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Background:. Electrocautery has been a useful, fundamental instrument utilized for surgical procedures since its implementation in the 1920s. However, concerns exist regarding the health hazards of the by-product smoke associated with the use of electrocautery. Methods:. A comprehensive review of articles on the composition, mitigation, and effects of smoke was conducted using the PubMed search engine and excluding articles that did not meet the predetermined inclusion criteria. From January 1963 to December 2021, a total of 264 articles resulted, and a total of 69 articles were included in this narrative review. Results:. Surgical smoke contains volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic compounds, viral particles, and ultrafine particles. There has been some evidence of mutagenicity to bacterial cells during animal in vivo studies, and one human survey study has shown similar mutagenic effects. We also discuss additional hemostatic techniques that can be used, including the use of hemostatic and antithrombolytic agents, epinephrine infiltration, and the use of tourniquet when appropriate. Conclusions:. Further studies should be conducted regarding human effects, but until the data are available, we recommend precautionary measures and actions to protect operating room staff from cautery smoke exposure.

Abstract Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (LRRC10) is a cardiomyocyte-specific protein, but its role in cardiac biology is little understood. Recently Lrrc10 was identified as required for endogenous cardiac regeneration in zebrafish; however, whether LRRC10 plays a role in mammalian heart regeneration remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that Lrrc10 –/– knockout mice exhibit a loss of the neonatal mouse regenerative response, marked by reduced cardiomyocyte cytokinesis and increased cardiomyocyte binucleation. Interestingly, LRRC10 deletion disrupts the regenerative transcriptional landscape of the regenerating neonatal mouse heart. Remarkably, cardiac overexpression of LRRC10 restores cardiomyocyte cytokinesis, increases cardiomyocyte mononucleation, and the cardiac regenerative capacity of Lrrc10 –/– mice. Our results are consistent with a model in which LRRC10 is required for cardiomyocyte cytokinesis as well as regulation of the transcriptional landscape during mammalian heart regeneration.

Background:. Traumatic ballistic injury is an unfortunate and commonly encountered problem seen by surgeons. An estimated 85,694 nonfatal ballistic injuries occur annually, and in 2020 there were 45,222 firearm-related deaths in the United States. Surgeons of all subspecialties may provide necessary care. Acute care injuries are generally reported to authorities immediately; however, delayed presentation of ballistic injuries may go unreported despite regulations to do so. We present a case of a delayed ballistic injury and a comparative review of individual states’ reporting requirements to highlight statutory obligations and penalties as an educational reference for surgeons treating ballistic injuries. Methods:. Google and PubMed searches were performed utilizing keywords “ballistic,” “gunshot,” “physician,” and “reporting” as terms. Inclusion criteria included the English language, official state statute sites, legal and scientific articles, and websites. Exclusion criteria included nongovernmental sites and information sources. Data collected were analyzed to include statute numbers, time to report, infraction consequences, and monetary fines. The resultant data are reported by state and region. Results:. All but two state jurisdictions mandate healthcare providers to report knowledge and/or treatment of ballistic injuries, regardless of the timeline of injury. Violations of mandatory reporting may lead to fines or imprisonment, depending on the specific state. The timeline for reporting, fines, and subsequent legal action varies by state and region. Conclusions:. Requirements for reporting injuries exist in 48 of 50 states. The treating physician/surgeon should thoughtfully question patients with a chronic ballistic injury history and provide reports to local law enforcement.

Clean energy research and development (R and D) leading to commercial technologies is vital to economic development, technology competitiveness, and reduced environmental impact. Over the past 30 years, such efforts have advanced technology performance and reduced cost by leveraging network effects and economies of scale. After demonstrating promise in applied R and D, successful clean energy and energy efficiency technologies are incorporated into an initial product sold by the private sector. Despite its importance, processes by which first commercialization occurs are difficult to generalize while capturing specific insights from practitioners in markets and technologies. This paper presents a policy-focused qualitative assessment of the first commercialization of four diverse energy technologies: thin film photovoltaics, wind turbine blades, dual-stage refrigeration evaporators, and fuel cells for material handling equipment. Each technology presents distinct value propositions, markets, and regulatory drivers. The case studies indicate three common characteristics of successful first commercialization for new energy technologies: 1) good fit between the technology, R&D infrastructure, and public-private partnership models; 2) high degree of alignment of government regulations and R&D priorities with market forces; and 3) compatibility between time scales required for R&D, product development, and opportunities. These findings may inform energy investment decision-making, maximize benefits from R&D, and advance the transition to a low-emission future.

Heart failure is the leading cause of death worldwide. The inability of the adult mammalian heart to regenerate following injury results in the development of systolic heart failure. Thus, identifying novel approaches toward regenerating the adult heart has enormous therapeutic potential for adult heart failure. Mitochondrial metabolism is an essential homeostatic process for maintaining growth and survival. The emerging role of mitochondrial metabolism in controlling cell fate and function is beginning to be appreciated. Recent evidence suggests that metabolism controls biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, which has profound implications during development and regeneration. The regenerative potential of the mammalian heart is lost by the first week of postnatal development when cardiomyocytes exit the cell cycle and become terminally differentiated. This inability to regenerate following injury is correlated with the metabolic shift from glycolysis to fatty acid oxidation that occurs during heart maturation in the postnatal heart. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that regulate cardiac metabolism is key to unlocking metabolic interventions during development, disease, and regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the emerging role of metabolism in cardiac development and regeneration and discuss the potential of targeting metabolism for treatment of heart failure.

INTRODUCTION I. DECARBONIZATION'S PARTICIPATORY GAP A. Decarbonization's Transformative Potential B. Community Opposition, "NIMBYism," and NEPA Reform II. NEPA'S POTENTIAL AS A TOOL FOR COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT A. NEPA's Structural Misfit B. [...], This Article addresses a potential tension between two ambitions for the transition to clean energy: reducing regulatory red-tape to quickly build out renewable energy, and leveraging that build-out to empower low-income communities and communities of color. Each ambition carries a different view of communities' role in decarbonization. To those focused on rapid build-out of renewable energy infrastructure, communities are a potential threat who could slow or derail renewable energy projects through opposition during the regulatory process. To those focused on leveraging the transition to clean energy to advance racial and economic justice, communities are necessary partners in the key decisions of the transition--including the development of renewable energy projects. The Biden Administration has committed to both ambitions, but there is a gap regarding what role communities will play in policies designed to implement decarbonization. This Article articulates this "participatory gap" in decarbonization policy and proposes changes to the regulations implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) that start bridging these ambitions. The Article offers proposals that would leverage NEPA's unique structure to empower communities in decarbonization. Specifically, it argues that NEPA's regulations should be reformed to require meaningful community engagement and enforce that commitment through a revitalized executive enforcement structure. Contrary to views that more community engagement will slow decarbonization, this Article argues that these reforms would support the rapid transition to renewable energy while also empowering communities and elevating justice as a central value in environmental policy.

The diverse class of plant diterpenoid metabolites serves important functions in mediating growth, chemical defence, and ecological adaptation. In major monocot crops, such as maize (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), and barley (Hordeum vulgare), diterpenoids function as core components of biotic and abiotic stress resilience. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is a perennial grass valued as a stress‐resilient biofuel model crop. Previously we identified an unusually large diterpene synthase family that produces both common and species‐specific diterpenoids, several of which accumulate in response to abiotic stress. Here, we report discovery and functional characterization of a previously unrecognized monofunctional class I diterpene synthase (PvKSL1) via in vivo co‐expression assays with different copalyl pyrophosphate (CPP) isomers, structural and mutagenesis studies, as well as genomic and transcriptomic analyses. In particular, PvKSL1 converts ent‐CPP into ent‐abietadiene, ent‐palustradiene, ent‐levopimaradiene, and ent‐neoabietadiene via a 13‐hydroxy‐8(14)‐ent‐abietene intermediate. Notably, although featuring a distinct ent‐stereochemistry, this product profile is near‐identical to bifunctional (+)‐levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthases occurring in conifer trees. PvKSL1 has three of four active site residues previously shown to control (+)‐levopimaradiene/abietadiene synthase catalytic specificity. However, mutagenesis studies suggest a distinct catalytic mechanism in PvKSL1. Genome localization of PvKSL1 distant from other diterpene synthases, and its phylogenetic distinctiveness from known abietane‐forming diterpene synthases, support an independent evolution of PvKSL1 activity. Albeit at low levels, PvKSL1 gene expression predominantly in roots suggests a role of diterpenoid formation in belowground tissue. Together, these findings expand the known chemical and functional space of diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed the safety and efficacy of Formulated Collagen Gel (FCG) alone and with Ad5PDGF-B (GAM501) compared with Standard of Care (SOC) in patients with 1.5-10.0 cm(2) chronic diabetic neuropathic foot ulcers that healed

Over the last decade, the United States has become the world's top producer and leading exporter of oil and gas--a change with dramatic geopolitical and climate implications. At the root of this ascendency is a legal framework around oil and gas extraction in the United States that empowers extractive industry to dismantle community opposition, undermine local governance, and entrench extraction in communities over time. Exercising this power creates conditions of domination and dependency in communities where oil and gas extraction occurs. These conditions, in turn, build social and political support for continued extraction. This Article charts the legal foundations of the process described above to highlight law's role in building the social and political conditions for continued fossil fuel extraction in the era of climate crisis. Drawing on the experiences of Colorado communities, this Article offers two contributions. First, I articulate how legal frameworks align to grant industry power over communities targeted for extraction and chart this power's effects. Legal frameworks that facilitate oil and gas extraction allow industry to reorder systems of social and political authority in communities where extraction occurs. This process creates conditions of industry domination and community dependence on extraction legitimized by law. These conditions, in turn, build political support for continued extraction--a dynamic that links climate policy with the legal structures of extraction in ways that legal scholarship and policy advocacy have largely overlooked. Second, I apply this understanding to explain why prominent oil and gas law reforms adopted in Colorado have failed. I use this example to reorient ongoing debates in oil and gas law toward reforms that target the legal supports of extractive industry's social and political power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To avoid the most catastrophic impacts of climate change, most of the world's oil and gas reserves must remain in the ground. In the United States, this would require a dramatic phaseout of oil and gas extraction nationwide over the coming decades. How could we accomplish this? While recent legal scholarship emphasizes the importance of a just transition away from oil and gas extraction, little work has been done to navigate the legal, political, and equity hurdles associated with phasing out oil and gas extraction. This Article seeks to start this conversation by offering one way to approach phaseouts of oil and gas extraction in the United States: prioritize phasing out extraction closest to people. This intuitive approach builds on the success of frontline communities in California and Colorado advocating for statewide setbacks that prioritize regulating oil and gas extraction closest to their communities. Among other virtues, this advocacy has successfully drawn the connection between the localized harms of oil and gas extraction on communities of color and low-income communities to the larger climate impacts of continued oil and gas extraction. This Article argues that phaseout policies should follow these communities' lead and articulates several priorities for doing so: (1) stopping new extraction closest to people, (2) monitoring continued extraction closest to people, (3) plugging and reclaiming wells closest to people, and (4) matching proximity-based phaseouts with decarbonization programs. This approach to managing the decline of oil and gas extraction in the United States places such policies on the strongest footing against legal challenges while also targeting the roots of political support for extraction by reducing local dependency and supporting communities that have borne the direct impacts of fossil fuel extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]