the active site. • The activity of heterostructures was adjusted by varying the content of MOFs. • ZCC exhibited an improved H 2 production rate under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • One-step synthesis of gasoline fuels from γ-valerolactone was achieved. • Cu/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst with adjusting acidity and Cu loading content was designed. • The interfacial active sites composed of metallic Cu and proton acid of HZSM-5 determine the catalytic performance. • A spontaneous C O bond breaking path of γ-valerolactone was found. Direct synthesis of transportation liquid fuels from renewable biomass-based resources via γ-valerolactone (GVL) is a highly attractive but challenging target. The current conversion of biomass-derived GVL to liquid fuels suffers from low selectivity or multiple operation steps with high energy consumption. Herein, we reported a simple and efficient way for the high-selective conversion of GVL into gasoline fuels over designed Cu/HZSM-5 bifunctional catalyst in a single fixed-bed reactor. The excellent catalytic performance of 99.9 % conversion of GVL with 85.3 % selectivity to C 5+ hydrocarbons (mainly C 5 -C 12) and good stability were obtained. We demonstrated that the interfacial sites composed of metallic Cu and proton acid of HZSM-5 played a key role in determining the performance via providing a spontaneous C O bond breaking path of GVL, facilitating the formation of pentene intermediate that could be further converted to gasoline fuels through a series of aromatization, alkylation and oligomerization reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Paradoxical tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in initiating ART among HIV-Infected patients in China-risk factors and management." The correction states that Figure 2 in the original article contained an unnecessary parameter (fever) and provides the corrected version of the figure. The correction was made by Honghong Yang, Qian Liu, Yushan Wu, Kun He, Qin Zeng, and Min Liu. [Extracted from the article]

• We implemented the light interception model for strip intercropping into APSIM-Classic. • A quasi-Bayesian optimisation approach was used to derive parameter by constraining the model to LAI, biomass and yield. • Key model parameters were changed with row configuration, indicating a need to improve modelling physiology of intercrops. • A potential application is to optimize row configurations in strip intercropping across climates. Intercropping of two or more crop species increases the efficiency of resource use and often produces a greater yield per unit land area. The relative efficiency of intercropping depends on row configuration, but there is a shortage of modelling-based evaluation of alternative intercropping options due to the inadequacy of standard process-based crop models to simulate resource capture, growth and yield formation when the canopy is spatially structured in strips. We implemented a light interception model for strip crops into the APSIM Classic model and combined it with a quasi-Bayesian approach to derive the model parameters to simulate crop growth and grain yield in maize-soybean strip intercropping. We used 4 years of field data for 5 different row configurations to derive key model parameters for simulation of light interception, LAI dynamics, biomass growth and grain yield of maize and soybean intercrops. Key model parameters (e.g. RUE, k etc.) were found to change with row-spacing and configuration, posing challenges to simulate different configurations with a single parameter set. The potential ranges of these key parameters were derived by constraining the model to observed data. The model can be potentially used to evaluate impact of planting configurations on productivity of strip intercropping systems, but the variability of key model parameters among configuration treatments calls for further in-depth research to improve modelling physiology of strip intercrops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The most appropriate alternative to induction therapy for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (CM) remains unclear when standard treatment is unavailable, inaccessible, intolerable, or ineffective.Methods: A prospective, multi-centre cohort study was conducted to analyze the data of 156 HIV-infected patients with CM who were treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB-D) + flucytosine (5FC), voriconazole (VCZ) + 5FC, or AmB-D + Fluconazole (Flu) as induction regimens. Clinical efficacy, cumulative mortality, and adverse effects were compared among the three treatment groups.Results: Fewer deaths occurred by week 4 and week 10 among patients receiving AmB-D + 5FC than among those receiving AmB-D + Flu [4 (5.1%) vs. 8 (16.0%) deaths by week 4; hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 3.3; p = 0.039; and 8 (10.3%) vs. 14 (28.0%) deaths by week 10; hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.7; p = 0.008, respectively]. AmB-D plus 5FC was found to result in significantly higher rates of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture sterility (57.6% vs. 34% by week 2; 87.9% vs. 70% by week 10; p < 0.05 for both comparisons). However, the differences in CSF culture sterility and mortality between the VCZ + 5FC group and the AmB-D + 5FC group were not statistically significant. VCZ plus 5FC had a significantly advantageous effect on the incidence of new AIDS-defining illness and length of hospital stay, compared with AmB-D plus 5FC. Laboratory adverse events (grade 3 or 4), such as severe anemia, were less frequent with VCZ + 5FC use than with AmB-D combined with 5FC or Flu use.Conclusion: Our results suggest that AmB-D combined with 5FC remains the more efficacious induction regimen compared to AmB-D plus Flu, and that VCZ + 5FC might be a potential alternative when the standard regimen is not readily available, accessible, tolerated, or effective.Clinical Trials: Registration number, ChiCTR1900021195. Registered 1 February 2019, http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=35362 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Relay intercropping of maize and soybean can improve land productivity. However, the mechanism behind N2O emissions in this practice remains unclear. A two‐factor randomized block field trial was conducted to reveal the mechanism of N2O emissions in a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor A was three cropping systems – that is, monoculture maize (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor B was different N supply, containing no N, reduced N and conventional N. Differences in N2O emissions, soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities and yield advantage were evaluated.The land equivalent ratio was 1.55–2.44, and the cumulative N2O emission (CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$) was notably lower by 60.2% in intercropping than in monoculture, respectively. Reduced N declined CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ without penalty on the yield advantages. The relay intercropping shifted soil properties – for example, soil organic matter, total N, NH4+$$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+} $$ and protease activity – and improved the soil microorganism community – for example, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Intercropping reduced CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by directly suppressing nirS‐ and amoA‐regulated N2O generation during soil N cycling, or nirS‐ and amoA‐mediated soil properties shifted to reduce CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ indirectly. Reduced N directly reduced CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by decreasing soil N content and reducing soil microorganism activities to alleviate N2O produced in soil N cycling.Conducting a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen supply provides a way to alleviate N2O emissions without the penalty on the yield advantage by changing rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil N cycling. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D assembled MOF-GH composite with high amphiphilic properties. • 3D porous hierarchical MOF-GH architectures were successfully synthesized. • The MIL-101-GH hybrid showed high affinity to both water and oils. • MIL-101-GH-TS-1 exhibited good heterogeneous catalytic performance toward 1-octene epoxidation.. Micro-nano surface with high-amphiphilic structures possesses fascinating physical properties and promising applications in many areas. Herein, we reported a three dimensional (3D) porous hierarchical architecture with internal crosslinked network structures constructed from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene oxide (GO) through a facile self-assembly hydrothermal method. In contrast to conventional 3D graphene hydrogel with strongly hydrophobic structures, the resulting composite exhibited high-amphiphilic features with both highly hydrophilic and oleophilic ability, which could absorb water and oils simultaneously, owing to the synergistic effect between MOFs and reduced graphene oxide. MOFs acted as a dopant and intercalated between reduced graphene oxide layers, which could largely increase the specific surface areas of graphene hydrogels (GH) and artistically adjust the surface structures of pristine GH as well. Accordingly, the 3D porous hierarchical MIL-101-GH materials showed great absorption capacity for oil and water. The advantages of this high amphiphilic properties were proved by constructing a biphasic catalytic system with the introduction of molecular sieve into the 3D MIL-101-GH hybrid. As a result, the designing functionalized foam exhibited good catalytic performance in heterogeneous catalysis for epoxidation of olefins without addition of co-solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Oriented transformation of GVL into gasoline fuels was achieved. • Nano-HZSM-5 with adjusting acidity and pore structure was designed. • Small particle sizes facilitated fast diffusion of reactants and products in the pore channels. • Reducing acid sites on external surface promoted the formation of C5+ hydrocarbons. γ-Valerolactone (GVL) is one of a promising and versatile platform compounds, derived from renewable biomass, that could be widely used as key raw materials for the production of high value-added chemicals and energy fuels. Here, we report the oriented transformation of GVL into gasoline range hydrocarbons through an integrated two-stage fixed-bed catalytic system. The catalytic upgrading strategy involved the GVL feeds converting to butene isomers mixture and CO 2 by ring-opening and decarboxylation without use of external H 2 over SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 catalyst, coupled with the oligomerization of butene isomers intermediates to gasoline fuels over the nano-HZSM-5 catalyst. This integrated two-stage processes could greatly simplify the products separation, avoid the incompatibility of their reaction conditions, and effectively improve the catalytic stability. The selectivity and yield for target C 5−12 gasoline range fuels was high as 82.2 % and 58.7 %, respectively, and no obvious deactivation was observed with time on stream of 50 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • γ-Valerolactone converting to butene was achieved. • Amorphous SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 catalyst with adjustable acidity was prepared. • Lower acid sites facilitated the decarboxylation of pentenoic acid. • A two-stage integration system was developed for converting GVL to gasoline. γ-Valerolactone (GVL) as a sustainable platform compound could be converted to renewable fuels and chemicals, whereas directly converting GVL to target products remains still the challenge. In this work, we report an amorphous SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 catalyst with adjustable acidity, which presented an excellent selectivity of 97.5 % butene at GVL conversion of 99.5 %, and remained an outstanding stability for 50 h. Appropriate weak and strong acid sites were the key for the ring-opening of GVL. Lower acid sites facilitated the decarboxylation of pentenoic acid (PEA), while higher acid sites promoted the cracking of PEA. Besides, a two-stage integration system was developed for converting GVL to C 5 + hydrocarbons via butene intermediate, giving a good yield of 57.6 % C 5 + hydrocarbons via combining the SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 catalyst with nano-HZSM-5 together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early diagnosis is important to control COVID-19 outbreaks. This study aimed to assess how individual and area socioeconomic position and geographical accessibility to healthcare services were associated with the time to diagnosis among symptomatic COVID-19 patients in Hong Kong. Multivariable generalized linear regression was used to estimate the associations while adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and case classification. This study found living in public rental housing and living in an area with low education were associated with longer time to diagnosis in the first wave of infections. Specifically, the risk of delayed diagnosis for public rental housing residents was mitigated by the higher density of public clinics/hospitals but was slightly increased by the higher density of private medical practitioners nearby. No such relations were found in the second wave of infections when the surveillance measures were enhanced. Given the grave impact of pandemics around the world, our findings call on taking inequalities into account when public health policies are being devised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The aromatic hydrocarbon components in jet fuel are synthesized in the gas phase. • Nano scale ZSM-5 was synthesized by only template of Tetrapropylammonium hydroxide. • The differences in the results of the alkylation reactions are demonstrated on different sized HZSM-5. • The effect of reaction conditions on the aromatic hydrocarbon components in jet fuel was demonstrated. C 8 -C 15 aromatics are used widely as key components of jet fuel, whereas effectively producing these aromatic components remains a big challenge. We reported the oriented synthesis of C 8 -C 15 aromatic components in jet fuel by alkylation of benzene with mixed ethylene and propylene in vapor-phase over nanosize ZSM-5 (N-ZSM-5) catalyst. The selectivity and yield of aromatics, mainly of carbon number ranging from 8 to 15, could be enhanced by decreasing the particle size of ZSM-5, owing to the faster mass transfer and shorter intraparticle diffusion route for reactants and target products during the reaction process, as well as by increasing the acid strength via decreasing the Si/Al molar ratio, thus improving the alkylation performance conspicuously. In addition, mesopore volume of N-ZSM-5 zeolite showed an increase tendency with decreased particle size, contributing to the carbon chain growth and diffusion of target products. The resultant N-ZSM-5 catalyst showed superior benzene conversion of 40.3%, ethylene and propylene conversion of 99.5% and 99.2%, with aromatic C 8 -C 15 selectivity and yield of 94.8% and 54.9%, respectively, under the optimized reaction conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine whether there are significant differences in costs of treatment and readmission rates for hospital consultations undertaken by female versus male physicians in China. Methods: Using data from the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance program from January 2018 through October 2019, we investigated spending patterns and clinical outcomes for patients at tertiary hospitals in one of the largest cities in China by the gender of the attending physician. Our sample included 79,085 hospitalizations treated by 3993 physicians in internal medicine departments. We examined the association between physician gender and visit cost using a multivariable linear model. We examined the association between physician gender and 30-days readmission rates using a multivariable probability model. We adjusted for a rich set of patient characteristics, primary diagnosis fixed effects, and hospital fixed effects. In addition, we used patient fixed effects in a robustness analysis. Results: Adjusting for primary diagnosis fixed effects, spending per visit was 4.1% higher for patients treated by male physicians than for those treated by female physicians, a statistically significant difference (95% CI [1.5%, 6.7%]). This pattern persisted after further adjusting for hospital fixed effects (3.2% [1.2%, 5.2%]), patient characteristics (3.2% [1.2%, 5.1%]), and patient fixed effects (4.2% [1.8%, 6.7%]). The difference is mainly driven by higher spending on drugs (8.7% [3.9%, 13.6%]) and out-of-pocket costs (3.9% [1.7%, 6.0%]). No statistically significant differences were observed in the readmission rates of patients treated by male and female physicians in any of our three model specifications. Conclusions: Spending per visit was significantly higher among patients treated by male physicians than among those treated by female physicians, with the difference mainly driven by spending on drugs and out-of-pocket costs. No significant difference was observed in the hospital readmission rates of patients treated by male and female physicians. These findings have important implications for gender equality in medicine and health care quality and efficiency in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China implemented a universal two-child policy in 2015. It is important to understand infants' medical utilization in the context of this policy to inform health policies and resource allocation.Methods: This study utilized a 20% random sample of administrative data from China's Urban and Rural Basic Medical Insurance (URBMI) in one of the largest southern Chinese cities from January 2015 to June 2018. Ordinary least squares models were used to estimate changes in inpatient admission rates and costs for infants between 0 and 6 months old after the implementation of China's universal two-child policy.Results: The overall inpatient admission rate was 27.2% in 2015 and 31.3% in 2017. Compared with 2015, there was an increase in inpatient admission rates for infants 1 month old or younger (coef = 0.038, 95% CI = 0.029 to 0.047, p < .001) and infants 6 months old or younger (coef = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.030 to 0.052, p < .001) in 2017. The increase was larger for male infants than for female ones. The average inpatient admission cost was 8412.3 RMB ($1320.61) (SD = 15,088.2). There was no increase in inpatient admission costs overall. The average length of hospital stay was 7.3 days, the probability of going to a tertiary hospital was 76.2%, and the share of out-of-pocket costs was 53.0% for all diseases.Conclusion: After the implementation of the universal two-child policy in China, there was a significant increase in inpatient admission rates, especially for male infants. The overall associated costs did not change, but the increase in admission rates caused additional economic burdens for families and for social health insurance. Understanding the healthcare utilization of infants in the universal two-child period can provide insight for healthcare resource allocation in a time of dramatic changes in population policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Observed phenology, LAI, biomass & yield of 72 soybean cultivars are presented. • APSIM captured LAI & biomass dynamics of multiple cultivars across different years. • APSIM improvement need to include simulation of grain setting & its impact on yield. • We provided the first data set in APSIM for modelling soybean genotypes in China. This paper combines the analysis of soybean growth data with modelling to quantify cultivar differences and to evaluate the ability of the APSIM-Soybean model for simulation of soybean biomass and grain yield. Crop data include main developmental stages, leaf area index (LAI), above ground biomass, grain yield and grain number of 72 soybean cultivars in China. We derived the parameters controlling soybean flowering and maturity time in the lack of data from contrasting environments, then tested APSIM to simulate LAI, biomass and grain yield. Our results show that once phenology is correctly simulated, APSIM was able to capture the LAI and biomass growth dynamics of multiple cultivars and across different years. Our data showed a strong correlation of grain yield with grain number, but not with grain size. Future model improvement could include the simulation of grain setting (grain number and grain filling rate) and their difference between cultivars so that yield difference can be simulated. Further scenario modelling demonstrated that APSIM also captured the genotype by environment interactions as they impact on yield. The derived parameters for 72 soybean cultivars provide the first data set in APSIM for improved modelling of soybean genotypes in China and beyond, adding to the current APSIM validation database of soybean. This also formed the basis for future modelling of intercropping systems with soybean, e.g. maize/soybean intercropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)2) is commonly used to measure general adiposity. However, evidence of its appropriateness for males and females remains inconsistent. We aimed to identify the most appropriate sex-specific power value that height should be raised to in the formula and the value that would make it achieve height independency and body fatness dependency. We randomly assigned UK Biobank participants recruited in the United Kingdom between 2006 and 2010 (n  = 489,873; mean age = 56.5 years; 94.2% White) to training and testing sets (80%:20%). Using height raised to the power of −50.00 to 50.00, we identified the optimal power value that either minimized correlation with height or maximized correlation with body fat percentage, using age-adjusted correlations. The optimal power values for height were 1.77 for males and 1.39 for females. The new formulas resulted in 4.5% of females and 2.4% of males being reclassified into a different BMI category. The formulas did not show significant improvement (in terms of area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, and specificity) in identifying individuals with excessive body fat percentage or in predicting risk of all-cause mortality. Therefore, the conventional BMI formula is still valuable in research and disease screening for both sexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The water extract of Sojae semen germinatum (SSG) improved BPH-associated overactive bladder. • Multi-omics provided insights and discovered the important role of the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway in the treatment effect of SSG. • SSG mainly reduced detrusor overactivity by down-regulation of PGE2/EP1/PLCβ2/p-MLC signaling pathway. Sojae semen germinatum (SSG) is derived from mature soybean seeds that have been germinated and dried, typically with sprouts measuring approximately 0.5 cm in length. SSG is traditionally known for its properties in clearing heat and moisture. Nevertheless, limited information was reported on the effects and mechanisms of SSG in alleviating urinary symptoms. This study employed urodynamic parameters to investigate the therapeutic effect of SSG water extract on overactive bladder (OAB) in the rat model with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Through a combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, the pathways and key proteins of the SSG treatment for OAB were identified and validated by ELISA and Western blotting. Furthermore, network pharmacology elucidated the roles of SSG's isoflavones acting on the target which was identified by above-mentioned multi-omics analysis. Our results indicate that SSG water extract significantly mitigated OAB by down-regulating the PGE2/EP1/PLCβ2/p-MLC signaling pathway. It was speculated that the active ingredient in the SSG on EP1 was genistein. This study provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of SSG water extract, emphasizing the multi-target characteristics and critical pathways in improving OAB. Furthermore, this study contributes to the potential utilization of SSG as a functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping improves resource utilization. Under wide–narrow-row maize (Zea mays) intercropping, maize plants are subjected to weak unilateral illumination and exhibit high photosynthetic performance. However, the mechanism regulating photosynthesis under unilateral weak light remains unknown. We investigated the relationship between photosynthesis and sugar metabolism in maize under unilateral weak light. Our results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (P n) of unshaded leaves increased as the level of shade on the other side increased. On the contrary, the concentration of sucrose and starch and the number of starch granules in the unshaded leaves decreased with increased shading due to the transfer of abundant C into the grains. However, sink loss with ear removal reduced the P n of unshaded leaves. Intense unilateral shade (40% to 20% normal light), but not mild unilateral shade (60% normal light), reduced grain yield (37.6% to 54.4%, respectively). We further found that in unshaded leaves, Agpsl , Bmy , and Mexl-like expression significantly influenced sucrose and starch metabolism, while Sweet13a and Sut1 expression was crucial for sugar export. In shaded leaves, expression of Sps1 , Agpsl , and Sweet13c was crucial for sugar metabolism and export. This study confirmed that unshaded leaves transported photosynthates to the ear, leading to a decrease in sugar concentration. The improvement of photosynthetic performance was associated with altered sugar transport. We propose a narrow-row spacing of 40 cm, which provides appropriate unilateral shade and limits yield reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intercropping can obtain yield advantages, but the mechanism of yield advantages of maize-legume intercropping is still unclear. Then, we explored the effects of cropping systems and N input on yield advantages in a two-year experiment. Cropping systems included monoculture maize (Zea mays L.) (MM), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) (MS), monoculture peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (MP), maize-soybean substitutive relay intercropping (IMS), and maize-peanut substitutive strip intercropping (IMP). N input included without N (N0) and N addition (N1). Results showed that maize's leaf area index was 31.0% and 34.6% higher in IMS and IMP than in MM. The specific leaf weight and chlorophyll a (chl a) of maize were notably higher by 8.0% and 18.8% in IMS, 3.1%, and 18.6% in IMP compared with MM. Finally, N addition resulted in a higher thousand kernels weight of maize in IMS and IMP than that in MM. More dry matter accumulated and partitioned to the grain, maize's averaged partial land equivalent ratio and the net effect were 0.76 and 2.75 t ha−1 in IMS, 0.78 and 2.83 t ha−1 in IMP. The leaf area index and specific leaf weight of intercropped soybean were 16.8% and 26% higher than MS. Although soybean suffers from shade during coexistence, recovered growth strengthens leaf functional traits and increases dry matter accumulation. The averaged partial land equivalent ratio and the net effect of intercropped soybean were 0.76 and 0.47 t ha−1. The leaf area index and specific leaf weight of peanuts in IMP were 69.1% and 14.4% lower than in the MP. The chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b of peanut in MP were 17.0% and 24.4% higher than in IMP. A less dry matter was partitioned to the grain for intercropped peanut. The averaged pLER and NE of intercropped peanuts were 0.26 and -0.55 t ha−1. In conclusion, the strengthened leaf functional traits promote dry matter accumulation, maize-soybean relay intercropping obtained a win–win yield advantage, and maize-peanut strip intercropping achieved a trade-off yield advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report a new method to promote the conductivities of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by 5 to 7 magnitudes, thus their potential in electrochemical applications can be fully revealed. This method combines the polarity and porosity advantages of MOFs with the conductive feature of conductive polymers, in this case, polypyrrole (ppy), to construct ppy‐MOF compartments for the confinement of sulfur in Li–S batteries. The performances of these ppy‐S‐in‐MOF electrodes exceed those of their MOF and ppy counterparts, especially at high charge–discharge rates. For the first time, the critical role of ion diffusion to the high rate performance was elucidated by comparing ppy‐MOF compartments with different pore geometries. The ppy‐S‐in‐PCN‐224 electrode with cross‐linked pores and tunnels stood out, with a high capacity of 670 and 440 mAh g−1 at 10.0 C after 200 and 1000 cycles, respectively, representing a new benchmark for long‐cycle performance at high rate in Li–S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We report a new method to promote the conductivities of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) by 5 to 7 magnitudes, thus their potential in electrochemical applications can be fully revealed. This method combines the polarity and porosity advantages of MOFs with the conductive feature of conductive polymers, in this case, polypyrrole (ppy), to construct ppy‐MOF compartments for the confinement of sulfur in Li–S batteries. The performances of these ppy‐S‐in‐MOF electrodes exceed those of their MOF and ppy counterparts, especially at high charge–discharge rates. For the first time, the critical role of ion diffusion to the high rate performance was elucidated by comparing ppy‐MOF compartments with different pore geometries. The ppy‐S‐in‐PCN‐224 electrode with cross‐linked pores and tunnels stood out, with a high capacity of 670 and 440 mAh g−1 at 10.0 C after 200 and 1000 cycles, respectively, representing a new benchmark for long‐cycle performance at high rate in Li–S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ni-Co synergetic effect promotes the ring-opening reaction significantly. • The presence of Ni in CoAl oxides restrains the growth of metal particles. • The adsorption configuration of furfuryl alcohol affects the products distribution. 1,5-pentanediol (1,5-PeD) is a value-added chemical that can be produced from furfuryl alcohol (FFA) via selective scission of C O bond coupled with following hydrogenation reaction. In this work, a series of hydrotalcite-derived Ni-Co-Al catalysts with different Ni/Co ratios were evaluated for FFA upgrading to 1,5-PeD at a temperature range of 413–473 K and hydrogen pressure from 2 to 5 MPa. The catalytic performance and reaction products distribution were found to be highly sensitive to the Ni/Co ratio in the catalysts as well as reaction conditions. The highest catalytic activity was achieved with the Ni-Co-Al catalyst at a Ni/Co atomic ratio of 1:11 (Ni 1 Co 11 Al), which attained a 1,5-PeD yield of 42.5 % after 4 h of reaction. The presence of Ni in the Ni 1 Co 11 Al catalyst could significantly improve the BET surface area and suppress the growth of metal nanoparticles, leading to its superior catalytic stability in 5 runs. According to the characterization results, it was supposed that hydrogen spillover occurred from the surface of Ni to that of Co species, which was expected to enhance the hydrogen adsorption/activation capability and surface H concentration. The rapid H transfer was beneficial to the hydrogenolysis of furan ring and in situ hydrogenation of reaction intermediates, thus greatly facilitating the activity of the catalyst. Based on the experimental and characterization results, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed for the selective generation of 1,5-PeD from FFA over the Ni 1 Co 11 Al catalyst. The results attained in this paper demonstrated the possibility of using non-precious mixed metal catalyst for FFA upgrading, and could provide useful insights for the design of efficient catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to translate the French version of a perioperative satisfaction questionnaire (EVAN-G) scale, a validated questionnaire for assessing perioperative patient satisfaction, into a Chinese version and validate it in Chinese-speaking patients. Methods: We developed the Chinese version of the EVAN-G (EVAN-GC) scale based on the original French version of the EVAN-G. The EVAN-GC scale, the Short version of the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (S-STAI), and the McGill pain questionnaire (MGPQ) were administered on the WeChat mini program. We invited patients to complete these questionnaires within 4 to 24 h after surgery. The psychometric validation of the EVAN-GC scale included validity, reliability, and acceptability. Results: Among 220 patients, 217 (98.6%) completed the EVAN-GC scale after surgery. The item-internal consistency revealed good construct validity. Compared with the total scores of the S-STAI and MGPQ, the EVAN-GC scale showed excellent convergent validity (ρ = − 0.32, P < 0.001; ρ = − 0.29, P < 0.001). The EVAN-GC scale could differentiate between groups, which showed good discriminate validity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (0.85) of the translated scale demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency reliability, and a 36-patient subsample retest evidenced good test-retest reliability (ρ = 0.82, P < 0.001). In addition, the median [interquartile range] time of completing the EVAN-GC scale was 3.7 [2.9–4.9] min. Conclusions: The EVAN-GC scale has good psychometric properties similar to those of the original French version. The EVAN-GC scale is a valid and reliable measurement to assess patient satisfaction in Chinese-speaking patients. Trial registration: The Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR2100049555. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Highly dispersed and stable Cu nanoparticles was finely encapsulated in HZSM-5. • Selectivity of valeric biofuel from GVL upgrading was preciously controlled. • Synergetic effect of confined Cu centers and acidic zeolite was crucial for the catalytic performance. • C-O bond activation mode was determined by distinct electrons redistributions on GVL in different adsorbed environments. Achieving precise selectivity control by driving specific reaction paths involving selective C-O bond activation of multifunctional molecules in renewable biomass oriented-upgrading is highly attractive but challenging. Herein, a facile in-situ hydrothermal strategy was developed to obtain highly dispersed and stable Cu nanoparticles encapsulated in well-organized HZSM-5 zeolite, which exhibited extraordinary selectivity control in the lignocellulosic biomass-derived γ-valerolactone (GVL) upgrading toward valuable valeric biofuels with good stability. The as-synthesized Cu@HZSM-5 exhibited a framework Al-dependent Cu distribution characteristic in HZSM-5, while the Cu spatial confinement by zeolite framework together with the synergetic effect of confined Cu centers and acidic zeolite support endowed the optimized Cu@HZSM-5 catalysts exceedingly high hydro-conversion efficiency. Theoretical calculations demonstrated that the transferred electrons from Cu to GVL in different zeolite microenvironments (zeolite-encapsulated and -impregnated structure) showed the very distinct redistributions on the C atoms of GVL, which was crucial to tune the ring C-O bond activation mode in GVL ring-opening, consequently giving a well-controlled product selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nano-scale electrochemical sculpture (NES) method has been developed to enhance the bonding strength of fiber metal laminates (denoted as FMLs-NES). The influence of NES surface treatments on the low velocity impact response and static mechanical behavior of FMLs was systematically investigated and compared with traditional surface treatments such as mechanical polishing and NaTESi anodizing (denoted respectively as FMLs-PS and FMLs-NaTESi). The examination of the damage area and energy absorption under different impact energy levels revealed that the FMLs-NES specimen exhibited the smallest damage area and energy absorption while maintaining the structural integrity after impact. Finite element simulations were conducted to inform the impact damage progression and failure mechanisms, the results indicate that the interfacial failure mainly occurred between the middle titanium sheet and the bottom 90° fiber layer and propagated from the long edge to the center of FMLs. The experimentally validated finite element model can also be employed to optimize the stacking sequence of FMLs and to predict the residual strength after impact, where the FMLs-NES showed the highest residual strength. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential health effects of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) has been insufficiently examined in Asian contexts. This study aimed to assess the impact of SSB taxation on the prevalence of obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Hong Kong using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey and simulation analysis. A random telephone survey was conducted with 1000 adults from May to June 2020. We used a contingent valuation approach to assess individuals' WTP for SSBs under four tax payment scenarios (5%, 10%, 40%, and 50% of the current market price). Based on the WTP, a simulation analysis was conducted to project changes in SSB purchase and associated reductions in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and T2DM over a 10-year simulation period. When 5% and 10% taxation rates were introduced, approximately one-third of the population were unwilling to maintain their SSB purchase. Our simulation demonstrated a gradual decline in the prevalence of obesity/overweight and diabetes with a more pronounced decrease when higher taxation rates were introduced. 10% taxation resulted in a mean reduction of 1532.7 cases of overweight/obesity per 100 thousand population at the sixth year, while T2DM prevalence decreased by 267.1 (0.3%). This study underscores the effects of an SSB tax on purchase behaviors and health outcomes in an affluent Asia setting, with a more pronounced influence on adult population. These findings are expected to inform policymakers in making decisions regarding an effective and equitable tax rate on SSBs. • Under 5% and 10% taxations, approximately one-third participants were unwilling to maintain their SSB purchase. • A steady decline in population body weight was observed in the first six years after the introduction of SSB taxes. • Introduction of the SSB tax has a greater influence on overweight/obesity prevalence among middle-aged adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of infectious disease transmission, high heterogeneity in individual infectiousness indicates that a few index cases can generate large numbers of secondary cases, a phenomenon commonly known as superspreading. The potential of disease superspreading can be characterized by describing the distribution of secondary cases (of each seed case) as a negative binomial (NB) distribution with the dispersion parameter, k. Based on the feature of NB distribution, there must be a proportion of individuals with individual reproduction number of almost 0, which appears restricted and unrealistic. To overcome this limitation, we generalized the compound structure of a Poisson rate and included an additional parameter, and divided the reproduction number into independent and additive fixed and variable components. Then, the secondary cases followed a Delaporte distribution. We demonstrated that the Delaporte distribution was important for understanding the characteristics of disease transmission, which generated new insights distinct from the NB model. By using real-world dataset, the Delaporte distribution provides improvements in describing the distributions of COVID-19 and SARS cases compared to the NB distribution. The model selection yielded increasing statistical power with larger sample sizes as well as conservative type I error in detecting the improvement in fitting with the likelihood ratio (LR) test. Numerical simulation revealed that the control strategy-making process may benefit from monitoring the transmission characteristics under the Delaporte framework. Our findings highlighted that for the COVID-19 pandemic, population-wide interventions may control disease transmission on a general scale before recommending the high-risk-specific control strategies. Author summary: Superspreading is one of the key transmission features of many infectious diseases and is considered a consequence of the heterogeneity in infectiousness of individual cases. To characterize the superspreading potential, we divided individual infectiousness into two independent and additive components, including a fixed baseline and a variable part. Such decomposition produced an improvement in the fit of the model explaining the distribution of real-world datasets of COVID-19 and SARS that can be captured by the classic statistical tests. Disease control strategies may be developed by monitoring the characteristics of superspreading. For the COVID-19 pandemic, population-wide interventions are suggested first to limit the transmission at a scale of general population, and then high-risk-specific control strategies are recommended subsequently to lower the risk of superspreading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) ribonucleic acid (RNA) at higher levels than in plasma has been observed in HIV-1-positive patients and defined as CSF/plasma discordance or CSF escape. Discordance is particularly seen in untreated patients with antiretroviral agents. Quantitative data regarding its association with blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage and intracranial co-infection with other pathogens are limited. Therefore, we used the CSF to plasma HIV-1 RNA ratio (HRR) to determine its relation to central nervous system (CNS) co-infection in HIV-1-positive treatment-naïve individuals. We retrospectively recruited the subjects with HIV-1-positive and potential neurological deficits. A lumbar puncture was performed before the antiretroviral therapy. The paired CSF/plasma HIV-1 RNA samples were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models and multiple spine regression analyses were performed to assess the association between the HRR and CNS co-infection. A total of 195 patients with 78% males (median age: 49 years) were included in this study, of whom 98 (50.2%) had CNS co-infection with other pathogens. The receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value for the HRR to predict the CNS co-infection was 1.00. Higher HRR (≥1) was significantly associated with tuberculous meningitis (OR 6.50, 95% CI 2.08–20.25, p = 0.001), cryptococcus meningitis (OR 7.58, 95% CI 2.10–27.32, p = 0.001), and multiple co-infection (OR 4.04, 95% CI 1.02–16.04, p = 0.047). Higher HRR (≥1) (OR 3.01, 95% CI 1.09–8.73, p = 0.032) was independently associated with the CNS co-infection after adjusting for covariates. No significant nonlinear association was found between the HRR and CNS co-infection in the multivariate spline regression (p > 0.05) and a positive relationship was found between the HRR and CNS co-infection when the HRR was ≥0.78. Higher HRR was associated with an increased risk of CNS co-infection in HIV-1-positive patients. The relationship between the HRR and CNS co-infection may be related to the BBB disturbance and warrants further investigation with a large, longitudinal cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relay intercropping soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with cereal provides an approach to increase land productivity and improve N fixation. To explore the physiological mechanisms underlying the N fixation, leaf and nodule traits, biomass and N accumulations, nodule sucrose content, paraffin section and transmission electron microscope observations, and nodule antioxidant capacity were compared in sole and relay intercropped soybean with N levels. The growth of relay intercropped soybean was suppressed during the coexistence duration, and N addition promotes leaf growth and suppressed nodule development. After maize harvest, a boosted recovery of intercropped soybean than sole cropping notably enhanced sucrose by 20.4% allocated to the nodule. Sufficient sucrose partition delayed nodule senescence by increasing antioxidant capacity in intercropped soybeans contrast in the sole cropping. The delayed nodule senescence of intercropped soybean continuously provides ureides to the aboveground. The ureide-N in total N of intercropped soybean was 37.3% notably higher than sole cropping at the R5 stage. Finally, the adverse effects of shade on soybean growth and N fixation during the coexistence duration were compensated through the recovery growth, which benefits obtaining yield advantage of the intercropped soybean. • A boosting recovery growth increasing nodule sucrose partition in relay intercropping. • A higher sucrose partition to nodules delayed nodule senescence. • The delayed nodule senescence improves shoot ureides accumulation in relay intercropping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backgrounds: Relay intercropping maize yields are comparable to sole cropping maize yields, but mechanism explanations and studies based on plant morphology, source-sink relationships and leaf photosynthesis physiological perspectives are unclear.The experiments was conducted in a two-factor randomized block design, including two different maize varieties (A1: RongYu 1210 (RY1210), A2: ZhongWangYu 18(ZWY18)) and two plant pattern (B1: Relay intercropping (RI), B2: sole cropping (SC)).The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of A1B1 wide row (WR) was increased by 6.95% and 10.78% compared to A1B2, respectively. Chlb and Chl(a + b) of A1B1 WR were no significant difference from A1B2. Average dry matter accumulation in ear of A1B1 was significantly lower than that of A1B2 by 9.77%. When 13CO2 labeling the WR of ear leaves, the abundance of 13CO2 in the ear of A1B1 WR was significantly increased by 0.75% and 150% compared to A2B1 WR in the ear and ear leaves, respectively. Silking stage, the thickness of upper and lower epidermis and leaf thickness of A1B1 significantly increased by 10.70%, 5.82% and 1.77% compared to A2B1. The average yield of A1B1 was 8344.13 kg ha−1, which was no significant difference compared to A1B2.It was attributed mainly to increase the Pn of WR maize, which increased the 13CO2 abundance of WR ear leaves, leaf epidermal thickness and photosynthetic leaf area, and facilitated the transfer of photosynthetic assimilated products to the seeds, which guaranteed stable yields of A1B1.Methods: Relay intercropping maize yields are comparable to sole cropping maize yields, but mechanism explanations and studies based on plant morphology, source-sink relationships and leaf photosynthesis physiological perspectives are unclear.The experiments was conducted in a two-factor randomized block design, including two different maize varieties (A1: RongYu 1210 (RY1210), A2: ZhongWangYu 18(ZWY18)) and two plant pattern (B1: Relay intercropping (RI), B2: sole cropping (SC)).The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of A1B1 wide row (WR) was increased by 6.95% and 10.78% compared to A1B2, respectively. Chlb and Chl(a + b) of A1B1 WR were no significant difference from A1B2. Average dry matter accumulation in ear of A1B1 was significantly lower than that of A1B2 by 9.77%. When 13CO2 labeling the WR of ear leaves, the abundance of 13CO2 in the ear of A1B1 WR was significantly increased by 0.75% and 150% compared to A2B1 WR in the ear and ear leaves, respectively. Silking stage, the thickness of upper and lower epidermis and leaf thickness of A1B1 significantly increased by 10.70%, 5.82% and 1.77% compared to A2B1. The average yield of A1B1 was 8344.13 kg ha−1, which was no significant difference compared to A1B2.It was attributed mainly to increase the Pn of WR maize, which increased the 13CO2 abundance of WR ear leaves, leaf epidermal thickness and photosynthetic leaf area, and facilitated the transfer of photosynthetic assimilated products to the seeds, which guaranteed stable yields of A1B1.Results: Relay intercropping maize yields are comparable to sole cropping maize yields, but mechanism explanations and studies based on plant morphology, source-sink relationships and leaf photosynthesis physiological perspectives are unclear.The experiments was conducted in a two-factor randomized block design, including two different maize varieties (A1: RongYu 1210 (RY1210), A2: ZhongWangYu 18(ZWY18)) and two plant pattern (B1: Relay intercropping (RI), B2: sole cropping (SC)).The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of A1B1 wide row (WR) was increased by 6.95% and 10.78% compared to A1B2, respectively. Chlb and Chl(a + b) of A1B1 WR were no significant difference from A1B2. Average dry matter accumulation in ear of A1B1 was significantly lower than that of A1B2 by 9.77%. When 13CO2 labeling the WR of ear leaves, the abundance of 13CO2 in the ear of A1B1 WR was significantly increased by 0.75% and 150% compared to A2B1 WR in the ear and ear leaves, respectively. Silking stage, the thickness of upper and lower epidermis and leaf thickness of A1B1 significantly increased by 10.70%, 5.82% and 1.77% compared to A2B1. The average yield of A1B1 was 8344.13 kg ha−1, which was no significant difference compared to A1B2.It was attributed mainly to increase the Pn of WR maize, which increased the 13CO2 abundance of WR ear leaves, leaf epidermal thickness and photosynthetic leaf area, and facilitated the transfer of photosynthetic assimilated products to the seeds, which guaranteed stable yields of A1B1.Conclusions: Relay intercropping maize yields are comparable to sole cropping maize yields, but mechanism explanations and studies based on plant morphology, source-sink relationships and leaf photosynthesis physiological perspectives are unclear.The experiments was conducted in a two-factor randomized block design, including two different maize varieties (A1: RongYu 1210 (RY1210), A2: ZhongWangYu 18(ZWY18)) and two plant pattern (B1: Relay intercropping (RI), B2: sole cropping (SC)).The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of A1B1 wide row (WR) was increased by 6.95% and 10.78% compared to A1B2, respectively. Chlb and Chl(a + b) of A1B1 WR were no significant difference from A1B2. Average dry matter accumulation in ear of A1B1 was significantly lower than that of A1B2 by 9.77%. When 13CO2 labeling the WR of ear leaves, the abundance of 13CO2 in the ear of A1B1 WR was significantly increased by 0.75% and 150% compared to A2B1 WR in the ear and ear leaves, respectively. Silking stage, the thickness of upper and lower epidermis and leaf thickness of A1B1 significantly increased by 10.70%, 5.82% and 1.77% compared to A2B1. The average yield of A1B1 was 8344.13 kg ha−1, which was no significant difference compared to A1B2.It was attributed mainly to increase the Pn of WR maize, which increased the 13CO2 abundance of WR ear leaves, leaf epidermal thickness and photosynthetic leaf area, and facilitated the transfer of photosynthetic assimilated products to the seeds, which guaranteed stable yields of A1B1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Social rank has a profound influence on the behavior and health of humans and animals. Methods: To explore the effect of a combination of living Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Streptococcus (CLB) on anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors and social rank, mice were subjected to a social dominance tube test (SDTT). The behaviors, rank, gut microbiota, and expression of inflammatory cytokines and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were measured. Results: The results indicated that CLB improved the SDTT ranking score of the losers and alleviated anxiety‐like behaviors of the winners. CLB decreased the level of Desulfovibrio and augmented the level of Mollicutes in the feces, increased BDNF content, and reduced the level of tumor necrosis factor‐α in the hippocampus. Conclusion: These findings indicated that CLB may be used for the treatment of anxiety and improvement of the rank score via regulation of gut microbiota and anti‐inflammatory effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mildew severely reduces soybean yield and quality, and pods are the first line of defence against pathogens. Maize‐soybean intercropping (MSI) reduces mildew incidence on soybean pods; however, the mechanism remains unclear. Changing light (CL) from maize shading is the most important environmental feature in MSI. We hypothesized that CL affects isoflavone accumulation in soybean pods, affecting their disease resistance. In the present study, shading treatments were applied to soybean plants during different developmental stages according to various CL environments under MSI. Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFI) and classical evaluation methods confirmed that CL, especially vegetative stage shading (VS), enhanced pod resistance to mildew. Further metabolomic analyses and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and biosynthesis inhibitor experiments revealed the important relationship between JA and isoflavone biosynthesis, which had a synergistic effect on the enhanced resistance of CL‐treated pods to mildew. VS promoted the biosynthesis and accumulation of constitutive isoflavones upstream of the isoflavone pathway, such as aglycones and glycosides, in soybean pods. When mildew infects pods, endogenous JA signalling stimulated the biosynthesis of downstream inducible malonyl isoflavone (MIF) and glyceollin to improve pod resistance. Changing light from maize shading is the most important environmental feature in maize‐soybean intercropping, which reduces mildew incidence on soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) pods.Weak to bright light conditions promotes constitutive isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean pods, and provides sufficient precursors for downstream inducible malonylated isoflavones and glyceolin to improve pod resistance.JA signalling and isoflavone have a synergistic effect on the enhanced resistance of changing light treated pods to mildew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suo-Quan-Wan (SQW), a traditional Chinese prescription, has been used for hundreds of years to alleviate overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms such as frequent and nocturnal urination. However, limited modern research on OAB therapeutic targets has hindered the use and development of SQW. This study aimed to investigate the biological mechanisms and key targets of SQW on OAB in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) using an integrated analysis of network pharmacology, transcriptome and metabolome. Rats were divided into five groups: model group (SHR), control group (WKY), darifenacin group, high dose (SQWH) and low dose (SQWL) group. Urodynamic parameters and histological examination were detected. Network pharmacology, transcriptome, and metabolome were used to screen for disease gene targets, differential mRNA, and differential metabolites, respectively. The biological targets and mechanisms of SQW for OAB were analyzed. Western blotting was performed to verify the proteins of key differential targets. Urodynamics revealed a significant decrease in storage parameters in SHR. After SQW treatment, the inter-contraction interval, voided volume and bladder capacity increased by 2–3 times, as well as bladder compliance. Additionally, SQW improved the pathological changes in the urinary tract epithelium and the detrusor layer of the bladder in SHR. Metabolomic results showed an increase in arachidonic acid (AA) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in plasma, suggesting the involvement of arachidonic acid metabolism and purine metabolism in SQW treatment. The downregulation of cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), thromboxane-A synthase (TBXAS1), polyunsaturated fatty acid 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5), and cAMP-specific 3′,5′-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) were confirmed through topological analysis and Venn analysis of omics data and network pharmacology. These proteins affected the metabolism of AA and cAMP, respectively, and consequently affected downstream proteins, such as transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channel proteins (e.g. TRPV1, TRPA1, and TRPM8), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and the phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (p-MLC). This study initially elucidated the importance of AA and cAMP in the treatment of SQW, indicating the AA-CYP1B1/TBXAS1/ALOX5-TRPA1/TRPV1/TRPM8 and cAMP-PDE4B-MLCK-p-MLC pathways as the important pathways in SQW-treated SHR bladder in vivo. [Display omitted] • SQW improved severe OAB symptoms in SHR rats, along with significant bladder structure changes. • Multi-omics analysis elucidated the major pathways associated with SQW's therapeutic effect. • Anti-OAB of SQW were through cAMP and Arachidonic acids metabolism pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]