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The task of human pose estimation is to locate and detect the key points of human body in images or videos.It has always been one of the hot research directions in the field of computer vision,and it is also a key step for computers to understand human actions.In recent years,it has wide application for predicting the poses of two-dimensional human body key points in images and videos.Using the powerful image feature extraction capabilities of deep learning,two-dimensional human pose estimation has been improved in robustness,accuracy,and processing time,and the performance effect is far beyond traditional methods.According to the different number of objects in the two-dimensional human body pose,it can be divided into single-person and multi-person pose estimation methods.For single-person pose estimation,according to the different representations of the extracted key points,coordinate regression methods based on the direct prediction of human coordinate points and heat map detection methods based on predicting the Gaussian distribution of human key points can be used.In multi-person pose estimation,it is divided into the top-down method which solves the process from multiple people to a single person,and a bottom-up method that directly deals with the key points of multiple people.Based on the existing estimation methods of human body posture,this paper analyzes the internal mechanism of the network structure,analyzes the commonly used datasets and evaluation indicators,and elaborates the current problems and future development trends.

We conducted this meta-analysis of relevant case-control studies to investigate the relationships between genetic polymorphisms in VDR, ESR1 and ESR2 genes to the susceptibility of Parkinson's disease (PD). A search on electronic databases without any language restrictions was conducted: MEDLINE (1966-2013), the Cochrane Library Database (Issue 12, 2013), EMBASE (1980-2013), CINAHL (1982-2013), Web of Science (1945-2013) and the Chinese Biomedical Database (1982-2013). Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA statistical software. Crude odds ratio (OR) with their 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was calculated. Fourteen case-control studies with a total of 3,689 PD patients and 4,627 healthy subjects were included in our meta-analysis. The results of our meta-analysis demonstrated that the VDR genetic polymorphisms might be closely related to increased risks of PD (allele model: OR = 1.18, 95 % CI 1.09-1.29, P < 0.001; dominant model: OR = 1.37, 95 % CI 1.16-1.63, P < 0.001; respectively), especially for the polymorphisms rs7976091 and rs10735810. Our findings also illustrated that ESR1 genetic polymorphisms might increase the risk of PD (allele model: OR = 1.56, 95 % CI 1.17-2.07, P = 0.002; recessive model: OR = 1.93, 95 % CI 1.33-2.80, P < 0.001; homozygous model: OR = 1.35, 95 % CI 1.02-1.79, P = 0.038; heterozygous model: OR = 2.04, 95 % CI 1.36-3.07, P = 0.001; respectively), especially for the polymorphisms rs2234693 and rs9340799. Furthermore, we found significant correlations of ESR2 genetic polymorphisms with the risk of PD (allele model: OR = 1.78, 95 % CI 1.19-2.67, P = 0.005; recessive model: OR = 1.93, 95 % CI 1.15-3.27, P = 0.014; homozygous model: OR = 1.77, 95 % CI 1.09-2.89, P = 0.022; heterozygous model: OR = 1.88, 95 % CI 1.08-3.27, P = 0.025; respectively), especially for the rs1256049 polymorphism. Our meta-analysis suggests that genetic polymorphisms in VDR, ESR1 and ESR2 genes may contribute to increased risks for PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Emodin is known to be used in the treatment of cholesterol stones and cholecystitis. This study sought to investigate the effects of emodin on the contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle (GBSM), intracellular Ca2+ concentration and L-type calcium current in GBSM cells. Gallbladder muscle strips were obtained from adult guinea pigs and the resting tension was recorded. Gallbladder smooth muscle cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion. Cells were loaded with fluo-3/AM and [Ca2+]i was determined by a laser confocal microscope. Calcium current was recorded by the whole-cell patch clamp method. Emodin increased the resting tension of GBSM strips in a dose-dependent manner. Emodin elevated [Ca2+]i in GBSM cells, and this effect was attenuated by pretreatment with nifedipine. In addition, Emodin increased L-type calcium current at concentrations of 1 to 30 µM (at +10 mV, 10 µM, 45.1±5.2% compared to control, EC50 =3.11 µM). In the presence of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, Staurosporine, emodin did not significantly affect the calcium current. However, phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate mimicked emodin in enhancement of the calcium current. These results suggest that emodin promotes gallbladder contraction by increasing Ca2+ influx through L-type calcium channel via PKC pathway. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]