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1. Lessons learned after three years of SPIDER operation and the first MITICA integrated tests

Author

Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., Panin F., Marcuzzi, D, Toigo, V, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Dal Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Pavei, M, Serianni, G, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candela, V, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Dalla Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, De Nardi, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, La Rosa, A, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Mario, I, Martini, G, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzetto, D, Rizzolo, A, Santoro, F, Sartori, E, Segalini, B, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Valisa, M, Veronese, F, Vignando, M, Zaccaria, P, Zagorski, R, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Decamps, H, Geli, F, Sharma, A, Veltri, P, Zacks, J, Simon, M, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Gutierrez, D, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Labate, C, Readman, P, Bragulat, E, Bailly-Maitre, L, Gomez, G, Kouzmenko, G, Albajar, F, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Kojima, A, Murayama, M, Hatakeyama, S, Oshita, E, Maejima, T, Shibata, N, Yamashita, Y, Watanabe, K, Singh, N, Singh, M, Dhola, H, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, Longo, S, Deambrosis, S, Miorin, E, Montagner, F, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Marcuzzi D., Toigo V., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Dal Bello S., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Pavei M., Serianni G., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candela V., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Dalla Palma M., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., De Nardi M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., La Rosa A., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Mario I., Martini G., Milazzo R., Patton T., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzetto D., Rizzolo A., Santoro F., Sartori E., Segalini B., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Valisa M., Veronese F., Vignando M., Zaccaria P., Zagorski R., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Decamps H., Geli F., Sharma A., Veltri P., Zacks J., Simon M., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Gutierrez D., Masiello A., Mico G., Labate C., Readman P., Bragulat E., Bailly-Maitre L., Gomez G., Kouzmenko G., Albajar F., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Kojima A., Murayama M., Hatakeyama S., Oshita E., Maejima T., Shibata N., Yamashita Y., Watanabe K., Singh N. P., Singh M. J., Dhola H., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., Longo S., Deambrosis S., Miorin E., Montagner F., Tonti A., and Panin F.

Abstract

ITER envisages the use of two heating neutral beam injectors plus an optional one as part of the auxiliary heating and current drive system, to reach the desired performances during its various phases of operation. The 16.5 MW expected neutral beam power per injector is several notches higher than worldwide existing facilities. In order to enable such development, a Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF) was established at Consorzio RFX, exploiting the synergy of two test beds, called SPIDER and MITICA. SPIDER is dedicated developing and characterizing large efficient negative ion sources at relevant parameters in ITER-like conditions: source and accelerator located in the same vacuum where the beam propagates, immunity to electromagnetic interferences of multiple radio-frequency (RF) antennas, avoidance of RF-induced discharges on the outside of the source. Three years of experiments on SPIDER have addressed to the necessary design modifications to enable full performances. The source is presently under a long shut-down phase to incorporate learnings from the experimental campaign, in particular events/issues occurred during operation, which led to the identification of improvement opportunities/necessities (e.g. RF discharges, local burns, water leaks, other damages, configuration/design upgrades to maximize chances/margin to quest target parameters). Parallelly, developments on MITICA, the full-scale prototype of the ITER Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) featuring a 1 MV accelerator and ion neutralization, are underway including manufacturing of the beam source, accelerator and the beam line components, while power supplies and auxiliary plants, already installed, are under final testing and commissioning. Integration, commissioning and tests of the 1 MV power supplies are essential for this first-of-kind system, unparalleled both in research and industry field. 1.2 MV dc insulating tests of high voltage components were successfully completed. The integrated test to confir

Published
2023

2. Overview of the TCV tokamak experimental programme

Author

Reimerdes, H, Agostini, M, Alessi, E, Alberti, S, Andrebe, Y, Arnichand, H, Balbin, J, Bagnato, F, Baquero-Ruiz, M, Bernert, M, Bin, W, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Boedo, J, Brida, D, Brunner, S, Bogar, C, Bogar, O, Bolzonella, T, Bombarda, F, Bouquey, F, Bowman, C, Brunetti, D, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Calacci, L, Camenen, Y, Carli, S, Carnevale, D, Carpanese, F, Causa, F, Cavalier, J, Cavedon, M, Cazabonne, J, Cerovsky, J, Chandra, R, Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi, A, Chellai, O, Chmielewski, P, Choi, D, Ciraolo, G, Classen, I, Coda, S, Colandrea, C, Dal Molin, A, David, P, De Baar, M, Decker, J, Dekeyser, W, De Oliveira, H, Douai, D, Dreval, M, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Elmore, S, Embreus, O, Eriksson, F, Faitsch, M, Falchetto, G, Farnik, M, Fasoli, A, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Fevrier, O, Ficker, O, Fil, A, Fontana, M, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Furno, I, Gahle, D, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galperti, C, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giacomin, M, Giruzzi, G, Gobbin, M, Golfinopoulos, T, Goodman, T, Gorno, S, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Griener, M, Gruca, M, Gyergyek, T, Haelterman, R, Hakola, A, Han, W, Happel, T, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Henderson, S, Hogeweij, G, Hogge, J, Hoppe, M, Horacek, J, Huang, Z, Iantchenko, A, Innocente, P, Insulander Bjork, K, Ionita-Schrittweiser, C, Isliker, H, Jardin, A, Jaspers, R, Karimov, R, Karpushov, A, Kazakov, Y, Komm, M, Kong, M, Kovacic, J, Krutkin, O, Kudlacek, O, Kumar, U, Kwiatkowski, R, Labit, B, Laguardia, L, Lammers, J, Laribi, E, Laszynska, E, Lazaros, A, Linder, O, Linehan, B, Lipschultz, B, Llobet, X, Loizu, J, Lunt, T, Macusova, E, Marandet, Y, Maraschek, M, Marceca, G, Marchetto, C, Marchioni, S, Marmar, E, Martin, Y, Martinelli, L, Matos, F, Maurizio, R, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Menkovski, V, Merle, A, Merlo, G, Meyer, H, Mikszuta-Michalik, K, Molina Cabrera, P, Morales, J, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Muhammed, H, Myatra, O, Mykytchuk, D, Napoli, F, Nem, R, Nielsen, A, Nocente, M, Nowak, S, Offeddu, N, Olsen, J, Orsitto, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Pau, A, Perek, A, Pesamosca, F, Peysson, Y, Pigatto, L, Piron, C, Poradzinski, M, Porte, L, Putterich, T, Rabinski, M, Raj, H, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ravensbergen, T, Ricci, D, Ricci, P, Rispoli, N, Riva, F, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Salewski, M, Sauter, O, Schmidt, B, Schrittweiser, R, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Sieglin, B, Silva, M, Smolders, A, Snicker, A, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stagni, A, Stipani, L, Sun, G, Tala, T, Tamain, P, Tanaka, K, Tema Biwole, A, Terranova, D, Terry, J, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thornton, A, Thrysoe, A, Torreblanca, H, Tsui, C, Vaccaro, D, Vallar, M, Van Berkel, M, Van Eester, D, Van Kampen, R, Van Mulders, S, Verhaegh, K, Verhaeghe, T, Vianello, N, Villone, F, Viezzer, E, Vincent, B, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vu, N, Walkden, N, Wauters, T, Weisen, H, Wendler, N, Wensing, M, Widmer, F, Wiesen, S, Wischmeier, M, Wijkamp, T, Wunderlich, D, Wuthrich, C, Yanovskiy, V, Zebrowski, J, Reimerdes H., Agostini M., Alessi E., Alberti S., Andrebe Y., Arnichand H., Balbin J., Bagnato F., Baquero-Ruiz M., Bernert M., Bin W., Blanchard P., Blanken T. C., Boedo J. A., Brida D., Brunner S., Bogar C., Bogar O., Bolzonella T., Bombarda F., Bouquey F., Bowman C., Brunetti D., Buermans J., Bufferand H., Calacci L., Camenen Y., Carli S., Carnevale D., Carpanese F., Causa F., Cavalier J., Cavedon M., Cazabonne J. A., Cerovsky J., Chandra R., Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi A., Chellai O., Chmielewski P., Choi D., Ciraolo G., Classen I. G. J., Coda S., Colandrea C., Dal Molin A., David P., De Baar M. R., Decker J., Dekeyser W., De Oliveira H., Douai D., Dreval M., Dunne M. G., Duval B. P., Elmore S., Embreus O., Eriksson F., Faitsch M., Falchetto G., Farnik M., Fasoli A., Fedorczak N., Felici F., Fevrier O., Ficker O., Fil A., Fontana M., Fransson E., Frassinetti L., Furno I., Gahle D. S., Galassi D., Galazka K., Galperti C., Garavaglia S., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Giacomin M., Giruzzi G., Gobbin M., Golfinopoulos T., Goodman T., Gorno S., Granucci G., Graves J. P., Griener M., Gruca M., Gyergyek T., Haelterman R., Hakola A., Han W., Happel T., Harrer G., Harrison J. R., Henderson S., Hogeweij G. M. D., Hogge J. -P., Hoppe M., Horacek J., Huang Z., Iantchenko A., Innocente P., Insulander Bjork K., Ionita-Schrittweiser C., Isliker H., Jardin A., Jaspers R. J. E., Karimov R., Karpushov A. N., Kazakov Y., Komm M., Kong M., Kovacic J., Krutkin O., Kudlacek O., Kumar U., Kwiatkowski R., Labit B., Laguardia L., Lammers J. T., Laribi E., Laszynska E., Lazaros A., Linder O., Linehan B., Lipschultz B., Llobet X., Loizu J., Lunt T., Macusova E., Marandet Y., Maraschek M., Marceca G., Marchetto C., Marchioni S., Marmar E. S., Martin Y., Martinelli L., Matos F., Maurizio R., Mayoral M. -L., Mazon D., Menkovski V., Merle A., Merlo G., Meyer H., Mikszuta-Michalik K., Molina Cabrera P. A., Morales J., Moret J. -M., Moro A., Moulton D., Muhammed H., Myatra O., Mykytchuk D., Napoli F., Nem R. D., Nielsen A. H., Nocente M., Nowak S., Offeddu N., Olsen J., Orsitto F. P., Pan O., Papp G., Pau A., Perek A., Pesamosca F., Peysson Y., Pigatto L., Piron C., Poradzinski M., Porte L., Putterich T., Rabinski M., Raj H., Rasmussen J. J., Ratta G. A., Ravensbergen T., Ricci D., Ricci P., Rispoli N., Riva F., Rivero-Rodriguez J. F., Salewski M., Sauter O., Schmidt B. S., Schrittweiser R., Sharapov S., Sheikh U. A., Sieglin B., Silva M., Smolders A., Snicker A., Sozzi C., Spolaore M., Stagni A., Stipani L., Sun G., Tala T., Tamain P., Tanaka K., Tema Biwole A., Terranova D., Terry J. L., Testa D., Theiler C., Thornton A., Thrysoe A., Torreblanca H., Tsui C. K., Vaccaro D., Vallar M., Van Berkel M., Van Eester D., Van Kampen R. J. R., Van Mulders S., Verhaegh K., Verhaeghe T., Vianello N., Villone F., Viezzer E., Vincent B., Voitsekhovitch I., Vu N. M. T., Walkden N., Wauters T., Weisen H., Wendler N., Wensing M., Widmer F., Wiesen S., Wischmeier M., Wijkamp T. A., Wunderlich D., Wuthrich C., Yanovskiy V., Zebrowski J., Reimerdes, H, Agostini, M, Alessi, E, Alberti, S, Andrebe, Y, Arnichand, H, Balbin, J, Bagnato, F, Baquero-Ruiz, M, Bernert, M, Bin, W, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Boedo, J, Brida, D, Brunner, S, Bogar, C, Bogar, O, Bolzonella, T, Bombarda, F, Bouquey, F, Bowman, C, Brunetti, D, Buermans, J, Bufferand, H, Calacci, L, Camenen, Y, Carli, S, Carnevale, D, Carpanese, F, Causa, F, Cavalier, J, Cavedon, M, Cazabonne, J, Cerovsky, J, Chandra, R, Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi, A, Chellai, O, Chmielewski, P, Choi, D, Ciraolo, G, Classen, I, Coda, S, Colandrea, C, Dal Molin, A, David, P, De Baar, M, Decker, J, Dekeyser, W, De Oliveira, H, Douai, D, Dreval, M, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Elmore, S, Embreus, O, Eriksson, F, Faitsch, M, Falchetto, G, Farnik, M, Fasoli, A, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Fevrier, O, Ficker, O, Fil, A, Fontana, M, Fransson, E, Frassinetti, L, Furno, I, Gahle, D, Galassi, D, Galazka, K, Galperti, C, Garavaglia, S, Garcia-Munoz, M, Geiger, B, Giacomin, M, Giruzzi, G, Gobbin, M, Golfinopoulos, T, Goodman, T, Gorno, S, Granucci, G, Graves, J, Griener, M, Gruca, M, Gyergyek, T, Haelterman, R, Hakola, A, Han, W, Happel, T, Harrer, G, Harrison, J, Henderson, S, Hogeweij, G, Hogge, J, Hoppe, M, Horacek, J, Huang, Z, Iantchenko, A, Innocente, P, Insulander Bjork, K, Ionita-Schrittweiser, C, Isliker, H, Jardin, A, Jaspers, R, Karimov, R, Karpushov, A, Kazakov, Y, Komm, M, Kong, M, Kovacic, J, Krutkin, O, Kudlacek, O, Kumar, U, Kwiatkowski, R, Labit, B, Laguardia, L, Lammers, J, Laribi, E, Laszynska, E, Lazaros, A, Linder, O, Linehan, B, Lipschultz, B, Llobet, X, Loizu, J, Lunt, T, Macusova, E, Marandet, Y, Maraschek, M, Marceca, G, Marchetto, C, Marchioni, S, Marmar, E, Martin, Y, Martinelli, L, Matos, F, Maurizio, R, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Menkovski, V, Merle, A, Merlo, G, Meyer, H, Mikszuta-Michalik, K, Molina Cabrera, P, Morales, J, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Muhammed, H, Myatra, O, Mykytchuk, D, Napoli, F, Nem, R, Nielsen, A, Nocente, M, Nowak, S, Offeddu, N, Olsen, J, Orsitto, F, Pan, O, Papp, G, Pau, A, Perek, A, Pesamosca, F, Peysson, Y, Pigatto, L, Piron, C, Poradzinski, M, Porte, L, Putterich, T, Rabinski, M, Raj, H, Rasmussen, J, Ratta, G, Ravensbergen, T, Ricci, D, Ricci, P, Rispoli, N, Riva, F, Rivero-Rodriguez, J, Salewski, M, Sauter, O, Schmidt, B, Schrittweiser, R, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Sieglin, B, Silva, M, Smolders, A, Snicker, A, Sozzi, C, Spolaore, M, Stagni, A, Stipani, L, Sun, G, Tala, T, Tamain, P, Tanaka, K, Tema Biwole, A, Terranova, D, Terry, J, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thornton, A, Thrysoe, A, Torreblanca, H, Tsui, C, Vaccaro, D, Vallar, M, Van Berkel, M, Van Eester, D, Van Kampen, R, Van Mulders, S, Verhaegh, K, Verhaeghe, T, Vianello, N, Villone, F, Viezzer, E, Vincent, B, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vu, N, Walkden, N, Wauters, T, Weisen, H, Wendler, N, Wensing, M, Widmer, F, Wiesen, S, Wischmeier, M, Wijkamp, T, Wunderlich, D, Wuthrich, C, Yanovskiy, V, Zebrowski, J, Reimerdes H., Agostini M., Alessi E., Alberti S., Andrebe Y., Arnichand H., Balbin J., Bagnato F., Baquero-Ruiz M., Bernert M., Bin W., Blanchard P., Blanken T. C., Boedo J. A., Brida D., Brunner S., Bogar C., Bogar O., Bolzonella T., Bombarda F., Bouquey F., Bowman C., Brunetti D., Buermans J., Bufferand H., Calacci L., Camenen Y., Carli S., Carnevale D., Carpanese F., Causa F., Cavalier J., Cavedon M., Cazabonne J. A., Cerovsky J., Chandra R., Chandrarajan Jayalekshmi A., Chellai O., Chmielewski P., Choi D., Ciraolo G., Classen I. G. J., Coda S., Colandrea C., Dal Molin A., David P., De Baar M. R., Decker J., Dekeyser W., De Oliveira H., Douai D., Dreval M., Dunne M. G., Duval B. P., Elmore S., Embreus O., Eriksson F., Faitsch M., Falchetto G., Farnik M., Fasoli A., Fedorczak N., Felici F., Fevrier O., Ficker O., Fil A., Fontana M., Fransson E., Frassinetti L., Furno I., Gahle D. S., Galassi D., Galazka K., Galperti C., Garavaglia S., Garcia-Munoz M., Geiger B., Giacomin M., Giruzzi G., Gobbin M., Golfinopoulos T., Goodman T., Gorno S., Granucci G., Graves J. P., Griener M., Gruca M., Gyergyek T., Haelterman R., Hakola A., Han W., Happel T., Harrer G., Harrison J. R., Henderson S., Hogeweij G. M. D., Hogge J. -P., Hoppe M., Horacek J., Huang Z., Iantchenko A., Innocente P., Insulander Bjork K., Ionita-Schrittweiser C., Isliker H., Jardin A., Jaspers R. J. E., Karimov R., Karpushov A. N., Kazakov Y., Komm M., Kong M., Kovacic J., Krutkin O., Kudlacek O., Kumar U., Kwiatkowski R., Labit B., Laguardia L., Lammers J. T., Laribi E., Laszynska E., Lazaros A., Linder O., Linehan B., Lipschultz B., Llobet X., Loizu J., Lunt T., Macusova E., Marandet Y., Maraschek M., Marceca G., Marchetto C., Marchioni S., Marmar E. S., Martin Y., Martinelli L., Matos F., Maurizio R., Mayoral M. -L., Mazon D., Menkovski V., Merle A., Merlo G., Meyer H., Mikszuta-Michalik K., Molina Cabrera P. A., Morales J., Moret J. -M., Moro A., Moulton D., Muhammed H., Myatra O., Mykytchuk D., Napoli F., Nem R. D., Nielsen A. H., Nocente M., Nowak S., Offeddu N., Olsen J., Orsitto F. P., Pan O., Papp G., Pau A., Perek A., Pesamosca F., Peysson Y., Pigatto L., Piron C., Poradzinski M., Porte L., Putterich T., Rabinski M., Raj H., Rasmussen J. J., Ratta G. A., Ravensbergen T., Ricci D., Ricci P., Rispoli N., Riva F., Rivero-Rodriguez J. F., Salewski M., Sauter O., Schmidt B. S., Schrittweiser R., Sharapov S., Sheikh U. A., Sieglin B., Silva M., Smolders A., Snicker A., Sozzi C., Spolaore M., Stagni A., Stipani L., Sun G., Tala T., Tamain P., Tanaka K., Tema Biwole A., Terranova D., Terry J. L., Testa D., Theiler C., Thornton A., Thrysoe A., Torreblanca H., Tsui C. K., Vaccaro D., Vallar M., Van Berkel M., Van Eester D., Van Kampen R. J. R., Van Mulders S., Verhaegh K., Verhaeghe T., Vianello N., Villone F., Viezzer E., Vincent B., Voitsekhovitch I., Vu N. M. T., Walkden N., Wauters T., Weisen H., Wendler N., Wensing M., Widmer F., Wiesen S., Wischmeier M., Wijkamp T. A., Wunderlich D., Wuthrich C., Yanovskiy V., and Zebrowski J.

Abstract

The tokamak à configuration variable (TCV) continues to leverage its unique shaping capabilities, flexible heating systems and modern control system to address critical issues in preparation for ITER and a fusion power plant. For the 2019-20 campaign its configurational flexibility has been enhanced with the installation of removable divertor gas baffles, its diagnostic capabilities with an extensive set of upgrades and its heating systems with new dual frequency gyrotrons. The gas baffles reduce coupling between the divertor and the main chamber and allow for detailed investigations on the role of fuelling in general and, together with upgraded boundary diagnostics, test divertor and edge models in particular. The increased heating capabilities broaden the operational regime to include Te/Ti ∼1 and have stimulated refocussing studies from L-mode to H-mode across a range of research topics. ITER baseline parameters were reached in type-I ELMy H-modes and alternative regimes with 'small' (or no) ELMs explored. Most prominently, negative triangularity was investigated in detail and confirmed as an attractive scenario with H-mode level core confinement but an L-mode edge. Emphasis was also placed on control, where an increased number of observers, actuators and control solutions became available and are now integrated into a generic control framework as will be needed in future devices. The quantity and quality of results of the 2019-20 TCV campaign are a testament to its successful integration within the European research effort alongside a vibrant domestic programme and international collaborations.

Published
2022

3. On the road to ITER NBIs: SPIDER improvement after first operation and MITICA construction progress

Author

Toigo, V, Marcuzzi, D, Serianni, G, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparini, F, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, Krastev, P, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Martines, E, Martini, G, Martini, S, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Sartori, E, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Terranova, D, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Vignando, M, Zagorski, R, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Veltri, P, Decamps, H, Dremel, M, Graceffa, J, Geli, F, Urbani, M, Zacks, J, Bonicelli, T, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Agarici, G, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Kouzmenko, G, Labate, C, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Rousseau, A, Simon, M, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Oshita, E, Yamashita, Y, Konno, S, Singh, M, Chakraborty, A, Patel, H, Singh, N, Fantz, U, Bonomo, F, Cristofaro, S, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Fubiani, G, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, D'Arienzo, M, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Toigo V., Marcuzzi D., Serianni G., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Bello S. D., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Zaccaria P., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Antoni V., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparini F., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., Krastev P., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Martines E., Martini G., Martini S., Milazzo R., Patton T., Pavei M., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzolo A., Sartori E., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Terranova D., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Vignando M., Zagorski R., Zamengo A., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Veltri P., Decamps H., Dremel M., Graceffa J., Geli F., Urbani M., Zacks J., Bonicelli T., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Agarici G., Gomez G., Gutierrez D., Kouzmenko G., Labate C., Masiello A., Mico G., Moreno J. -F., Pilard V., Rousseau A., Simon M., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Watanabe K., Maejima T., Kojima A., Oshita E., Yamashita Y., Konno S., Singh M., Chakraborty A., Patel H., Singh N. P., Fantz U., Bonomo F., Cristofaro S., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Fubiani G., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., McCormack O., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., D'Arienzo M., Tonti A., Panin F., Toigo, V, Marcuzzi, D, Serianni, G, Boldrin, M, Chitarin, G, Bello, S, Grando, L, Luchetta, A, Pasqualotto, R, Zaccaria, P, Zanotto, L, Agnello, R, Agostinetti, P, Agostini, M, Antoni, V, Aprile, D, Barbisan, M, Battistella, M, Berton, G, Bigi, M, Brombin, M, Candeloro, V, Canton, A, Casagrande, R, Cavallini, C, Cavazzana, R, Cordaro, L, Cruz, N, Palma, M, Dan, M, De Lorenzi, A, Delogu, R, De Muri, M, Denizeau, S, Fadone, M, Fellin, F, Ferro, A, Gaio, E, Gasparini, F, Gasparrini, C, Gnesotto, F, Jain, P, Krastev, P, Lopez-Bruna, D, Lorenzini, R, Maistrello, A, Manduchi, G, Manfrin, S, Marconato, N, Martines, E, Martini, G, Martini, S, Milazzo, R, Patton, T, Pavei, M, Peruzzo, S, Pilan, N, Pimazzoni, A, Poggi, C, Pomaro, N, Pouradier-Duteil, B, Recchia, M, Rigoni-Garola, A, Rizzolo, A, Sartori, E, Shepherd, A, Siragusa, M, Sonato, P, Sottocornola, A, Spada, E, Spagnolo, S, Spolaore, M, Taliercio, C, Terranova, D, Tinti, P, Tomsic, P, Trevisan, L, Ugoletti, M, Valente, M, Vignando, M, Zagorski, R, Zamengo, A, Zaniol, B, Zaupa, M, Zuin, M, Cavenago, M, Boilson, D, Rotti, C, Veltri, P, Decamps, H, Dremel, M, Graceffa, J, Geli, F, Urbani, M, Zacks, J, Bonicelli, T, Paolucci, F, Garbuglia, A, Agarici, G, Gomez, G, Gutierrez, D, Kouzmenko, G, Labate, C, Masiello, A, Mico, G, Moreno, J, Pilard, V, Rousseau, A, Simon, M, Kashiwagi, M, Tobari, H, Watanabe, K, Maejima, T, Kojima, A, Oshita, E, Yamashita, Y, Konno, S, Singh, M, Chakraborty, A, Patel, H, Singh, N, Fantz, U, Bonomo, F, Cristofaro, S, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Wimmer, C, Wunderlich, D, Fubiani, G, Tsumori, K, Croci, G, Gorini, G, Mccormack, O, Muraro, A, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Giacomelli, L, Rigamonti, D, Taccogna, F, Bruno, D, Rutigliano, M, D'Arienzo, M, Tonti, A, Panin, F, Toigo V., Marcuzzi D., Serianni G., Boldrin M., Chitarin G., Bello S. D., Grando L., Luchetta A., Pasqualotto R., Zaccaria P., Zanotto L., Agnello R., Agostinetti P., Agostini M., Antoni V., Aprile D., Barbisan M., Battistella M., Berton G., Bigi M., Brombin M., Candeloro V., Canton A., Casagrande R., Cavallini C., Cavazzana R., Cordaro L., Cruz N., Palma M. D., Dan M., De Lorenzi A., Delogu R., De Muri M., Denizeau S., Fadone M., Fellin F., Ferro A., Gaio E., Gasparini F., Gasparrini C., Gnesotto F., Jain P., Krastev P., Lopez-Bruna D., Lorenzini R., Maistrello A., Manduchi G., Manfrin S., Marconato N., Martines E., Martini G., Martini S., Milazzo R., Patton T., Pavei M., Peruzzo S., Pilan N., Pimazzoni A., Poggi C., Pomaro N., Pouradier-Duteil B., Recchia M., Rigoni-Garola A., Rizzolo A., Sartori E., Shepherd A., Siragusa M., Sonato P., Sottocornola A., Spada E., Spagnolo S., Spolaore M., Taliercio C., Terranova D., Tinti P., Tomsic P., Trevisan L., Ugoletti M., Valente M., Vignando M., Zagorski R., Zamengo A., Zaniol B., Zaupa M., Zuin M., Cavenago M., Boilson D., Rotti C., Veltri P., Decamps H., Dremel M., Graceffa J., Geli F., Urbani M., Zacks J., Bonicelli T., Paolucci F., Garbuglia A., Agarici G., Gomez G., Gutierrez D., Kouzmenko G., Labate C., Masiello A., Mico G., Moreno J. -F., Pilard V., Rousseau A., Simon M., Kashiwagi M., Tobari H., Watanabe K., Maejima T., Kojima A., Oshita E., Yamashita Y., Konno S., Singh M., Chakraborty A., Patel H., Singh N. P., Fantz U., Bonomo F., Cristofaro S., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Wimmer C., Wunderlich D., Fubiani G., Tsumori K., Croci G., Gorini G., McCormack O., Muraro A., Rebai M., Tardocchi M., Giacomelli L., Rigamonti D., Taccogna F., Bruno D., Rutigliano M., D'Arienzo M., Tonti A., and Panin F.

Abstract

To reach fusion conditions and control the plasma configuration in ITER, the next step in tokamak fusion research, two neutral beam injectors (NBIs) will supply 16.5 MW each, by neutralizing accelerated negative hydrogen or deuterium ions. The requirements of ITER NBIs (40A/1 MeV D- ions for ≤1 h, 46A/870 keV H- ions for ≤1000 s) have never been simultaneously attained. So in the Neutral Beam Test Facility (NBTF, Consorzio RFX, Italy) the operation of the full-scale ITER NBI prototype (MITICA) will be tested and optimised up to full performances, focussing on accelerator (including voltage holding), beam optics, neutralisation, residual ion removal. The NBTF includes also the full-scale prototype of the ITER NBI source with 100 keV particle energy (SPIDER), for early investigation of: negative ion production and extraction, source uniformity, negative ion current density and beam optics. This paper will describe the main results of the first two years of SPIDER operation, devoted to characterizing plasma and beam parameters, including investigation of RF-plasma coupling efficiency and magnetic filter field effectiveness in reducing co-extracted electrons. SPIDER is progressing towards the first caesium injection, which aims at increasing the negative ion density. A major shutdown, planned for 2021, to solve the issues identified during the operation and to carry out programmed modifications, will be outlined. The installation of each MITICA power supply and auxiliary system is completed; in-vessel mechanical components are under procurement by Fusion for Energy (F4E). Integration, commissioning and test of the power supplies, procured by F4E and QST, as the Japanese Domestic Agency (JADA), will be presented. In particular, 1.0MV insulating tests were carried out step-by-step and successfully completed. In 2020 integrated tests of the power supplies on the accelerator dummy load started, including the assessment of their resilience to accelerator grid breakdowns usin

Published
2021

5. Beam Formation Studies on the CERN IS03b H Source

Author

Lettry, J, primary, Vnuchenko, A, additional, Bertolo, S, additional, Mastrostefano, C, additional, O’Neil, M, additional, di Lorenzo, F, additional, Coutron, Y, additional, Steyeart, D, additional, Riffaud, B, additional, Thiboud, J, additional, Guida, R, additional, Kapusniak, K, additional, Charvet, C, additional, Teissandier, B, additional, Moyret, P, additional, Roncarolo, F, additional, Bart Pedersen, S, additional, Duraffourg, M, additional, Vuitton, C, additional, Fantz, U, additional, Mochalskyy, S, additional, Wunderlich, D, additional, Lindqvist, M, additional, den Harder, N, additional, Mimo, A, additional, Briefi, S, additional, Hurlbatt, A, additional, Kalvas, T, additional, Minea, T, additional, and Revel, A, additional

Published
2022
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6. Overview of the TCV tokamak experimental programme

Author

Reimerdes, H. Agostini, M. Alessi, E. Alberti, S. and Andrebe, Y. Arnichand, H. Balbin, J. Bagnato, F. and Baquero-Ruiz, M. Bernert, M. Bin, W. Blanchard, P. and Blanken, T. C. Boedo, J. A. Brida, D. Brunner, S. Bogar, C. Bogar, O. Bolzonella, T. Bombarda, F. Bouquey, F. and Bowman, C. Brunetti, D. Buermans, J. Bufferand, H. and Calacci, L. Camenen, Y. Carli, S. Carnevale, D. and Carpanese, F. Causa, F. Cavalier, J. Cavedon, M. and Cazabonne, J. A. Cerovsky, J. Chandra, R. Jayalekshmi, A. Chandrarajan Chellai, O. Chmielewski, P. Choi, D. and Ciraolo, G. Classen, I. G. J. Coda, S. Colandrea, C. Dal Molin, A. David, P. de Baar, M. R. Decker, J. Dekeyser, W. de Oliveira, H. Douai, D. Dreval, M. Dunne, M. G. and Duval, B. P. Elmore, S. Embreus, O. Eriksson, F. and Faitsch, M. Falchetto, G. Farnik, M. Fasoli, A. and Fedorczak, N. Felici, F. Fevrier, O. Ficker, O. Fil, A. and Fontana, M. Fransson, E. Frassinetti, L. Furno, I and Gahle, D. S. Galassi, D. Galazka, K. Galperti, C. and Garavaglia, S. Garcia-Munoz, M. Geiger, B. Giacomin, M. and Giruzzi, G. Gobbin, M. Golfinopoulos, T. Goodman, T. and Gorno, S. Granucci, G. Graves, J. P. Griener, M. Gruca, M. Gyergyek, T. Haelterman, R. Hakola, A. Han, W. and Happel, T. Harrer, G. Harrison, J. R. Henderson, S. and Hogeweij, G. M. D. Hogge, J-P Hoppe, M. Horacek, J. and Huang, Z. Iantchenko, A. Innocente, P. Bjork, K. Insulander and Ionita-Schrittweiser, C. Isliker, H. Jardin, A. Jaspers, R. J. E. Karimov, R. Karpushov, A. N. Kazakov, Y. Komm, M. Kong, M. Kovacic, J. Krutkin, O. Kudlacek, O. and Kumar, U. Kwiatkowski, R. Labit, B. Laguardia, L. and Lammers, J. T. Laribi, E. Laszynska, E. Lazaros, A. and Linder, O. Linehan, B. Lipschultz, B. Llobet, X. Loizu, J. Lunt, T. Macusova, E. Marandet, Y. Maraschek, M. and Marceca, G. Marchetto, C. Marchioni, S. Marmar, E. S. and Martin, Y. Martinelli, L. Matos, F. Maurizio, R. and Mayoral, M-L Mazon, D. Menkovski, V Merle, A. Merlo, G. and Meyer, H. Mikszuta-Michalik, K. Cabrera, P. A. Molina and Morales, J. Moret, J-M Moro, A. Moulton, D. Muhammed, H. and Myatra, O. Mykytchuk, D. Napoli, F. Nem, R. D. and Nielsen, A. H. Nocente, M. Nowak, S. Offeddu, N. Olsen, J. Orsitto, F. P. Pan, O. Papp, G. Pau, A. Perek, A. and Pesamosca, F. Peysson, Y. Pigatto, L. Piron, C. and Poradzinski, M. Porte, L. Putterich, T. Rabinski, M. and Raj, H. Rasmussen, J. J. Ratta, G. A. Ravensbergen, T. and Ricci, D. Ricci, P. Rispoli, N. Riva, F. and Rivero-Rodriguez, J. F. Salewski, M. Sauter, O. Schmidt, B. S. Schrittweiser, R. Sharapov, S. Sheikh, U. A. Sieglin, B. Silva, M. Smolders, A. Snicker, A. Sozzi, C. and Spolaore, M. Stagni, A. Stipani, L. Sun, G. Tala, T. and Tamain, P. Tanaka, K. Biwole, A. Tema Terranova, D. and Terry, J. L. Testa, D. Theiler, C. Thornton, A. Thrysoe, A. Torreblanca, H. Tsui, C. K. Vaccaro, D. Vallar, M. and van Berkel, M. Van Eester, D. van Kampen, R. J. R. Van Mulders, S. Verhaegh, K. Verhaeghe, T. Vianello, N. and Villone, F. Viezzer, E. Vincent, B. Voitsekhovitch, I and Vu, N. M. T. Walkden, N. Wauters, T. Weisen, H. Wendler, N. Wensing, M. Widmer, F. Wiesen, S. Wischmeier, M. and Wijkamp, T. A. Wunderlich, D. Wuthrich, C. Yanovskiy, V and Zebrowski, J. EUROfusion MST1 Team

Abstract

The tokamak a configuration variable (TCV) continues to leverage its unique shaping capabilities, flexible heating systems and modern control system to address critical issues in preparation for ITER and a fusion power plant. For the 2019-20 campaign its configurational flexibility has been enhanced with the installation of removable divertor gas baffles, its diagnostic capabilities with an extensive set of upgrades and its heating systems with new dual frequency gyrotrons. The gas baffles reduce coupling between the divertor and the main chamber and allow for detailed investigations on the role of fuelling in general and, together with upgraded boundary diagnostics, test divertor and edge models in particular. The increased heating capabilities broaden the operational regime to include T (e)/T (i) similar to 1 and have stimulated refocussing studies from L-mode to H-mode across a range of research topics. ITER baseline parameters were reached in type-I ELMy H-modes and alternative regimes with `small' (or no) ELMs explored. Most prominently, negative triangularity was investigated in detail and confirmed as an attractive scenario with H-mode level core confinement but an L-mode edge. Emphasis was also placed on control, where an increased number of observers, actuators and control solutions became available and are now integrated into a generic control framework as will be needed in future devices. The quantity and quality of results of the 2019-20 TCV campaign are a testament to its successful integration within the European research effort alongside a vibrant domestic programme and international collaborations.

Published
2022

7. Umweltmedium Wasser

Author

Dieter, H. H., Heidemeier, J., Mehlhorn, B., Wunderlich, D., Mohaupt, V., Muschack, W., Veltwisch, D., Steinäuser, K. G., Mühlhausen, D., Kühn, S., Kerndorff, H., Schleyer, R., Müller-Wegener, U., Rechenberg, B., and Brauer, Heinz, editor

Published
1997
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20. Neutron measurements at the ELISE neutral beam test facility and implications for neutron based diagnostics at SPIDER

Author

Feng, S, Nocente, M, Wunderlich, D, Bonomo, F, Croci, G, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Mario, I, Muraro, A, Pasqualotto, R, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Song FENG, M. Nocente, D. Wunderlich, F. Bonomo, G. Croci, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, W. Kraus, I. Mario, A. Muraro, R. Pasqualotto, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, G. Gorini, Feng, S, Nocente, M, Wunderlich, D, Bonomo, F, Croci, G, Fantz, U, Heinemann, B, Kraus, W, Mario, I, Muraro, A, Pasqualotto, R, Rebai, M, Tardocchi, M, Gorini, G, Song FENG, M. Nocente, D. Wunderlich, F. Bonomo, G. Croci, U. Fantz, B. Heinemann, W. Kraus, I. Mario, A. Muraro, R. Pasqualotto, M. Rebai, M. Tardocchi, and G. Gorini

Abstract

Along the route to the development of a neutral beam injector for ITER, the Padua based Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) and megavolt ITER injector and concept advancement facilities will make use of neutron diagnostics to quantify the homogeneity of the neutral beam profile by measuring the map of the neutron emission from the beam dump with the close-contact neutron emission surface mapping (CNESM) system. Neutrons are here produced from beam-target reactions between the deuterium beam and the deuterons previously adsorbed in the calorimeter. In order to aid the interpretation of the diagnostic data, a dedicated experiment on neutron emission from beam-target reactions with beam parameters approaching those expected at SPIDER has been performed at the Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment (ELISE) neutral beam test facility. The time trace of neutron emission has been measured using a calibrated liquid scintillator detector at increasing power densities on the target. Compared to calculations based on the local mixing model, a systematic discrepancy was observed exceeding the statistical accuracy of the measurements and increasing as a linear function of the power density. The data are used to derive an empirical temperature dependent correction for applications to neutron measurements at SPIDER

Published
2018

23. Experimental investigation of beam-target neutron emission at the ELISE neutral beam test facility

Author

Croci G., Nocente M., Wunderlich D., Bonomo F., Ursel F., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Pasqualotto R., Tardocchi M., and Gorini G.

Subjects
MITICA, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Neutral Beam Injection, ELISE, neutral beam test facility, NBI, beam-target neutron emission, Nuclear Experiment, SPIDER
Abstract

Neutron measurements are proposed for the SPIDER/MITICA Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) prototypes in Padua. Neutron emission is here due to reactions between the beam and the adsorbed deuterons in the target and thus depends on the deuteron absorption level in the beam calorimeter. We have investigated such process at the "half size" ITER NBI ELISE facility of the Max-Planck Institut. A first measurement campaign was carried out in 2014 during the initial deuterium operations of ELISE with a liquid scintillator detector used as global neutron monitor. The collected data were generally in agreement with calculations based on the local mixing model of deuterium deposition in the copper target. However, deviations approaching 40% from the predicted neutron yield were also observed at the highest beam currents (10 A) and could be due to neglected effects such as spatial profile variations or physics mechanism beyond the local mixing model In order to clarify the apparent discrepancy between experiment and predictions, a second high current (> 10 A) measurement campaign was held during deuterium operations in 2015 and took advantage of a significantly improved determination of the beam current and profile thanks to recent developments in the calorimetry and infra-red diagnostic systems. Our experimental results show that neutron emission is in general very sensitive to the Cesium conditioning phase of the radio-frequency source, which is an essential ingredient to obtain high currents with a negative ion source. In this contribution,we present a detailed analysis of the data focusing in particular on the relation between neutron emission and the beam current. The implications of our results for understanding neutron emission from beam-target reactions are finally addressed and used for an updated evaluation of the emission expected at SPIDER/MITICA. This work was set up in collaboration and financial support of F4E.

Published
2016

24. Recent Studies of Hydrogen Negativ e Ion Source and Beam Production for NBI in Large Helical Device

Author

Ikeda K., Agostinetti P., Brombin M., Fantz U., Geng S., Kaneko O., Kisaki M., Nagaoka K., Nakano H., Osakabe M., Sartori E., Serianni G., Takeiri Y., Tsumori K., Veltri P., Wimmer C., and Wunderlich D.

Abstract

Neutral beam injector (NBI) is an indispensable device to produce high-density and hot plasmas in fusion development machine. We have developed negative-ion-based NBI (N- NBI) in LHD, that have been operated continuously since 1998. Three N-NBIs are arranged tangentially, and was equipped with a negative hydrogen ion (H-) source which enabled high energy and high power beam injection. The nominal specication of beam energy and beam power for each N-NBI was 180 keV and 5 MW, respectively. We had achieved 16 MW beam injection by three N-NBIs in LHD experiment. Moreover, we installed two positive-ion-based neutral beam injector (P-NBI) arranged perpendicularly to the LHD. High-power (12 MW) with lower energy (40~60 keV) beam injection allowed effective ion heating and profile measurement of ion temperature by charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. A hydrogen negative ion source is a key component in N-NBI system, that will also use future NBI in ITER. Understanding of H- behavior from cesiated metal production surface to extraction aperture is an important issue to maintain high power negative ion beam. We have researched distribution of H- ions and its extraction behavior by cavity ring-down spectroscopy and a spectrally-selective imaging system, respectively, in the 1/3 scaled ion source (NIFS-RNIS). We found that H- ions widely distributed in the extraction region, and these ions constituted H- beam. Recently, we have a lot of domestic and international collaboration program for H- source. We applied a spectrally-selective imaging system in RF hydrogen negative on source in ELISE test facility in Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik (IPP) Garching (Germany). We found clear signal response on H? emission during beam extraction. This observation will contribute to obtain behavior of H- ions in RF source which is variable output for production high power beam and optimization of beam shape in ITER source. We also observed an extracted H- beam shape in NIFS-RNIS used the mini-STRIKE system which consists of a carbon- fibre-carbon-composite (CFC) tiles and an infrared camera collaborated with Consorzio RFX (Italy). We found the clear dependence between the beam shape and operating parameters. These findings have contributed to the high performance and safety NBI operation in the LHD.

Published
2015

25. Neutron emission from beam-target reactions studied at the ELISE neutral beam test facility

Author

Nocente M., Bonomo F., Fantz U., Heinemann B., Kraus W., Pasqualotto R., Tardocchi M., and Wunderlich D. Gorini G.

Subjects
Physics::Accelerator Physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Neutron measurements are proposed for the SPIDER and MITICA Neutral Beam Injection (NBI) prototypes in Padua as a means to diagnose the footprint of the deuterium beam when it hits the beam calorimeter. Neutron emission is here due to reactions between the beam and the adsorbed deuterons in the target and thus depends on the deuteron absorption level in the beam calorimeter. We have investigated such process at the ELISE facility of the Max Planck Institut für Plasmaphysik in Garching. ELISE is a "half size" ITER NBI test facility capable to accelerate negative hydrogen and deuterium ions up to 60 kV and to perform plasma operations of the radio frequency ion source for up to 1 hour. A first measurement campaign was carried out in 2014 during the initial deuterium operations of ELISE with a liquid scintillator detector installed in vicinity of the dump and that was used as global neutron monitor. The detector had standard neutron/gammaray discrimination capabilities and known response function obtained from a dedicated calibration at a neutron generator in Peking University. The collected data showed an increasing neutron rate as a function of time, until a saturation level is reached, and were generally in agreement with calculations based on local mixing model of deuterium deposition in the target up to a concentration of 20% of the copper atoms. Deviations up to 40% from the predicted neutron yield were however observed at the highest beam currents (10 A). These could be either due to neglected spatial profile variations of the beam power deposited on the target or indicate physics mechanism beyond the local mixing model, such as diffusion of deuterium at saturation due to temperature effects. A new, dedicated experiment is presently ongoing at ELISE to understand neutron emission at the highest beam currents, which are of special relevance to validate calculations for SPIDER/MITICA and, more generally, to predict neutron emission from beam target reactions, such as in compact neutron sources. The experiment makes use of detailed beam diagnostic data from calorimetry and infra-red systems, which can be combined to track changes in the beam power deposition profile on the dump. Preliminary results from the new experiments will be presented and compared with data at low beam currents.

Published
2015

30. Towards 20 A negative hydrogen ion beams for up to 1 h: Achievements of the ELISE test facility (invited).

Author

Fantz, U., Heinemann, B., Wunderlich, D., Riedl, R., Kraus, W., Nocentini, R., and Bonomo, F.

Subjects
HYDROGEN ions, PARTICLE beams, RADIO frequency measurement, MONOVALENT cations, HYDROGEN-deuterium exchange
Abstract

The large-scale RF-driven ion source of the test facility extraction from a large ion source experiment is aimed to deliver an accelerated ion current of 20 A D- (23 A H-) with an extracted electron-to-ion ratio below one for up to 1 h. Since the first plasma pulses for 20 s in volume operation in early 2013, followed by caesiation of the ion source, substantial progress has been achieved in extending the pulse length and the RF power. The record pulses in hydrogen are stable 400 s pulses with an extracted ion current of 18.3 A at 180 kW total RF power and 9.3 A at 80 kW stable for 1 h. For deuterium pulse, length and RF power are limited by the amount of co-extracted electrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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41. First hydrogen operation of NIO1: Characterization of the source plasma by means of an optical emission spectroscopy diagnostic.

Author

Barbisan, M., Baltador, C., Zaniol, B., Cavenago, M., Fantz, U., Pasqualotto, R., Serianni, G., Vialetto, L., and Wunderlich, D.

Subjects
RADIO interference, RADIO frequency integrated circuits, ANIONS, EMISSION spectroscopy, HEAT radiation & absorption
Abstract

NIO1 (Negative Ion Optimization 1) is a compact and flexible radio frequency H- ion source, developed by Consorzio RFX and INFN-LNL. The aim of the experimentation on NIO1 is the optimization of both the production of negative ions and their extraction and beam optics. In the initial phase of its commissioning, NIO1 was operated with nitrogen, but now the source is regularly operated also with hydrogen. To evaluate the source performances, an optical emission spectroscopy diagnostic was installed. The system includes a low resolution spectrometer in the spectral range of 300-850 nm and a high resolution (50 pm) one, to study, respectively, the atomic and the molecular emissions in the visible range. The spectroscopic data have been interpreted also by means of a collisional-radiative model developed at IPP Garching. Besides the diagnostic hardware and the data analysis methods, the paper presents the first plasma measurements across a transition to the full H mode, in a hydrogen discharge. The characteristic signatures of this transition in the plasma parameters are described, in particular, the sudden increase of the light emitted from the plasma above a certain power threshold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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42. Concepts of magnetic filter fields in powerful negative ion sources for fusion.

Author

Kraus, W., Fantz, U., Heinemann, B., and Wunderlich, D.

Subjects
PLASMA beam injection heating, MAGNETIC separators, ANIONS, DEUTERIUM ions, DEUTERIUM plasma
Abstract

The performance of large negative ion sources used in neutral beam injection systems is in long pulses mainly determined by the increase of the currents of co-extracted electrons. This is in particular a problem in deuterium and limits the ion currents which are for long pulses below the requirements for the ITER source. In the source of the ELISE test facility, the magnetic field in front of the first grid, which is essential to reduce the electron current, is generated by a current of several kA flowing through the plasma facing grid. Weakening of this field by the addition of permanent magnets placed close to the lateral walls has led to a reduction of the electron current by a factor three without loss of ion current when source was operated in volume production. If this effect can be validated for the cesiated source, it would be a large step towards achieving the ITER parameter in long pulses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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46. Differential effects of a murine and chimeric mouse/human anti-interleukin-2 receptor antibody on human T-cell proliferation.

Author

Rose, B., Gillespie, A., Wunderlich, D., Kelley, K., Dzuiba, J., Shedd, D., Cahill, K., and Zerler, B.

Subjects
INTERLEUKIN-2, T cells, IMMUNOSUPPRESSION, MONOCLONAL antibodies, IMMUNOGLOBULINS, CELL proliferation
Abstract

The preference for interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression on activated, compared with resting T lymphocytes makes the IL-2R a promising target for selective immunosuppressive therapy. To increase the potential therapeutic effectiveness of anti-IL-2R monoclonals, a chimeric mouse/human variant was constructed from Ig genes isolated from a murine anti-human IL-2R hybridoma cell line, designated AUTS4. AHT54 binds to the same or spatially related epitope as IL-2 on the p55 protein that constitutes the low- and high-affinity forms of IL-2R. Although the murine and chimeric AHT54 antibodies inhibited cell-surface binding of 11-2 to the same extent, the chimeric antibodies containing a human IgG1 constant region had substantially more anti-proliferative activity than their murine IgG1 counterparts. Our results indicated that the human constant region of the chimeric antibodies interacted more efficiently than the murine constant region with effector components present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
1992

50. 3D numerical simulations of negative hydrogen ion extraction using realistic plasma parameters, geometry of the extraction aperture and full 3D magnetic field map.

Author

Mochalskyy, S., Wunderlich, D., Ruf, B., Franzen, P., Fantz, U., and Minea, T.

Subjects
*ANIONS, *PLASMA gas research, *NEUTRAL beams, *MAGNETIC fields, *PARTICLES (Nuclear physics)
Abstract

Decreasing the co-extracted electron current while simultaneously keeping negative ion (NI) current sufficiently high is a crucial issue on the development plasma source system for ITER Neutral Beam Injector. To support finding the best extraction conditions the 3D Particle-in-Cell Monte Carlo Collision electrostatic code ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction) has been developed. Close collaboration with experiments and other numerical models allows performing realistic simulations with relevant input parameters: plasma properties, geometry of the extraction aperture, full 3D magnetic field map, etc. For the first time ONIX has been benchmarked with commercial positive ions tracing code KOBRA3D. A very good agreement in terms of the meniscus position and depth has been found. Simulation of NI extraction with different e/NI ratio in bulk plasma shows high relevance of the direct negative ion extraction from the surface produced NI in order to obtain extracted NI current as in the experimental results from BATMAN testbed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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